| Aristolochia paucinervis | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Piperales |
| Family: | Aristolochiaceae |
| Genus: | Aristolochia |
| Species: | A. paucinervis |
| Binomial name | |
| Aristolochia paucinervis Pomel | |
| Synonyms [2] | |
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Aristolochia paucinervis is a herbaceous plant in the family Aristolochiaceae endemic to the western Mediterranean Basin.
Aristolochia paucinervis is a perennial geophyte plant. Its saxophone-shaped flowers are used to attract their pollinators (flies). [3]
The genus name Aristolochia is comprised the ancient greek words Aristos and Lochia which translate to “best” and “childbirth” respectively due to its historic uses in traditional medicine where the roots were used as a stimulant used during childbirth to promote labour. [3] [4] The authority of the species is Pomel, who first published the species in Nouveau Materiaux pour la Flore Atlantique 1874. [5] Aristolochia paucinervis is also commonly referred to as ‘Barraztam’ in Morocco. [6]
Aristolochia paucinervis is a climbing perennial vine plant that can grow up to heights of 0.5m in the understory of the forest. [7] The plant has simple, smooth, broad leaves 3-5cm wide with a triangular-oval blade shape and palmate veins. [7] [8] This plant possesses a tuber which acts as storage for the plant. [9]
The flowers have two different phenotypes: yellow-white flowers and brown-purple flowers. [9] The flower is protogynous which means that the male reproductive organs and female reproductive organs develop at different times to prevent self-fertilization. [9] The flowers has a tube shaped perianth derived from a modified calyx. The perianth forms a reproductive structure known as the gynostemium which houses the fused styles, stigmata and anthers. [9] Flowers produce around 2100 pollen grains and 42 ovules. [9]
Aristolochia paucinervis undergoes pollination by exuding a strong smell that attracts small Diptera (flies) into its tube shaped periant. The flies remain trapped as the hairs prevent them from escaping for a period of time. When the anthers mature, pollen is deposited onto the fly and the hairs inside the tube wither which allow the insect to escape and pollinate another flower. [9] [10]
The pollination mechanism is said to be deceptive because the pollinators are saprophagous which means that they feed on decaying matter and do not feed on the nectar or pollen that is provided by the plant. [9]
After flowering, the stigma and perianth wilt, exposing the ovary on the plant. [9] The ovary then develops into a capsular fruit up to 3cm in length which contains around 11 large seeds. [9]
Aristolochia paucinervis is widely distributed throughout the western Mediterranean, including Madeira and the Canary Islands of Macaronesia, Morocco, the Iberian Peninsula (most of Portugal and primarily southern Spain), the Balearic Islands, southern France, a small part of Algeria and is thought to be extinct in Tunisia.
It can be found at elevations between 500 - 2,500m.
It grows in sandy and stony pastures, meadows, rocky cliffs, scrub, woodlands clearings, cultivated fields, weed of crops, wood grassy mountains and Mediterranean forest and prefers moist humid to dry substrates, stony, clay and sandy soils, relatively poor with a basic pH. [1] [11]
Traditional uses of Aristolochia paucinervis include its role in Moroccan medicine, where it is locally known as “Barraztam”. [12] The powdered root or rhizome of Aristolochia paucinervis is mixed with salted smen - this mixture can be applied topically to treat skin infections, injuries and gas gangrene, or ingested with honey or salted butter to treat abdominal pain and upper respiratory tract infections. [12]
Aristolochia paucinervis has several medicinal uses. Ingesting the dried powdered root of Aristolochia paucinervis is used as a treatment of aortic palpitations, constipation, intestinal disorders, colic, gas gangrene, and as a poison antidote for snakebites. [13] Additionally, the methanol extract from the leaves of Aristolochia paucinervis has anti-fungal properties and is effective against pathogenic fungi responsible for skin diseases and infections such as tinea, dermatitis, and mycoses. [13] The most susceptible fungi were Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton violaceum in contrast to Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum which were less sensitive to the fractions tested. [13] The leaves of Aristolochia paucinervis possess antibacterial activity - in a study conducted by Gadhi et al., Aristolochia paucinervis exhibited activity against Clostridium perfringens, Clostridioides difficile, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus subtilis , as seen by the minimum inhibitory concentration. [14] The whole plant of Aristolochia paucinervis can be used externally to treat ringworm and wounds when dried and pulverized. [13] Plants of the Aristolochiaceae family contain aristolochic acids (AAs) - this compound has a long history of use in herbal medicine that dates back to the 5th century in China and even earlier in Europe. [13] The presence of AA in the roots of the plant stimulates white blood cell activity and speeds wound healing. AAs are also used to treat tuberculosis, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and infantile pneumonia. [10]
In addition to its many medicinal uses, Aristolochia paucinervis exhibits anti-cancer properties. Research has suggested that Aristolochia paucinervis contains a peptide, EnnA, that directly inhibits HSP90, a cell protector hijacked by cancer to avoid being attacked by the immune system. Thus, by inhibiting HSP90, EnnA allows the immune system to respond to cancer cells. [6] Despite its cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines and apoptosis-induced pathways, the preparation of Aristolochia paucinervis for cancer is banned in many countries. [6]
Although there are few reports of acute human or animal poisoning by the Aristolochia paucinervis, plants of the Aristolochiaceae family are considered dangerous when consumed over long periods of time as the roots contain aristolochic acids (AAs). AAs are responsible for renal damage due to their nephrotoxic effects. When taken internally, AAs can be carcinogenic - rhizomes used over a long period of time can cause irreversible kidney damage, haematuria, and limb paralysis. [3]
The plant is categorized as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). [3] There are currently no conservation tactics in place. However, to maintain the species it is recommended to protect the habitats by reducing human threats like coastal development, random cutting, overgrazing, local collection practices, tourism, irregular fires, deforestation, and trampling. Although a population decline is seen at some sites such as North Africa (Morocco and Algeria), the overall population trend is stable. [12]
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, and bats; water; wind; and even plants themselves, when self-pollination occurs within a closed flower. Pollination often occurs within a species. When pollination occurs between species, it can produce hybrid offspring in nature and in plant breeding work.
