Bathynerita naticoidea

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Bathynerita naticoidea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Neritimorpha
clade Cycloneritimorpha
Superfamily:
Neritoidea
Family:
Neritidae
Genus:
Bathynerita
Species:
B. naticoidea
Binomial name
Bathynerita naticoidea
Clarke, 1989 [1]

Bathynerita naticoidea is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Neritidae, the nerites. This species is endemic to underwater cold seeps (oil seeps and gas seeps) in the northern Gulf of Mexico [1] and in the Caribbean. [2]

Contents

The possible placement of this species within the closely allied family Phenacolepadidae has been under discussion. [3]

Species from these habitats can be collected by crewed submersibles [4] or by remotely operated underwater vehicles.

Gulf of Mexico: Bathynerita naticoidea lives in the northern part. Gulf of Mexico places.png
Gulf of Mexico: Bathynerita naticoidea lives in the northern part.

Distribution

Chemosynthetic communities in the northern part of Gulf Of Mexico around cold seeps known in 2006 include more than 50 communities. Some of these localities are also habitats for Bathynerita naticoidea. Chemosynthetic communities in the Gulf of Mexico 2006.png
Chemosynthetic communities in the northern part of Gulf Of Mexico around cold seeps known in 2006 include more than 50 communities. Some of these localities are also habitats for Bathynerita naticoidea.

This species lives in cold seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico [1] and in the accretionary wedge of Barbados in the Caribbean [5] in the upper continental slope, in depths from 400 to 2100 m. [5]

Examples of localities include:

Description

Bathynerita naticoidea - like other species in the family Neritidae - has a shell that can be closed with a calcareous operculum. The round shell is low-spired and smoothly sculptured. Its aperture has roughly a semicircular shape.

The maximum recorded shell length is 16 mm. [6]

Genetics

Partial genetic sequences of mitochondrion of Bathynerita naticoidea were published in 1996 [7] and in 2008: [8]

Ecology

The mussel species Bathymodiolus childressi, with which Bathynerita naticoidea is often associated Bathymodiolus childressi.jpg
The mussel species Bathymodiolus childressi , with which Bathynerita naticoidea is often associated

Habitat

Bathynerita naticoidea lives at deep-sea cold seeps where hydrocarbons (oil and methane) are leaking out of the seafloor. Bathynerita naticoidea lives around underwater hydrocarbon seeps, and it is the most numerous (dominant) gastropod species in its area. [5] [9] This include oil seeps (= petroleum seeps) [9] and gas seeps (= methane seeps). [10] These seeps are also called cold seeps, in contrast to superheated hydrothermal vents.

Bathynerita naticoidea cannot move over the mud or on soft sediments, [11] and it usually lives on mussel beds of Bathymodiolus childressi . [12]

These snails normally live in saline water with salinity 30-50 ‰. [2] Bathynerita naticoidea is a euryhaline species. [5] They were also found near a brine pool seep in the Gulf of Mexico [2] [5] and they can survive salinity as high as 85 ‰, [5] but they actively avoid brine with salinity over 60 ‰ [2] [5] and they usually move upward in natural conditions, where the concentration of salt is lower. [5] Bathynerita naticoidea has no osmoregulatory ability when the salinity is too high, [5] but it can survive high salinities, because it closes its operculum. [5]

Feeding habits

Bathynerita naticoidea feeds on periphyton of methanotrophic bacteria that grow on shells of mussels of Bathymodiolus childressi , [5] [12] on decomposing periostracum of these mussels [12] and on byssal fibers of them. [12] It can also feed on detritus also on them. [5]

Bathynerita naticoidea can detect beds with mussel Bathymodiolus childressi , because it is attracted by a water altered by this species of mussel, [12] but the nature of the attractant was not discovered yet. [12]

Life cycle

Oogenesis and formation of yolk (vitellogenesis) of Bathynerita naticoidea was described by Eckelbarger & Young (1997). [4] This was the first ultrastructural description of formation of yolk in today's clade Neritimorpha. [4] This process is similar to other gastropods. [4]

Spermatogenesis of Bathynerita naticoidea was described by Hodgson et al. (1998). [10] Bathynerita naticoidea has sperm (eusperm) of introsperm type (about 90 µm long and filiform), [10] so it can be presumed, that the fertilisation of Bathynerita naticoidea is internal. [10]

