Baram River

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Baram River
Mundung des Baram.jpg
Mouth of Baram river with black water plume
Baram River
Native nameSungai Baram (Malay)
Location
Country Malaysia
Physical characteristics
Source Kelabit Highlands
 • locationConfluence of Kelapang and Dappur Rivers
 • coordinates 3°25′25.41″N115°27′11.7252″E / 3.4237250°N 115.453257000°E / 3.4237250; 115.453257000
 • elevation710 m (2,330 ft)
2nd sourceKelapang River
 • coordinates 3°27′52.254″N115°31′35.3928″E / 3.46451500°N 115.526498000°E / 3.46451500; 115.526498000
 • elevation1,490 m (4,890 ft)
3rd sourceDappur River
 • coordinates 3°46′11.5284″N115°33′24.4656″E / 3.769869000°N 115.556796000°E / 3.769869000; 115.556796000
 • elevation1,085 m (3,560 ft)
Mouth South China Sea
 • location
at Miri into South China Sea
 • coordinates
 4°35′11.4288″N113°58′30.5796″E / 4.586508000°N 113.975161000°E / 4.586508000; 113.975161000
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
LengthBaram–Kelapang 635 km (395 mi) [1]
Basin size22,325 km2 (8,620 sq mi) [2] [3]
Discharge 
 • locationBaram Delta
 • average58.21 km3/a (1,845 m3/s) [2] [4]
Basin features
Progression South China Sea
River system Baram River
Tributaries 
 • leftKelapang, Tutoh, Temala, Pelutan, Patah, Akah, Buang, Selaan, Serungo
 • rightDappur, Arang, Tinjar, Julan, Silat, Moh
The Baram River seen from the ASEAN Bridge Baram River from the ASEAN Bridge.jpg
The Baram River seen from the ASEAN Bridge

The Baram River (Malay : Sungai Baram) is a river in Sarawak on the island of Borneo. The river originates in the Kelabit Highlands, a watershed demarcated by the Iran Mountains of East Kalimantan, which form a natural border with Sarawak.

Contents

Geography

The Baram river basin, an area of some 22,325 km2 (8,620 sq mi), has been part of Sarawak since it was ceded to the White Rajah of Sarawak by the then sultan of Brunei in 1882, for a perpetual annual payment of 6,000 dollars. [5]

The river flows westwards through tropical rainfores (Köppen climate classification Af type) to the South China Sea. [6] [7] The Baram catchment receives around 3,800 mm of rainfall per year. [2] [8] The Baram River terminates in a delta, which is subdivided into two units: East Barma Delta of Middle-Late Miocene age and West Baram Delta of Late Miocene-Quaternary age. [9] The western unit is composed of mudstones enriched in organic components (total organic carbon content is more than 1.0 wt.%) which constitute substantial oil and gas reserves. [10]

The river is crossed not far from its mouth by the Miri-Baram Highway, Federal Route 22, on the Batang Baram Bridge opened in 2003. Some 100 km upstream lies the town of Marudi. [11]

Etymology

Batang (meaning "trunk" in Malay) is the name used for the main river in the river system such as "Batang Baram" (Baram river). For upriver areas, such as the areas surrounding the headwaters, the place is named as "Ulu" (which means "upriver"). For example, "Ulu Baram" is the upriver part of the Baram river. [12] "Long" meaning "confluence" is used by the Orang Ulu (upriver people). It is used to name the places located at the confluence between the smaller tributaries and the major river, same way as the Malay usage of the name "Kuala" (meaning river delta). The name "Pa'" (meaning "village") is exclusively used in the Kelabit Highlands such as "Pa Umor" village in Bario. [12]

History

The Baram river flood happened in May 1962. [13]

References

  1. ↑ "FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF RIVER FLOW IN SABAH AND SARAWAK" (PDF).
  2. 1 2 3 "Japan International Cooperation Agency" (PDF).
  3. ↑ Ministry of Natural Reserves and Environment, Malaysia: National Water Resources Study, Vol. 29 - Sarawak [ permanent dead link ] (PDF; 72,3 MB) page 74
  4. ↑ Prabakaran, Krishnamurthy (2017). "Environmental Geochemistry of the Lower Baram River, Borneo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2023.
  5. ↑ The Pagan Tribes of Borneo, retrieved 22-05-2007 Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Reed L. Wadley (2005). Histories of the Borneo Environment. KITLV Press. ISBN   90-6718-254-0.
  7. ↑ Louisiana State University
  8. ↑ Eric, Tilman. "Kalimantan-Borneo".
  9. ↑ Hutchison, Charles (2005). Geology of North-West Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-444-51998-6.
  10. ↑ Togunwa, Olayinka; Abdullah, Wan (2017-08-10). "Geochemical characterization of Neogene sediments from onshore West Baram Delta Province, Sarawak: paleoenvironment, source input and thermal maturity". Open Geosciences. 9 (1): 302–313. doi: 10.1515/geo-2017-0025 . ISSN   2391-5447.
  11. ↑ "处处垃圾 影响环境 美里河污染严重 (Garbage everywhere Miri River environmental pollution)". Xinhua Daily (Shihua News) (in Chinese). 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  12. 1 2 "Sarawak place names". Rough Guides. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  13. ↑ "Recorded Flood Events in Sarawak (1946 - 1996)". Sarawak Drainage and Irrigation Department. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.

4°35′18″N113°58′13″E / 4.58833°N 113.97028°E / 4.58833; 113.97028 (South China Sea-Baram)

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