As pants the hart (HWV 251) is an anthem composed by George Frideric Handel for the Chapel Royal of Queen Anne and subsequently revised. There are five versions of the work (indicated by the letters a to e), the first being completed in 1713, and the final in 1738. HWV 251a was the first anthem Handel composed for the Chapel Royal.
The 1713 version is an early example of Handel setting words in English, which was his third language. The anthem takes its title from the first line, the incipit, of Psalm 42. The rest of the text – it is the same for all of Handel's versions of the anthem – is also taken from the psalm, and has been attributed to John Arbuthnot. [1] Arbuthnot clearly based his work on earlier translations, as the text opens with lines from Tate and Brady’s metrical version, but reverts at verse two to the Prayer Book version.
Handel met with royal favour in 1713 and received a major commission, the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate to commemorate the Peace of Utrecht. Soon after the introduction of HWV 251a to the Chapel Royal repertoire, Handel was awarded a pension from Queen Anne of £200 per annum. The royal patronage continued under the Hanoverians. In 1723 (soon after the composition of HWV 251d), Handel received a second pension, granted to him as "Composer to the Chapel Royal". This second pension brought Handel's total annual income from court pensions and his position as "Music Master to the Royal Princesses" to £600—a considerable sum for the time.
In Handel's day, all parts were sung by male voices—typically twelve boys and twelve men.
HWV 251a was probably written between December 1712 and May 1713. Along with its partner HWV 251d, it is the only anthem Handel wrote that is scored for organ and basso continuo alone. It was not written for a grand public occasion (typical of Handel's other anthems), but rather for use in the routine services of the Chapel Royal.
Even though the text is the same for all versions of HWV 251, the voice scoring differs. For example, in the HWV 251a version, the movement Tears are my daily food... was written for solo alto, and the movement Why so full of grief... was written for treble and alto (these can be compared with the voice scoring in HWV 251d—below).
Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxxiv,277 and HHA iii/9,3. [2]
HWV 251b was written in 1717 for James Brydges, and it is believed to have first been performed at St Lawrence, Whitchurch, London (the parish church for the Cannons estate). It is number six of the eleven so-called Chandos Anthems, [3] but authorities agreed that it is one of the earliest of the set.
This version replaces the original organ accompaniment with an orchestral one, scored for the small orchestra based at Cannons. The choir at Cannons seems to have been smaller than the Chapel Royal. This version features a three-part chorus rather than the normal four parts, but it is not known how many singers Handel envisaged per part.
Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxxiv,207 and HHA iii/5,53. [4]
The structure for this version is as follows: [5]
Movement | Type | Voicing | Text |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sonata | Orchestra (strings, oboe, bassoon, organ) | |
2 | Trio and chorus | Trio (soprano, tenor, bass) and chorus (soprano, tenor, bass) | As pants the hart for cooling streams, so longs my soul for thee, O God. |
3 | Solo | Soprano | Tears are my daily food: while thus they say, where is now thy God? |
4 | Recitative | Tenor | Now when I think thereupon, I pour out my heart by myself: for I went with the multitude, and brought them out into the house of God. |
5 | Chorus | Soprano, tenor, bass | In the voice of praise and thanksgiving: among such as keep holy day. |
6 | Duet | Soprano and tenor | Why so full of grief, O my soul: why so disquiet within me? |
7 | Solo & chorus | Tenor soloist and chorus (soprano, tenor, bass) | Put thy trust in God: for I will praise him. |
HWV 251c is an orchestrated version of the anthem, and its composition almost immediately followed the composition of HWV 251d.
Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxxiv,239 (there is no HHA number). [2]
HWV 251d was completed in 1722 and marked Handel's return to active participation at the Chapel Royal. It is a continuo-only scoring, and there is no direct evidence that it was ever performed in Handel's time.
Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxxiv,233 and HHA iii/9,25. [2]
A typical performance takes about 12 minutes. The structure for the work is as follows:
Movement | Type | Voicing | Text |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sextet | Treble I, treble II, alto, tenor, bass I, and bass II | As pants the hart for cooling streams, so longs my soul for thee, O God. |
2 | Solo | Alto and quartet (treble, alto, tenor, bass) | Tears are my daily food: while thus they say, where is now thy God? |
2 | Recitative | Bass | Now when I think thereupon, I pour out my heart by myself: for I went with the multitude, and brought them out into the house of God. |
3 | Chorus | In the voice of praise and thanksgiving: among such as keep holy day. | |
4 | Duet | Alto I and alto II | Why so full of grief, O my soul: why so disquiet within me? |
5 | Chorus | Put thy trust in God: for I will praise him. | |
HWV 251e is a version of the anthem written for a benefit evening at the King's Theatre, Haymarket on 28 March 1738. [2] It was based on HWV 251c, but the initial, instrumental sinfonia was extended with another movement and a concluding Alleluja movement was added to the anthem. Originally a solo movement in C major, "Now, when I think thereupon" was transposed into D minor and split into a solo recitative followed by a unison tenor and bass chorus on the text "For I went with the multitude". In the original setting at the King's Theatre, the orchestra consisted of oboes, bassoons, strings and keyboard continuo. [6]
Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HHA iii/9,247 (there is no HG number). [2]
Between 1858 and 1902, the Händel-Gesellschaft produced a collected 105-volume edition of the works of George Frideric Handel. Even though the collection was initiated by the society, many of the volumes were published by Friedrich Chrysander working alone. The wording on the title page of the volumes is "Georg Friedrich Händel's Werke. Ausgabe der Deutschen Händelgesellschaft" which translates as "Georg Friedrich Handel's works. Edition of the German Handel Society". Chrysander's work has been criticised, however the scale of his achievement is also praised. The collection's abbreviation of "HG" can be used to identify individual works by Handel; for example Handel's Messiah can be referred to as "HG xlv". For practical use, the HG system has been superseded by the HWV numbering system. The 105 volumes do not contain the complete works of Handel—with at least 250 of his works unpublished in the collection.
