Beebe Hydrothermal Vent Field

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Beebe Vent Field
A series of vents on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center.
BVF SciCam 20200129 Endmember.png
A tall sulfide chimney covered in shrimp
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Location Mid-Cayman Rise
Coordinates 18°32′48″N81°43′6″W / 18.54667°N 81.71833°W / 18.54667; -81.71833
Area22,050 square metres (237,300 sq ft)
Max. elevation−4,957 metres (−16,263 ft)
Min. elevation−4,987 metres (−16,362 ft)

The Beebe Hydrothermal Vent Field (abbreviated BVF, also known as the Piccard Vent Field) is the world's deepest known hydrothermal vent site and is located just south of Grand Cayman in the Caribbean, on the north side of the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre in the Cayman Trough. [1] Approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of Beebe is the Von Damm Vent Field.

Contents

At nearly 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) below sea level, it is one of the few known hydrothermal vent sites in the abyssopelagic zone. [2] The hydrothermal plume nicknamed "Piccard" was detected in 2010, [3] and the Beebe site was confirmed later that year. [1] The combined depth and vent fluid temperature make it a popular site for studying aqueous thermodynamics, high-pressure biology, and geochemistry.

Expedition history

The Beebe vent field was initially detected in October 2009 by CTD, Eh, and optical backscatter anomalies in the water column above the Mid-Cayman Rise aboard the R/V Cape Hatteras. [3] [4] The team deployed HROV Nereus to conduct surveys which identified a double hydrothermal plume at 3,900 metres (12,800 ft) and 4,250 m (13,940 ft) deep and subsequently nicknamed it "Piccard". From collected plume samples, the team were able to predict the approximate location of the vent field at a depth of approximately 5,000 m (16,000 ft) deep, usurping the Ashadze vent field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 4,200 m (13,800 ft)) as the deepest known hydrothermal field.

In 2010, the RRS James Cook's 44th voyage returned to the Mid-Cayman Rise to survey the areas predicted to host hydrothermal sites in 2009. [5] The team deployed the AUV Autosub6000 to map anomalies and RUV HyBIS to collect video, visually confirming the site named "Beebe" after William Beebe at a depth of 4,960 m (16,270 ft). [1] [6]

The vent field was further explored by the NOAAS Okeanos Explorer in 2011, R/V Falkor cruise FK008 and R/V Yokosuka cruise YK13-05 in 2013, and cruises AT18-16 and AT42-22 of the R/V Atlantis in 2012 and 2020 respectively. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Geography

Bathymetry profile of the Mid-Cayman trough and spreading center Mid-Cayman Spreading Center.png
Bathymetry profile of the Mid-Cayman trough and spreading center

The Beebe vent field is in the Caribbean Sea, at the northern end of the Mid-Cayman Rise on the segments closest to the Septentrional-Oriente fault zone. [1] [12]

The Beebe vent field consists of seven sulfide mounds on the western side of the spreading center, the majority of which are inactive. [13] Central to the field are the main endmember vents, known as Beebe 1–5, which branch from the same mound. Surrounding these endmember vents are Hot Chimlet to the north, Beebe Sea to the East, and Beebe Woods to the South. The series of mounds continue to the northeast of the field, where high-temperature hydrothermal activity used to take place, as evidenced by extinct chimneys. [14]

The vent field is in the territorial waters of the Cayman Islands, which is a self-governing British Overseas Territory. [14]

Geology

The Beebe vent field is located in the very near vicinity of the spreading center, which has been described as an ultraslow ridge at a rate of 15 millimetres (0.59 in) to 16.9 millimetres (0.67 in) per year. The area is primarily basalt, with metal-sulfide mounds and talus sourced from hydrothermal activity. [14]

Unlike the Von Damm Vent Field, there is little sediment cover at Beebe. [15]

Chimneys

Profuse venting at the Beebe Vent Field Beebe Vents.gif
Profuse venting at the Beebe Vent Field

Beebe vents 1–5 form a branching complex consisting of pyrite, pyrrhotite, and other oxidized metal-sulfides. These chimneys emit the hottest fluids of anywhere within the field, up to 403 °C (757 °F). [13] Beebe Woods to the south has a similar geological composition, though temperatures are cooled slightly (354 °C (669 °F)). These temperatures are hot enough that iron and other metals have not yet precipitated, giving the chimneys a distinctive black-smoker appearance. These metal-sulfide chimneys are conductive of precious and semi-precious mineral precipitation, such as gold, silver, and copper. [16]