Eggs are laid in round and white-rimmed egg capsules on various hard substrata: [2] the dorsal part of the shells of the mussel Bathymodiolus childressi. [13] They were found also on shells of mussel Tamu fisheri . [13] There are then scars from these egg capsules on these mussels. [13] Highest number of eggs are laid from December to February. [2] Eggs are 135-145 μm in diameter. [2] There are 25-180 eggs in one eggs capsule. [2] The length of the egg capsule ranges from 1.2 to 2.9 mm. [2]

During the development of the embryo, the egg capsule is changing color from creamy ivory color to dark purple color. [2] The cleavage is holoblastic spiral cleavage as in other gastropods. [2]

Veliger larvae are hatched from eggs after four months of development from May to early July. [2] Veliger is about 170 μm long (120-278 μm). [2] Veligers feed on plankton (planktotrophic) [2] and they are probably obligate planktotrophs. They can swim with ciliated foot and they are swimming probably for at least eight months. [2] Veliger have pigmented eyespots. [2] Maybe the same chemosensory mechanisms for detecting mussel beds can be used by its larvae. [12] Veliger in size 600-700 μm can undergo metamorphosis into a snail. [12] Only two protoconchs are known to be found in situ and they measured 630 μm and 615 μm in length. [2]

Interspecific relationships

There lives a fungal filamentous ascomycete (phylum Ascomycota) species as a commensal on the gills of Bathynerita naticoidea. [9] These fungi are externally attached to cells of gills. [9] When this discovery was published in 1999, it was the first such association between fungus and gastropod from underwater seep community. [9] The origin and function of this association is unknown. [9]

There are no known bacterial symbionts with Bathynerita naticoidea (1999). [9]

Other animals living in communities with Bathynerita naticoidea include:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cold seep</span> Ocean floor area where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs

A cold seep is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs, often in the form of a brine pool. Cold does not mean that the temperature of the seepage is lower than that of the surrounding sea water. On the contrary, its temperature is often slightly higher. The "cold" is relative to the very warm conditions of a hydrothermal vent. Cold seeps constitute a biome supporting several endemic species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veliger</span> Larval stage of some snails

A veliger is the planktonic larva of many kinds of sea snails and freshwater snails, as well as most bivalve molluscs (clams) and tusk shells.

<i>Eptatretus springeri</i> Species of jawless fish

Eptatretus springeri, the Gulf hagfish, is a bathydemersal vertebrate which lives primarily in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. It has been observed feeding at and around brine pools: areas of high salinity which resemble lakes on the ocean floor that do not mix with the surrounding water due to difference in density. The high salt content, approximately 200 ppt compared to 35 ppt for standard seawater, creates a buoyant surface which renders oceanic submersibles unable to descend into the pool. It is believed that the inside of the pools only supports microbial life, while the majority of macroscopic life, such as methane-utilizing mussels, exists on the edges. The Gulf hagfish feeds on the primary producers of these environments, as well as other predators.

<i>Rapana venosa</i> Species of gastropod

Rapana venosa, common name the veined rapa whelk or Asian rapa whelk, is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or whelk, in the family Muricidae, the rock shells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brine pool</span> Large area of brine on the ocean basin

A brine pool, sometimes called an underwater lake, deepwater or brine lake, is a volume of brine collected in a seafloor depression. The pools are dense bodies of water that have a salinity that is three to eight times greater than the surrounding ocean. Brine pools are commonly found below polar sea ice and in the deep ocean. Those below sea ice form through a process called brine rejection. For deep-sea brine pools, salt is necessary to increase the salinity gradient. The salt can come from one of two processes: the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics or geothermally heated brine issued from tectonic spreading centers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flamingo tongue snail</span> Species of gastropod

The flamingo tongue snail is a species of small but brightly colored sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abyssochrysidae</span> Family of gastropods

Abyssochrysidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Provannidae</span> Family of gastropods

Provannidae is a family of deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfmaily Abyssochrysoidea.

The sensory organs of gastropods include olfactory organs, eyes, statocysts and mechanoreceptors. Gastropods have no sense of hearing.

<i>Vitta usnea</i> Species of gastropod

Vitta usnea is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites.

Strubellia paradoxa is a species of freshwater slug, a shell-less freshwater gastropod, an aquatic gastropod mollusk within the clade Acochlidiacea.

