"King of the Bladder." A man stands on a box holding a two-string bladder-fiddle. The mid-1870s image, a caricature, shows a perception that something is wrong with the musician.
(MIMO puts all bumbasses together, whether percussion or fiddles. Hornbostel-Sachs doesn't consider number of strings. Drums and bladders not considered for resonators (only gourds).
311.121.221.71 Mono-heterochord musical bows - The bow has one heterochord string only, with attached resonator and no tuning noose. Played with a bow.
311.122.1 Poly-heterochord musical bows - The bow has several heterochord strings, and no tuning noose.)
The bladder fiddle was a folk instrument used throughout Europe and in the Americas. The instrument was originally a simple large stringed fiddle (a musical bow) made with a long stick, one or more thick gut strings, and a pig's-bladder resonator. It was bowed with either a notched stick or a horsehair bow.[1]
The folk instrument was historically played by "wandering musicians" and beggars up to the early 19th century.[2][3][4] Although it may be used in serious folk music[5] it has also been used for humor.
Changes in the instrument have produced two distinct modern variations. The traditional bowed instrument has been preserved into the 21st century in Lithuania as the pusline[5] (and possibly Estonia and Flanders), producing sustained or rhythmic droning notes.[2] The other variation, a percussion instrument, is used in folk music internationally, including Europe, North America and Australia, in which sound may imitate a drum roll and other percussive sounds.[2][6]
Evolution from fiddle to drum set
The instrument was originally a fiddle. It used a flexible stick, a musical bow, as the instrument's body and neck. The resonator, at first an inflated animal bladder, was held between the stick and the bowstring. Versions in Poland, Lithuania and the Netherlands had as many as three strings, but pictures of the Flanders fiddle and the Nocturnal Serenade by Jan Steen show monochords (single-stringed instruments). In this configuration, the fiddle is played by drawing the bow over the string or strings; pressing down on the string changes the note.[1] Having multiple strings allows a fiddler to accompany other instruments with simple patterns using one, two or three notes from open strings. Some variants of the instrument show a flexible stick, making the bowed-instrument a musical bow. Others, such as the Estonian and Lithuanian instruments, have rigid sticks, making the instrument a bar or stick zither.
The instrument changed in some places. While the pig-bladder instrument can still be found in Lithuania today, in Holland the pig's bladder had been replaced by 1675 by a drum-like circle, wedged between the stick and a single gutstring, which resonated when the string was bowed. That version, the bumbass, was illustrated in the painting Nocturnal Serendade, by Dutch painter Jan Steen.
Immigrants to the United States brought the bumbass with them. In America, it used by the Pennsylvania Dutch culture of eastern Pennsylvania, United States, and still exists today, as the boomba, a percussion instrument. It may also be seen in Texas, at events celebrating local German heritage (such as the Tomball German Heritage Festival).[7]
On percussion instruments, the drum has been turned sideways on the instrument and the string runs across it like the sound-table on a spike lute. The string has been dropped in some cases, the bow stick becoming a drumstick and the instrument now a percussion instrument, called a boomba, stamp fiddle, stumpf fiddle, or pogo cello.[6] Also called Devil's stick, Devil's violin, boom bass, hum strum, teufel stick or stomp stick.[6] In the percussion instrument, the string may still have limited use as a chordophone, if it has been set up with a tuning peg to tighten the string; if used in this manner, the instrument is bowed with a notched stick, producing rough sounds. In some modern instruments, the string has been replaced by a long spring, solely a percussion instrument, and in other instruments the string has been dropped altogether. The Polish Diabelskie skrzypce[pl] (Devil's fiddle) often has no string, but includes the memory of the instrument's past, by placing a violin-shaped piece of wood on the instrument.
This percussion version of the instrument is international, being used in Denmark (called the Rumsterstang or the krigsdjaevel, lit.'war devil')[8][9] and Germany as well as the United States. Boomba is highly likely to have come from German Bumbaß [pronounced "BOOM-bahss"]; bum possibly coming from an older form of brummen ("to hum") and baß ("bass", as in music).[10]
During World War I, German soldiers made Stumpf fiddles or Teufelsgeiges (lit.'devil's fiddles'), replacing the pig's bladder with a tin can for the resonator, and bowing with a notched stick. Other bowed instruments were created using a wooden box for the resonator.
