Bolbosoma

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Bolbosoma
Bolbosoma turbinella.jpg
Proboscis, neck and trunk spines of a juvenile Bolbosoma turbinella. Bars is 200um. [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Acanthocephala
Class: Palaeacanthocephala
Order: Polymorphida
Family: Polymorphidae
Genus: Bolbosoma
Porta, 1908
Type species
Bolbosoma

Bolbosoma is a genus in Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms, also known as spiny-headed worms). [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus was described by Porta in 1908. Phylogenetic analysis has been published on Bolbosoma species. [3]

Description

Bolbosoma species consist of a proboscis covered in hooks and a long trunk.

Species

The genus Bolbosoma contains twelve species. [4]

Found in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). [5]

Found in the South American fur seal, (Arctocephalus australis). [7]

Distribution

The distribution of Bolbosoma is determined by that of its hosts. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. [2]

Hosts

Life cycle of Acanthocephala. Acanthocephala LifeCycle lg.jpg
Life cycle of Acanthocephala.

The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host. Although the intermediate hosts of Bolbosoma are arthropods. When the acanthor molts, the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor is passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There may be paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for Bolbosoma. [10]

Bolbosoma parasitizes animals. There are reported cases of Bolbosoma infesting humans. [11]

Notes

  1. ↑ There are no known aberrant human infections for Bolbosoma species. [9]

References

  1. ↑ Fonseca, Michelle Cristie Gonçalves da; Knoff, Marcelo; Felizardo, Nilza Nunes; Torres, Eduardo José Lopes; Di Azevedo, Maria Isabel Nogueira; Gomes, Delir Corrêa; Clemente, Sérgio Carmona de São; Iñiguez, Alena Mayo (July 2019). "Acanthocephalan parasites of the flounder species Paralichthys isosceles, Paralichthys patagonicus and Xystreurys rasile from Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária. 28 (3): 346–359. doi:10.1590/s1984-29612019031. PMID   31215609.
  2. 1 2 "Bolbosoma Porta, 1908". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ↑ "Bolbosoma". NCBI Taxonony.
  4. ↑ "ITIS - Report: Bolbosoma".
  5. ↑ Santoro M, Palomba M, Gili C, Marcer F, Marchiori E, Mattiucci S (September 2021). "Molecular and morphological characterization of Bolbosoma balaenae (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae), a neglected intestinal parasite of the fin whale Balaenoptera physalus". Parasitology. 148 (11): 1293–1302. doi:10.1017/S0031182021000925. PMC   11010206 . PMID   34100350.
  6. ↑ Wang, P.Q. (1980). "Notes on the Acanthocephala from Fugian. II". Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 5 (2): 116–123.
  7. ↑ Vivian, Itatiele Farias; Perin, Patricia Parreira; Amorim, Derek Blaese de; Benatti, Danise; Tebaldi, José Hairton; Hoppe, Estevam Guilherme Lux (2023). "Helminths of South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) from the Subtropical Convergence Zone of the Southwestern Atlantic". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária. 32 (1): e014522. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612023012 . PMID   36820736.
  8. ↑ CDC’s Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (11 April 2019). "Acanthocephaliasis". Centers for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  9. ↑ Mathison, Blaine A.; Mehta, Ninad; Couturier, Marc Roger (19 October 2021). "Human Acanthocephaliasis: a Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 59 (11): e0269120. doi:10.1128/JCM.02691-20. PMC   8525584 . PMID   34076470.
  10. ↑ Schmidt, Gerald D. (1985). "Development and life cycles". In Crompton, D. W. T.; Nickol, Brent B. (eds.). Biology of the Acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–305. ISBN   978-0-521-24674-3.
  11. ↑ Arizono, Naoki; Kuramochi, Toshiaki; Kagei, Noboru (December 2012). "Molecular and histological identification of the acanthocephalan Bolbosoma cf. capitatum from the human small intestine". Parasitology International. 61 (4): 715–718. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2012.05.011. PMID   22634485.
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