<i>Vitta virginea</i> Species of gastropod

Vitta virginea, the virgin nerite, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae.

Cordesia provannoides is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae.

<i>Ifremeria</i> Species of gastropod

Ifremeria nautilei is a species of large, deepwater hydrothermal vent sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae, and the only species in the genus Ifremeria. This species lives in the South Pacific Ocean

<i>Provanna sculpta</i> Species of gastropod

Provanna sculpta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae.

<i>Bathymodiolus childressi</i> Species of bivalve

Bathymodiolus childressi is a species of deepwater mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk species in the family Mytilidae, the mussels.

Crepidula ustulatulina is a species of small sea snail, a slipper snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and Chinese hat snails.

<i>Macrostrombus costatus</i> Species of sea snail

Macrostrombus costatus, formerly known as Strombus costatus and Lobatus costatus, or commonly known as the milk conch, is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs. They are an edible species and important food source for the inhabitants of where they are found. Conchs are most notable for their medium to large-sized ornamental shells. Milk conchs are dispersed among the tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, along the coasts and islands of North, Central, and South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gigantidas tangaroa</span> Species of bivalve

Gigantidas tangaroa is a species of deep-sea mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Mytilidae, the mussels.

<i>Bathymodiolus platifrons</i> Species of bivalve

Bathymodiolus platifrons, described by Hashimoto and Okutani in 1994, is a deep-sea mussel that is common in hydrothermal vents and methane seeps in the Western Pacific Ocean.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Clarke A. H. (1989). "New mollusks from undersea oil seep sites off Louisiana". Malacology Data Net 2(5-6): 122-134.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Van Gaest A. L. (2006). "Ecology and early life history of Bathynerita naticoidea: evidence for long-distance larval dispersal of a cold seep gastropod". Thesis. Department of Biology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/3717
  3. ↑ Kano Y., Chiba S. & Kase T. (2002). "Major adaptive radiation in neritopsine gastropods estimated from 28S rRNA sequences and fossil records". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 269: 2457-2465. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2002.2178.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Eckelbarger K. J. & Young C. M. (1997). "Ultrastructure of the ovary and oogenesis in the methane-seep mollusc, Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) from the Louisiana slope". Invertebrate Biology116: 299-312. JSTOR.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Van Gaest A. L., Young C. M., Young J. J., Helms A. R. & Arellano S. M. (). "Physiological and behavioral responses of Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) and Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) to hypersaline conditions at a brine pool cold seep. Marine Ecology28(1): 199 - 207. doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00147.x.
  6. ↑ Welch J. J. (2010). "The “Island Rule” and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
  7. 1 2 McArthur A. G. (1996). "Molecular investigation of the evolutionary origins of hydrothermal vent gastropods". Thesis, University of Victoria, Canada.
  8. 1 2 3 Frey M. A. & Vermeij G. J. (2008). "Molecular phylogenies and historical biogeography of a circumtropical group of gastropods (Genus: Nerita): implications for regional diversity patterns in the marine tropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48(3): 1067-1086. doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.009
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zande J. M. (1999). "An Ascomycete Commensal on the Gills of Bathynerita naticoidea, the Dominant Gastropod at Gulf of Mexico Hydrocarbon Seeps". Invertebrate Biology118(1): 57-62. JSTOR
  10. 1 2 3 4 Hodgson A. N., Eckelbarger K. J. & Young C. M. (1998). "Sperm Morphology and Spermiogenesis in the Methane-Seep Mollusc Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritacea) from the Louisiana Slope". Invertebrate Biology 117(3): 199-207. JSTOR.
  11. ↑ Van Gaest A. L. "Larval ecology of deep-sea snails. Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine (slide 3)". accessed 1 May 2010.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dattagupta S., Martin J., Liao S., Carney R. S. & Fisher C. R. (2007). "Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep gastropod Bathynerita naticoidea responds to cues from the habitat-providing mussel Bathymodiolus childressi". Marine Ecology28(1): 193-198. doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00130.x
  13. 1 2 3 Gustafson R. G., Turner R. D., Lutz R. A. & Vrijenhoek R. C. (1998). "A new genus and five new species of mussels (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from deep-sea sulfide/hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico". Malacologia 40(1-2): 63-112. page 90 and page 96.

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