Today, there are two types of the instrument, bowed and percussion. The Stumpf fiddle became a percussion instrument, beaten with a stick and stamped on the ground to shake attached wrattles, bells and cymbals. The instrument may have a string, or not. It is also called Devil's stick, pogo cello, boom-ba, boom bass, hum strum, devil's violin, teufel stick.
Other names
It is known under different names; in Germany it was called the bumbass, Teufelsgeige (devil's fiddle) or Bettelgeige (beggar's fiddle).[4] In Germany sometimes a bell or cymbal was added to the top for decoration or additional sound. In Austria it was called the saubass, in Spanish the rabel.[9]
In France it is the basse de Flandre (Flanders fiddle), and in England a drone, "drone and string" or bladder fiddle. In England it was used by traveling musicians.[11] In Venezuela, the bladder fiddle is known as "marimba, tarimba, guarumba, guasdua, and carangano".[12] The name in Latvian is pūšļa vijole. In Lithuania, the instrument is the Pūslinė.[13]
In Poland there is a variant that started as a costume accessory and has become a devil's violin, called the Diabelskie skrzypce[pl].
Slavic instrument
The Slavic peoples have a musical bow (Słowiański łuk muzyczny in Polish) which is pictured as having three strings (trzy struny).[14]
Gallery
Hornbostel-Sachs classification are first in captions, then place and date.
311.121.221. Flanders, 1600s. La Bass de la Flanders, in which the pig's bladder is attached to a handheld instrument, a musical bow.
Bladder fiddle with a deflated bladder.
311.121.221. Netherlands, c. 1675. Man in the foreground playing a "bumbass", from Nocturnal Serenade, by Jan Steen.
Circa 1760, Singing Sam of Derbyshire, with his instrument, made from a "fully-inflated cow's bladder.
311.22. Germany, 1917. Teufelsgeige, bowed with notched stick but also had element of percussion, metal plates on top
19th century boombass, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The bladder is shriveled up at the bottom.
Modern bowed instrument
The original pig-bladder instrument is still played with a bow in Lithuania as a traditional folk instrument, called a Pūslinė.[15][13] Estonia has one as well, called the põispill.[16][17] The instrument has between 1-3 strings and can be tuned with tuning pegs.[18][19]
Lithuanian pūslinė.
Modern percussion instrument
A modern boomba or bumbass blurs the lines between the bumbass instruments and the Jingling Johnny-Turkish crescent, by adding bells to the top.
The modern boomba focuses heavily on loud percussion, typically consisting of a variety of percussion instruments attached to a wooden pole.[20] The exact designs of a boomba vary, with much emphasis being put on the personalization of the boomba. Common features typically include a spring-loaded rubber base (much like a pogo stick), with percussion instruments such as bells and wood blocks attached.[20] Boombas often also include a set of cymbals which crash as the boomba is bounced, and a tambourine which can be played with a drumstick or shaken as the boomba is played.[20]
The boomba is similar in nature to the "stumpf fiddle", though the stumpf fiddle generally lacks the loud crashing cymbal on top. It is this loud crash when bounced that makes the boomba distinct.[20] An older, German variant of the stumpf fiddle and the boomba is the Teufelsgeige (lit.'Devil's fiddle'), which is decorated with a Devil's head at the top of the pole.
A modern percussion instrument in Friesland is called the Kuttepiel[fy]. A similar percussion instrument in Slovakia is the Ozembuch[sk].[21][22]
Advertisement in 1891 in Leipzig, Germany for a bumbass
In musical instrument classification, string instruments or chordophones, are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.
Hornbostel–Sachs or Sachs–Hornbostel is a system of musical instrument classification devised by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs, and first published in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. An English translation was published in the Galpin Society Journal in 1961. It is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments by ethnomusicologists and organologists. The system was updated in 2011 as part of the work of the Musical Instrument Museums Online (MIMO) Project.
In music, a bow is a tensioned stick which has hair coated in rosin affixed to it. It is moved across some part of a musical instrument to cause vibration, which the instrument emits as sound. The vast majority of bows are used with string instruments, such as the violin, viola, cello, and bass, although some bows are used with musical saws and other bowed idiophones.
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument, more specifically a spike fiddle, which may also be called a southern fiddle, and is sometimes known in the Western world as the Chinese violin or a Chinese two-stringed fiddle.