The Aristolochiaceae are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is Aristolochia L.
Asarum is a genus of plants in the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae, commonly known as wild ginger.
Aristolochia is a large plant genus with over 500 species that is the type genus of the family Aristolochiaceae. Its members are commonly known as birthwort, pipevine or Dutchman's pipe and are widespread and occur in the most diverse climates. Some species, like A. utriformis and A. westlandii, are threatened with extinction.
Plant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction.
Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind. Almost all gymnosperms are anemophilous, as are many plants in the order Poales, including grasses, sedges, and rushes. Other common anemophilous plants are oaks, pecans, pistachios, sweet chestnuts, alders and members of the family Juglandaceae. Approximately 12% of plants across the globe are pollinated by anemophily, including cereal crops like rice and corn and other prominent crop plants like wheat, rye, barley, and oats. In addition, many pines, spruces, and firs are wind-pollinated.
Carrion flowers, also known as corpse flowers or stinking flowers, are mimetic flowers that emit an odor that smells like rotting flesh. Apart from the scent, carrion flowers often display additional characteristics that contribute to the mimesis of a decaying corpse. These include their specific coloration, the presence of setae and orifice-like flower architecture. Carrion flowers attract mostly scavenging flies and beetles as pollinators. Some species may trap the insects temporarily to ensure the gathering and transfer of pollen.
Aristolochia californica, the California pipevine, California Dutchman's-pipe, or California snakeroot is a perennial woody vine of western North America.
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants. The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing resulting from cross-pollination or allow selfing when self-pollination occurs.
Aristolochia littoralis, the calico flower or مورپنکھ بیل or elegant Dutchman's pipe, is a species of evergreen vine belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae.
Aristolochia rotunda, commonly known as smearwort or round-leaved birthwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant native to Southern Europe.
Asarum caudatum is a plant native to rich moist forests of western North America. It has heart-shaped leaves and a three-lobed purplish flower.
Stephania tetrandra is a herbaceous perennial vine of the family Menispermaceae native to China and Taiwan. It grows from a short, woody caudex, climbing to a height of around three meters. The leaves are arranged spirally on the stem, and are peltate, i.e. with the leaf petiole attached near the centre of the leaf. Its root is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
Aristolochia grandiflora, the pelican flower, is a deciduous vine with one of the world's largest flowers that emits an odor that smells like rotting feet, attracting flies.
Aristolochia indica is a creeper plant found in Southern India and also Sri Lanka. It Is known as 'sapsada' in Sri Lanka and is critical to the survival of the southern birdwing and common birdwing, as well as crimson and common rose butterflies. It reaches a height of several metres on trees and cover the branches with thick foliage. It is commonly found in forest floor, rocky hillslopes. It flowers once a year to produce seeds. It can also be propagated by roots. The plant has a number of historical medicinal uses.
Aristolochia longa, the long aristolochia or sarrasine, is a species of pipevine. It is widely used in traditional Maghreb medicine, particularly in the Mascara province, where it is used to treat skin conditions, diabetes, and cancer. It is an effective anti-fungal against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Aristolochia chilensis, known locally as orejas de zorro, is a herbaceous perennial plant native to Chile.
Aristolochia quangbinhensis is an endemic flora species in the Aristolochia genus.
Aristolochia macrophylla, Dutchman's pipe or pipevine, is a vine native to the eastern United States. Aristolochia macrophylla belongs to the plant family Aristolochiaceae and is found primarily along the Cumberland Mountains and Blue Ridge Mountains in the eastern portion of the United States, as well as Ontario, Canada. This species of plant has received considerable attention in the past few decades for the discovery of a potent compound called aristolochic acid, which has been the focus of debate due its harmful side effects.
Chamaeleon gummifer, also known as distaff thistle or stemless atractylis, is a thistle in the Chamaeleon genus. Formerly, it was placed in the Atractylis genus. It is native to the Mediterranean basin, where it can be found in various habitats, including cultivated- or uncultivated fields and forests. It is a perennial herb producing a stemless, pinkish flower. The plant has a history of use in folk medicine, but it is very toxic due to the presence of atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside.