Hot Chimlet to the north features venting at a significantly lower temperature (149 °C (300 °F)), such that the fluids are clear and devoid of metals. Residing on the slope of the mound, the Hot Chimlet site has a light dusting of sulfide materials likely sourced from the center of the field. Hot Chimlet also does not have the impressive chimney structures as at the center of the field, and requires the use of dive markers to identify quickly. Shrimp Gulley, similarly, is a location within the Beebe Sea which is distinguished by abundant biology. The Gulley reaches temperatures around 45 °C (113 °F), with markers also required to find the exact locations of diffuse flow.

Chemistry

As with many basalt-hosted systems, Beebe has endmember fluids that are highly acidic in association with basalt dissolution reactions. Such reactions with basalt can be favorable in forming hydrothermal ore deposits. [17] Concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are elevated relative to deep sea water, attributed to origin in the mantle. [13]

The vent field hosts two main areas of black smoker venting, with a fluid at temperatures of over 400 °C (752 °F) and a low salinity of about 2.3 wt% NaCl. Under these conditions, the venting fluids surpass the supercritical threshold of seawater at 407 °C (765 °F) and 298 bar, and is one of few vent sites shown to host sustained supercritical venting. [3] [18] [19] These hot, acidic conditions make precipitation of metal-sulfide chimneys possible, also giving the hottest vents their characteristic black-smoker appearance from high concentrations of dissolved metals. [18]

Measurements of iron and manganese at Beebe suggest subsurface temperatures of 452 °C (846 °F) or higher. [13]

Organic compounds

High temperatures acting on seawater can cause diagenesis or pyrolysis of organic compounds, such that they break up into smaller compounds or alter bond configurations. Small quantities of alkanes have been detected, likely derived from hydrothermally-altered compounds of deep seawater. [13] [20] At cooler venting areas, formate and other organic acids have been detected in low concentrations, as high concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas may thermodynamically favor abiotic organic acid synthesis.

With abundant iron in the venting plume, there have been many models examining the potential of ligands binding to iron when mixing begins with seawater. These ligands prevent the precipitation of iron in mineral phases, potentially making them bioavailable. [21]

Biology

Rimicaris hybisae at the Beebe Vent Field Beebe ShrimpChimney Close.jpg
Rimicaris hybisae at the Beebe Vent Field

Beebe has an abundance of shrimp present at venting orifices, particularly those of Rimicaris hybisae, belonging to the family of Alvinocarididae , and are almost completely blind. [22] These shrimp have eyes as juveniles but lose them as they age, developing a light-sensing organ that they can use to detect the infrared glow of hot, venting locations. [23] The shrimp at the Beebe vent field are unique from those found at the Von Damm field in that they are a slightly more brown color due to the high concentrations of iron pumped out by the vents. Observations of shrimp behavior suggests that, when in dense congregations, shrimp ascertain carbohydrates from chemosynthetic bacteria. [24] Though not directly observed, shrimp may predate on other organisms or exhibit cannibalism when more sparsely distributed.

There is also an abundance of deep sea anemones, Provannid gastropods, and squat lobsters. [15] [25] As with other vent fields, it is possible for deepwater sharks or roaming fishes such as grenadiers to appear around the field.

Microbiology

From a microbial standpoint, there are visible mats of microbial activity at both the Beebe and Von Damm vent systems. Exposed rocks have shown filamentous bacteria and orange sediments around the field, where microorganisms such as Beggiatoa are suggested to utilize hydrogen sulfide in venting fluids to metabolize chemosynthetically. [15] [25] Some of these microorganisms are present on or within vent crustaceans, being routinely grazed or taking up roles as symbiotic organisms. [24]

At lower-temperature venting locations, Sulfurovum have been identified as a dominant bacteria whereas Methanothermacoccus is an abundant archaea. [26] Geochemical calculations suggest that multiple metabolisms other than hydrogen consumption are favorable in these conditions. [27]