In music, a double stop is the technique of playing two notes simultaneously on a stringed instrument such as a violin, a viola, a cello, or a double bass. On instruments such as the Hardanger fiddle it is common and often employed. In performing a double stop, two separate strings are bowed or plucked simultaneously. Although the term itself suggests these strings are to be fingered (stopped), in practice one or both strings may be open.
The Appalachian dulcimer is a fretted string instrument of the zither family, typically with three or four strings, originally played in the Appalachian region of the United States. The body extends the length of the fingerboard, and its fretting is generally diatonic.
A monkey stick is a traditional English percussion instrument, used in folk music. Some musicians have taken to fixing a small stuffed toy monkey to the tops of their instruments.
The musical traditions of Central Asia mirror the immense diversity found in the cultures and populations residing in the region. Principal instrument types are two- or three-stringed lutes, the necks either fretted or fretless; fiddles made of horsehair; flutes, mostly sige at both ends and either end-blown or side-blown; and jew harps, mostly metal. Percussion instruments include frame drums, Tam origin of the bowed string Use of the bowed string is thought to originate with nomads who mainly used the snake-skin, covered horsetail-bowed lute. In Mongolia instruments like the morin khuur or horse-head fiddle survive today.
The tro is Cambodia's traditional spike fiddle, a bowed string instrument that is held and played vertically. Spike fiddles have a handle that passes through the resonator, often forming a spike, on the bottom side where it emerges. The family is similar or distantly related to the Chinese erhu or huqin. The instruments have a soundbox at the bottom of the stick, covered with leather or snake skin. Strings run from pegs at the top of the stick and secured at the bottom, running across the soundbox. The larger the soundbox, the lower the pitch range. Instruments in this family include the two-stringed tro ou, tro sau thom, tro sau toch and tro che, as well as the three-stringed tro Khmer spike fiddle. The two-stringed tros are tuned in a fifth, while the three-stringed tro Khmer is tuned in fourths. The tros, with the exception of the tro Khmer, are strung so that the bowstring is permanently placed between the two stings. When the musician plays, the placement of the bow causes the strings to be played at once, one from below and one from above. In contrast, western fiddles are played with the bow pushing on each string from the outside, as is also the case with the tro khmer.
The đàn gáo is a bowed string instrument, a part of the traditional Vietnamese orchestra. It is similar to the đàn hồ. The instrument originated from South Viet Nam, and is used in entertainment contexts. It can be played alone, as part of an orchestra, or to accompany cải lương. The instrument’s name can be broken down as “đàn” meaning string instrument, and “gáo” literally translated as an aged coconut shell used as a scooper. The đàn gáo is most closely related to the fiddle in Anglo-American culture, and the yehu and banhu in Chinese culture.
Traditional Korean musical instruments comprise a wide range of string, wind, and percussion instruments. Many traditional Korean musical instruments derive from Chinese musical instruments.
Plucked string instruments are a subcategory of string instruments that are played by plucking the strings. Plucking is a way of pulling and releasing the string in such a way as to give it an impulse that causes the string to vibrate. Plucking can be done with either a finger or a plectrum.
The pogo cello is a percussion instrument in the idiophone family. This instrument can be heard in the skiffle bands of England, jug bands from the United States, as well as some blues, bluegrass, folk and rock bands. Notable musical groups or persons using the pogo cello in their music are Jim Kweskin's Jug Band, Mojo Nixon, Rend Collective, and Redd Foxx, the famous comedian/singer who starred as Fred Sanford in the television show Sanford and Son.
Traditional Thai musical instruments are the musical instruments used in the traditional and classical music of Thailand. They comprise a wide range of wind, string, and percussion instruments played by both the Thai majority as well as the nation's ethnic minorities.
Kingri is a chordophone bowed string instrument originating from the Indian subcontinent, similar to Rabab and Ravanastron. It has a resonator box of unglazed pottery, through which a stick is passed to function as the neck.
Bar zither is class of musical instruments within the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system for a type of simple chordophone, in which the body of the instrument is shaped like a bar.
The segankuru is a bowed trough zither, bar zither or musical bow, a string instrument found in Botswana and other areas of South Africa, and found under many names. It consists of a wooden body attached to a tin can resonator, with a single metal string played with a bow. The instruments main role is for self or group entertainment for young men, while herding cattle, etc.
