| Astrothelium graphicum | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Trypetheliales |
| Family: | Trypetheliaceae |
| Genus: | Astrothelium |
| Species: | A. graphicum |
| Binomial name | |
| Astrothelium graphicum Aptroot & S.M.A.Martins (2016) | |
Astrothelium graphicum is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. [1] This lichen features an extended, reticulate pseudostroma that is lower than its slightly bullate thallus.
The species was formally described as new to science in 2016 by the lichenologists André Aptroot and Suzana Maria de Azevedo Martins. The type collection was made in Santarém, Pará, Brazil, in September 2013. [2]
The thallus of Astrothelium graphicum is corticate , smooth to somewhat bullate , and somewhat shiny. It is continuous, covering areas up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter and approximately 0.3 mm thick. The thallus is green with a thin orange pruina and is not surrounded by a prothallus . It does not induce gall formation on the host bark. [2]
Ascomata are spherical, measuring 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, and are mostly aggregated in groups of 10–40. They are immersed in or even below the pseudostromata , which have a surface distinct from the thallus. The pseudostromata are not distinctly lower than the thallus, irregular in outline, anastomosing to meandering in a reticulate pattern, and can reach up to about 5 mm in diameter. They are ochraceous with a thin orange pruina, and the inside is also ochraceous without containing bark tissue. The wall is carbonised and up to about 80 μm thick. Ostioles are apical, not fused, flat, ochraceous to brown, and surrounded by a whitish to ochraceous, often clearly exserted ring of about 0.1 mm. The hamathecium does not have oil globules interspersed. Asci contain 8 ascospores each. Ascospores are hyaline, muriform , ellipsoid, measuring 60–66 by 12–16 μm, without a distinctly thickened median septum, with rounded ends, and not surrounded by a gelatinous layer. Pycnidia have not been observed in this species. [2]
Astrothelium graphicum is characterised by its extended, reticulate pseudostroma, lower than the slightly bullate thallus, and the orange pruina on both the thallus and pseudostroma, which gives it a resemblance to a giraffe's pattern. It is similar in aspect to A. flavomaculatum , which mainly differs by its much larger ascospores, measuring 140–200 by 25–30 μm. [2]
The thallus surface of Astrothelium graphicum reacts to UV light with a pink colour, and its medulla is K−. The pseudostroma surface also reacts to UV light with a pink colour, and the pigmented parts of the pseudostroma turn K+ (purple). Thin-layer chromatography, a technique used to identify chemical substances, reveals the presence of an anthraquinone, likely parietin. [2]
This lichen grows on smooth bark of trees in rainforests. At the time of its original publication, it was known only from Brazil. [2]
Astrothelium studerae is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2019 by lichenologists André Aptroot and Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the authors from the Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve at an altitude between 500 and 700 m. The specific epithet studerae honours Anita Studer, "the protector of the isolated patch of Atlantic rainforest in Alagoas where the new species was collected".
Astrothelium flavomaculatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Guyana, Venezuela, and Ecuador, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by the author from the Cordillera del Cóndor at an altitude of 1,200 m (3,900 ft). The lichen has a shiny, smooth to somewhat bullate thallus that covers an area of up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter. It is green with a thin orange pruina. Its ascospores are hyaline, ellipsoid in shape, and muriform, with dimensions of 50–75 by 12–25 µm. It is somewhat similar in appearance to Astrothelium graphicum , but that species has somewhat smaller ascospores with lengths up to 66 µm.
Astrothelium aeneoides is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in Brazil, Guyana, and Puerto Rico, where it grows on the smooth bark of rainforest trees.
Astrothelium stromatofluorescens is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is only known to occur in a few locations in Brazil and Bolivia.
Astrothelium sinuosum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by André Aptroot and Emerson Gumboski. The type specimen was collected by the second author from the Rio Pardinho e Rio Vermelho Environmental Protection Area ; there, in an Atlantic Forest habitat, it was found growing on smooth tree bark.
Astrothelium pictum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected by the author from the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário Caraça at an altitude of 1,300 m (4,300 ft); there, in an Atlantic Forest habitat, it was found growing on smooth tree bark.
Astrothelium ochroleucoides is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in Brazil and Guyana.
Astrothelium supraclandestinum is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. This lichen species is closely related to Astrothelium subclandestinum, but differs in its hamathecium, which is not inspersed. The species is widespread and has been observed in several countries across different continents.
Astrothelium testudineum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in Brazil.
Astrothelium xanthosuperbum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It is found in Rondônia, Brazil. The species is characterized by its large muriform ascospores and is similar in appearance to Astrothelium disjunctum.
Astrothelium conjugatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. It is known to occur in Sri Lanka.
Viridothelium leptoseptatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. Found in Brazil, it resembles Astrothelium aeneum but differs in several key aspects, including the absence of pigment on the thallus and specific features of its ascospores.
Trypethelium luteolucidum is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first formally described in 2016. Found in Brazil and Mexico, it is similar to Trypethelium regnellii, but differs by the presence of anthraquinone crystals in the pseudostromata.
Astrothelium tetrasporum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. It is found in Brazil.
Astrothelium simplex is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. It is found in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
Astrothelium rubrocrystallinum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first described in 2016. It is found in Brazil.
Astrothelium megeustomum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae, first scientifically described in 2016. It is found in Brazil.
Astrothelium longisporum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. It occurs in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
Astrothelium globosum is a species of lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. This species is characterised by its immersed ascomata and a thallus consisting of nearly spherical warts, along with distinctive 3-septate ascospores.
Astrothelium curvatum is a species of corticolous lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was described as a new species in 2016. It is characterised by its immersed pyriform ascomata with lateral ostioles and bent, muriform ascospores.