Naming

Approaching the Beebe vent complex at the Beebe (Piccard) hydrothermal field Beebe VentsApproach.jpg
Approaching the Beebe vent complex at the Beebe (Piccard) hydrothermal field

The hydrothermal system was suggested to exist on an American-led oceanographic cruise in 2009 on the R/V Cape Hatteras, with 3 hydrothermal plumes detected in the water column: Piccard, Walsh, and Europa. [3] [28] Beebe was visually confirmed in early 2010 on a British-led expedition with the RRS James Cook, though the Piccard plume could not be found, so the vent field was named Beebe. Americans returned to the vent field in 2011 on the Okeanos Explorer prior to scientific publications from the previous mission, and named the vent field Piccard, therefore creating a second name for the vent field. [29] The Interridge Database lists the vent field as Beebe, [30] though many American journals publish results under the name of Piccard.

The original name for the detected plume, Piccard, comes from Jacques Piccard, a Swiss oceanographer that dove with Don Walsh to the Challenger Deep. The subsequent naming of the field to Beebe is after the American naturalist William Beebe who frequently dove in the Bathysphere prior to powered submersibles. [31]

Human impacts

A research team dives at the Beebe vents in 2020. ROV JASON Van.jpg
A research team dives at the Beebe vents in 2020.

Since 2010, the Beebe vent field has been explored multiple times by scientists to try to collect samples and videos. Common ecosystem disruptions during hydrothermal expeditions, such as rock collections and artificial illumination, may damage organism photoreceptors at Beebe. [32]

In 2013, cruise YK-13-05 by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) was undertaken to sample and live stream dives of the DSV Shinkai 6500 . However, the fiber optical cable was broken during spooling multiple times and was not fully recovered. [11] Uncertainty in cable presence is a potential hazard for human-operated submersibles such as the DSV Alvin , which did not dive at Beebe due to safety concerns.

Beebe's metal sulfides are rich in gold and other industrial elements, which could make deep-sea mining a concern. [16]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrothermal vent</span> Fissure in a planets surface from which heated water emits

Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, ocean basins, and hotspots. The dispersal of hydrothermal fluids throughout the global ocean at active vent sites creates hydrothermal plumes. Hydrothermal deposits are rocks and mineral ore deposits formed by the action of hydrothermal vents.

<i>Riftia</i> Giant tube worm (species of annelid)

Riftia pachyptila, commonly known as the giant tube worm and less commonly known as the giant beardworm, is a marine invertebrate in the phylum Annelida related to tube worms commonly found in the intertidal and pelagic zones. R. pachyptila lives on the floor of the Pacific Ocean near hydrothermal vents. The vents provide a natural ambient temperature in their environment ranging from 2 to 30 °C, and this organism can tolerate extremely high hydrogen sulfide levels. These worms can reach a length of 3 m, and their tubular bodies have a diameter of 4 cm (1.6 in).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lost City Hydrothermal Field</span> Hydrothermal field in the mid-Atlantic Ocean

The Lost City Hydrothermal Field, often referred to simply as Lost City, is an area of marine alkaline hydrothermal vents located on the Atlantis Massif at the intersection between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Atlantis Transform Fault, in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a long-lived site of active and inactive ultramafic-hosted serpentinization, abiotically producing many simple molecules such as methane and hydrogen which are fundamental to microbial life. As such it has generated scientific interest as a prime location for investigating the origin of life on Earth and other planets similar to it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alvinocarididae</span> Family of crustaceans

Alvinocarididae is a family of shrimp, originally described by M. L. Christoffersen in 1986 from samples collected by DSV Alvin, from which they derive their name. Shrimp of the family Alvinocarididae generally inhabit deep sea hydrothermal vent regions, and hydrocarbon cold seep environments. Carotenoid pigment has been found in their bodies. The family Alvinocarididae comprises 7 extant genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sedimentary exhalative deposits</span> Zinc-lead deposits

Sedimentary exhalative deposits are zinc-lead deposits originally interpreted to have been formed by discharge of metal-bearing basinal fluids onto the seafloor resulting in the precipitation of mainly stratiform ore, often with thin laminations of sulfide minerals. SEDEX deposits are hosted largely by clastic rocks deposited in intracontinental rifts or failed rift basins and passive continental margins. Since these ore deposits frequently form massive sulfide lenses, they are also named sediment-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) deposits, as opposed to volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. The sedimentary appearance of the thin laminations led to early interpretations that the deposits formed exclusively or mainly by exhalative processes onto the seafloor, hence the term SEDEX. However, recent study of numerous deposits indicates that shallow subsurface replacement is also an important process, in several deposits the predominant one, with only local if any exhalations onto the seafloor. For this reason, some authors prefer the term clastic-dominated zinc-lead deposits. As used today, therefore, the term SEDEX is not to be taken to mean that hydrothermal fluids actually vented into the overlying water column, although this may have occurred in some cases.