The tube zither is a stringed musical instrument in which a tube functions both as an instrument's neck and its soundbox. As the neck, it holds strings taut and allows them to vibrate. As a soundbox, it modifies the sound and transfers it to the open air. The instruments are among the oldest of chordophones, being "a very early stage" in the development of chordophones, and predate some of the oldest chordophones, such as the Chinese Se, zithers built on a tube split in half. Most tube zithers are made of bamboo, played today in Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Tube zithers made from other materials have been found in Europe and the United States, made from materials such as cornstalks and cactus.
References
1 2 Haigh, Chris (2008). "Baltic Fiddle". Fiddling Around the World. Retrieved 6 December 2020. sounded with a horsehair bow, and the pitch can be changed by pressing down on the string. It has little use as a melody instrument, but can be useful for providing a drone and rhythm accompaniment..."stumpf fiddle" or stomp stick
1 2 3 Baines, Anthony C. (1984). "Bumbass". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. p.285. Volume 1. ...used by wandering musicians up to the early 19th century...
↑ Elschek, Oskar. "Ozembuch". Centrum pre tradičnú ľudovú kultúru. variable and multidimensional folk instrument of diverse sound, shape and character...an accompaniment to dancing, but it was mainly used by beggars and itinerant musicians as entertainment at fairs. Today, it is mainly used in the carnival parade of masks
1 2 3 "Bumbass". Digital Dictionary of the German Language dwds.de. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 6 December 2020. instrument (the beggar musicians)...a long stick, bent by a fixed gut string...sound box made of a cattle bladder or a box made of wood or metal...played with toothed piece of wood or short horsehair bow>
1 2 3 Ronald Walters. "Stumpf Fiddle - Devil's Stick". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 6 December 2020. [Video of man playing a Stumpf Fiddle, showing percussive sounds that the modern folk instrument can play.]
↑ Jones, Greg L. (April 2017). "The Boom-ba Bounce". Tomball German Heritage Festival in Tomball, Texas....The origin of the Boom-ba has been lost in the passage of time. Some believe it dates back to 18th or 19th century in the United States. The Dutch, Poles and Germans immigrants all claim to have originated it. The traditional Polish/German percussion instrument is made out of whatever materials immigrants had on hand. [note: talked to author, who said his information came from the lady in the photo that is part of the source for this quote.]
↑ "Rumsterstang. Lot number: 2252972". lauritz.com. Retrieved 6 December 2020. [Rumerstang sold at Danish auction, a percussion instrument without any strings]
↑ "põis pill". [EKSS] "Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat" 2009 (translation: [EKSS] "Explanatory Dictionary of the Estonian Language" 2009) eki.ee. põis pill Sõnaveeb etn seapõiest resonaatori ja soolest v. nöörist keel(t)ega eesti rahvapill (translation: ethn pig bladder resonator and intestine v. Estonian folk instrument with stringed language (s))
↑ "Pūslinė (Poispillid) estų liaudies muzikos instrumentas". Pūslinė (Poispillid) estų liaudies muzikos instrumentas. Kopija. Sudaryta iš pūslės su vamzdeliu, pritvirtintu ant rėmo, lanko tipo, kurio vienas galas atremiamas į žemę. Priešingas galas - galvutė, su vienu varžtu stygai įtempti. Stygos laikikliai pagaminti iš žarnų.(translation: Poispillid is an instrument of Estonian folk music. Copy. Consisting of a bladder with a tube attached to a frame, an arc type, one end of which is supported on the ground. The opposite end is the head, with one screw tensioning the strings.)
↑ "Other string instruments". Ancient Lithuanian Instruments ltinstrumentai.lt. 2 November 2017. Pūslinė is a string folk musical instrument played in ensembles...bass instrument which consists of a wooden stick, air-filled pig's bladder and intestines or small cords...1 to 3 strings...tuned using special wooden pegs.
1 2 3 4 Greg L. Jones (April 2017). "The Boom-ba Bounce". A boom-ba is spring loaded like a pogo stick and usually carries percussion tools like a wood block, a tambourine, a cow bell, assorted bells and drumming surfaces. It is played by bouncing the stick and hitting the various percussion elements with a drumstick...>
↑ "OZEMBUCH". Centrum pre tradičnú ľudovú kultúru (translation: Center for Traditional Folk Culture). Retrieved 10 December 2020.
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