Dalla guerra amorosa is a secular chamber cantata for either bass or soprano written by Georg Frideric Handel in Italy during 1708–9. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG l,34;. The title of the cantata roughly translates as "From the war of amorous passion".
Salve Regina is an antiphon composed by George Friederic Handel around 1707. It is most likely that the work was first performed for Trinity Sunday in Vignanello on 19 July 1707 in the Church of Santa Maria in Montesanto, under the patronage of the Colonna family. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxxviii,136.
The Sonata in D minor was composed, circa 1709–15, by George Frideric Handel for recorder and keyboard (harpsichord). The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 9a. Another catalogue of Handel's music refers to the work as HHA iv/18,19,45.
The Flute sonata in E minor is thought to have been composed by George Frideric Handel, for flute and keyboard (harpsichord). The date of composition of the work is unknown, but it was first published in 1730. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xlviii,134; and HHA iv/3,63.
The Oboe Concerto No. 3 in G minor was composed by George Frideric Handel for oboe, orchestra and basso continuo, possibly in 1704-1705, when he was still in Hamburg. It was first published in Leipzig in 1863 in which it was described as a work from 1703. No other source for the work is known. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxi,100; and HHA iv/12,3.
The Oboe Concerto No. 2 in B flat major was composed by George Frideric Handel for oboe, orchestra and basso continuo. It was first published in the fourth volume of Select Harmony by Walsh in 1740. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxi,91; and HHA iv/12,47.
The Oboe Concerto No. 1 in B flat major was composed by George Frideric Handel for oboe, orchestra and basso continuo. It was first published in the fourth volume of Select Harmony by Walsh in 1740. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxi,85; and HHA iv/12,17.
The Sonata in G minor was composed by George Frideric Handel for recorder and harpsichord. The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 2, and was first published in 1732 by Walsh. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii,9; and HHA iv/3,16.
The Sonata in A minor was composed by George Frideric Handel for recorder and harpsichord. The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 4, and was first published in 1732 by Walsh. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii,15; and HHA iv/3,21.
The Sonata in C major, for recorder and harpsichord, was composed by George Frideric Handel. The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 7, and was first published in or shortly after 1726—in a collection of twelve sonatas titled Sonates pour un Traversiere un Violon ou Hautbois Con Basso Continuo Composées par G. F. Handel—purportedly in Amsterdam by Jeanne Roger, but now shown to have been a forgery by the London publisher John Walsh. Walsh republished this sonata in 1731 or 1732 under his own imprint in a similar collection, containing ten of the earlier sonatas and two new ones, with the new title Solos for a German Flute a Hoboy or Violin With a Thorough Bass for the Harpsichord or Bass Violin Compos'd by Mr. Handel. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii,15; and HHA iv/3,33.
The Sonata in F major was composed by George Frideric Handel for recorder and harpsichord. The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 11, and was first published in 1732 by Walsh. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii,40; and HHA iv/3,52.
The Violin sonata in G minor was composed by George Frideric Handel for violin and keyboard (harpsichord). The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 6, and was first published in 1732 by Walsh. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii,22; and HHA iv/18,6. Also published in HG xlviii,118.
Un'alma innamorata is a dramatic secular cantata for soprano and instruments written by Georg Frideric Handel in 1707. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG liiB,92; and HHA v/5,97. The title of the cantata translates as "A soul in love".
O lucenti, o sereni occhi is a dramatic secular cantata for soprano written by Georg Frideric Handel in 1707. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG li,28;. The title of the cantata translates as "O shining, o serene eyes".
Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate is the common name for a sacred choral composition in two parts, written by George Frideric Handel to celebrate the Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht in 1713, ending the War of the Spanish Succession. He composed a Te Deum, HWV 278, and a Jubilate Deo, HWV 279. The combination of the two texts in English follows earlier models. The official premiere of the work was on 13 July 1713 in a service in St Paul's Cathedral in London.
Aure soavi e liete is a Baroque dramatic secular cantata in the key of E-flat major composed by George Frideric Handel in 1707 while he was serving as Kapellmeister to the Ruspoli family in Rome. The author of the text is unknown. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG l,12. The cantata is scored for solo soprano voice and basso continuo. It is divided into four separate movements with a typical performance lasting approximately seven and a half minutes.
Allor ch'io dissi addio is a dramatic secular cantata for soprano written by Georg Frideric Handel in 1707–08. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG l,8. The title of the cantata translates as "Then I said goodbye".
Chandos Anthems, HWV 246–256, is the common name of a collection of eleven anthems, sacred choral compositions written by George Frideric Handel, with the authorship of No. 12 being debated. The texts are psalms and combined psalm verses in English. Handel wrote the anthems as composer in residence at Cannons, the court of James Brydges, who became the First Duke of Chandos in 1719. His chapel was not yet finished, and services were therefore held at St Lawrence in Whitchurch. The scoring is intimate, in keeping with the possibilities there. Some of the anthems rely on earlier works, and some were later revised for other purposes.
Complete scores for three versions of this anthem can be found at the International Music Score Library Project.