<i>Paralvinella sulfincola</i> Species of annelid

Paralvinella sulfincola, also known as the Sulfide worm, is a species of polychaete worm of the Alvinellidae family that thrives on undersea hot-water vents. It dwells within tubes in waters surrounding hydrothermal vents, in close proximity to super-heated fluids reaching over 300 °C (572 °F). The upper thermal limit for this polychaete is unknown; however, it is unlikely they can survive in constant temperatures over 50 °C (122 °F). It may tentatively be named a metazoan extremophile or, more specifically, a thermophile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scaly-foot gastropod</span> Deep-sea gastropod

Chrysomallon squamiferum, commonly known as the scaly-foot gastropod, scaly-foot snail, sea pangolin, or volcano snail is a species of deep-sea hydrothermal-vent snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Peltospiridae. This vent-endemic gastropod is known only from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, where it has been found at depths of about 2,400–2,900 m (1.5–1.8 mi). C. squamiferum differs greatly from other deep-sea gastropods, even the closely related neomphalines. In 2019, it was declared endangered on the IUCN Red List, the first species to be listed as such due to risks from deep-sea mining of its vent habitat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loki's Castle</span> Active vents in the Atlantic Ocean

Loki's Castle is a field of five active hydrothermal vents in the mid-Atlantic Ocean, located at 73 degrees north on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Iceland and Svalbard at a depth of 2,352 metres (7,717 ft). When they were discovered in mid-July 2008, they were the most northerly black smoker vents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents</span> Group of Pacific Ocean hydrothermal vents

The Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents are a group of hydrothermal vents in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean, located 260 kilometres (160 mi) southwest of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The vent field lies 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) below sea level on the northern Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. In 1982, dredged sulfide samples were recovered from the area covered in small tube worms and prompted a return to the vent field in August 1984, where the active vent field was confirmed by HOV Alvin on leg 10 of cruise AII-112.

The Guaymas Basin is the largest marginal rift basin located in the Gulf of California. It made up of the northern and southern trough and is linked to the Guaymas Fault to the north and the Carmen Fault to the south. The mid-ocean ridge system is responsible for the creation of the Guaymas Basin and giving it many features such as hydrothermal circulation and hydrocarbon seeps. Hydrothermal circulation is a significant process in the Guaymas Basin because it recycles energy and nutrients which are instrumental in sustaining the basin's rich ecosystem. Additionally, hydrocarbons and other organic matter are needed to feed a variety of organisms, many of which have adapted to tolerate the basin's high temperatures.

Green Seamount is a small seamount off the western coast of Mexico. It and the nearby Red Seamount were visited in 1982 by an expedition using DSV Alvin, which observed the seamount's sedimentary composition, sulfur chimneys, and biology. Thus, Green Seamount is well-characterized for such a small feature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mid-Cayman Rise</span> Plate boundary

The Mid-Cayman Rise or Mid-Cayman Spreading Center is a relatively short divergent plate boundary in the middle of the Cayman Trough. It forms part of a dominantly transform boundary that is part of the southern margin to the North American Plate. It is an ultra-slow spreading center where the North American Plate is rifting away from the Caribbean Plate with an opening rate of 15–17 mm per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rainbow Vent Field</span>

The Rainbow hydrothermal vent field is a system of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents located at 36°14'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). It was discovered in 1994 from temperature readings of ten high-temperature black smokers at a depth of approximately 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi), where fluids can exceed 365 °C (689 °F). The site is shallower and larger in area than many other vent fields along the Azores section of the MAR with an area of 1.5 square kilometres. Located 370 km (229.91 mi) southeast of Faial Island, it is a popular geochemical sampling and modeling site due to close proximity to the Azores and definitive representation of serpentinization from hydrothermal circulation and synthesis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrothermal vent microbial communities</span> Undersea unicellular organisms

The hydrothermal vent microbial community includes all unicellular organisms that live and reproduce in a chemically distinct area around hydrothermal vents. These include organisms in the microbial mat, free floating cells, or bacteria in an endosymbiotic relationship with animals. Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria derive nutrients and energy from the geological activity at Hydrothermal vents to fix carbon into organic forms. Viruses are also a part of the hydrothermal vent microbial community and their influence on the microbial ecology in these ecosystems is a burgeoning field of research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vailuluʻu</span> Volcanic seamount in the Samoa Islands

Vailuluʻu is a volcanic seamount discovered in 1975. It rises from the sea floor to a depth of 593 m (1,946 ft) and is located between Taʻu and Rose islands at the eastern end of the Samoa hotspot chain. The basaltic seamount is considered to mark the current location of the Samoa hotspot. The summit of Vailuluʻu contains a 2 km wide, 400 m deep oval-shaped caldera. Two principal rift zones extend east and west from the summit, parallel to the trend of the Samoan hotspot. A third less prominent rift extends southeast of the summit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RISE project</span> 1979 international marine research project

The RISE Project (Rivera Submersible Experiments) was a 1979 international marine research project which mapped and investigated seafloor spreading in the Pacific Ocean, at the crest of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 21° north latitude. Using a deep sea submersible (ALVIN) to search for hydrothermal activity at depths around 2600 meters, the project discovered a series of vents emitting dark mineral particles at extremely high temperatures which gave rise to the popular name, "black smokers". Biologic communities found at 21° N vents, based on chemosynthesis and similar to those found at the Galapagos spreading center, established that these communities are not unique. Discovery of a deep-sea ecosystem not based on sunlight spurred theories of the origin of life on Earth.

Karen Louise Von Damm was an American marine geochemist who studied underseas hydrothermal vent systems. Her work on black smoker hot springs after they were first discovered on the mid-ocean ridge in 1979 significantly advanced understanding of how vent fluids acquire their chemical composition and how those chemicals support biological communities. An area of hydrothermal vents located just south of Grand Cayman in the Caribbean was named the Von Damm Vent Field in her honor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Von Damm Vent Field</span> Hydrothermal area in the Caribbean Sea.

The Von Damm Hydrothermal Field is a field of hydrothermal vents located just south of Grand Cayman in the Caribbean, on the Mid-Cayman Rise in the Cayman Trough. It is approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of the Beebe Vent Field. The vent field is named in commemoration of geochemical oceanographer Karen Von Damm, who died in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kairei vent field</span> Hydrothermal vent field in the Indian Ocean

The Kairei vent field is a hydrothermal vent field located in the Indian Ocean at a depth of 2,460 metres (8,070 ft). It is just north of the Rodrigues Triple Junction, approximately 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi) east from Madagascar. It is the first hydrothermal field discovered in the Indian Ocean and the first of the series of known vents along the Central Indian Ridge.

<i>Rimicaris kairei</i> Species of crustacean

Rimicaris kairei is a species of hydrothermal vent shrimp originally discovered in August 2000 with the ROV Kaiko on the R/V Kairei. They are named for the R/V Kairei and the Kairei hydrothermal vent field on which they were first discovered. They get energy from chemosynthetic symbiotic bacteria that live in their gut. They reproduce sexually and have a larval stage in which they consume photosynthetic material. Rimicaris kairei lives on four different hydrothermal vent sites on the Central Indian Ridge in the Indian Ocean. They are the most populous invertebrate on these vents. The species is differentiated from other species of Rimicaris Shrimp by a lack of setae, longer flagellar antennae, and less robust pereopods.

References

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  30. ↑ "Beebe | InterRidge Vents Database Ver. 3.4". vents-data.interridge.org. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  31. ↑ "Two new hydrothermal vent fields discovered". University of Bergen. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  32. ↑ Van Dover, Cindy Lee (2014-12-01). "Impacts of anthropogenic disturbances at deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems: A review". Marine Environmental Research. 102: 59–72. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.03.008 . ISSN   0141-1136. PMID   24725508.
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