| Bombing of Grosseto | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Strategic bombing during World War II | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
 United States USAAF |  Kingdom of Italy | ||||
| Strength | |||||
| 48 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress (97th and 301st Bombardment Group) | |||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||
| none | 134 civilians | ||||
The bombing of Grosseto took place on 26 April 1943, day of Easter Monday, during World War II. Aimed at disabling the city's air base, it resulted instead in heavy damage to the city itself and at least 134 civilian casualties.
The Grosseto Air Base was considered by the Allies to be of strategic importance for operations in North Africa, since the attacks on British ships in the western Mediterranean Sea departed from there. The base was also the site of a torpedo-bomber training school of the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwader 102 unit and the arrival of the Messerschmitts Me 323 employed in the defense of Tunisia. This led to several Allied air raids aimed at its destruction. [1]
The first raid took place on 26 April 1943, day of Easter Monday, when 48 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress of the Twelfth Air Force of the United States Army took off from airfields in Algeria and reached Grosseto, Tuscany. [1] For unknown reasons, 19 of the 48 military planes dropped 2,000 cluster bombs on the city of Grosseto, instead of on the targeted airport. [2]
The raid began at 2 PM, when most of the people were in the streets celebrating the holiday. The air raid sirens didn't sound and the population did not go to the air raid shelters which had been set up in the ramparts of the city's walls. [1]
At least 134 inhabitants of Grosseto were killed, mostly children aged between 5 and 14 who were playing at a funfair in the Porta Vecchia suburb. [1] [2]
The Grosseto airport, objective of the raid, was hit but slightly damaged; at the same time, however, the suburbs of Grosseto located around the historic centre suffered heavy damage. The raid also hit care buildings such as the Red Cross hospital set up in the diocese's seminary and the House of Mother and Child.
The following day, 27 April, King Victor Emmanuel III went to Grosseto to pay homage to the fallen and to visit the wounded in the Misericordia hospital. [1]
The raid was condemned by the Italian national press and the Catholic Church for its involvement of civilians, especially children. The newspaper Corriere della Sera published an article on 5 May 1943 entitled No Italian will forget the children tortured by gangsters. [1]
After this attack, Grosseto suffered further heavy raids by both the USAAF and the Royal Air Force from May 1943 to June 1944. All these raids were aimed at either the airfield, which was destroyed on 20 May killing 1,600 German soldiers, or the railway station, destroyed on 9 September, but caused further damage and casualties to the city as well. [3]
Several historical buildings were also hit, such as the Palazzo Mensini, home to the Chelliana Library and the Archaeological Museum, the Palazzo Vescovile , and the Art Museum of the Diocese of Grosseto. [3] The 16th-century Casino delle Palle was completely destroyed. [4]
The city's reconstruction began after the proclamation of the Italian Republic, with the Piano parziale di ricostruzione implemented by the Comune in 1948. [5] The massive destruction of an area of the historic centre led to the creation of a new square, Piazza della Palma.
Bishop Paolo Galeazzi commissioned the construction of a basilica to pay homage to the fallen in the bombings. The Basilica of Sacro Cuore di Gesù was consecrated on 26 April 1958, anniversary of the Easter Monday massacre. The church's crypt is also decorated with the names of the civilians died in the bombings. [6]
Palazzo Aldobrandeschi is the seat of the provincial government of Grosseto, Italy, and it is located in Piazza Dante, the main square of the city.
San Lorenzo is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Arcidosso, province of Grosseto, in the area of Mount Amiata. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 211.
Bagnore is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Santa Fiora, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 420.
Borgo Carige is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Capalbio, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 229.
Giardino is a rural area in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Capalbio, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 15.
La Torba is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Capalbio, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 209.
Pescia Fiorentina is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Capalbio, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census, its population amounted to 37.
Monticello Amiata is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Cinigiano, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 425.
Selva is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Santa Fiora, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 100.
Palazzo Tognetti is a palace in Grosseto, Italy.
The Museo archeologico e d'arte della Maremma is an archaeological and art museum in Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy.
Piazza Dante is the main public square in Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy.
The Misericordia Hospital is a hospital located in Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy.
The Teatro degli Industri is a theatre and opera house in Grosseto, Italy. It is the historic theatre of the city and one of the two municipal theatres together with the Teatro Moderno.
The Maiano Lavacchio massacre took place on 22 March 1944, in the small rural locality of Maiano Lavacchio, in the countryside between Grosseto and Magliano in Toscana, not far from the village of Istia d'Ombrone. By order of the prefect and Head of the Province of Grosseto, Alceo Ercolani, a division of the National Republican Guard, together with some squadristi and local fascist leaders, rounded up, summarily tried, and executed eleven young men who were deemed guilty of not reporting for conscription to the Italian Social Republic and therefore were wanted as deserters.
Alceo Ercolani was an Italian military and politician, who served as member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, federal secretary of Treviso, Rieti and Cosenza, and Prefect of Grosseto for the Italian Social Republic.
Ennio Barberini was an Italian military and politician, who served as member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, and Deputy Secretary of the National Fascist Party. He then fought for the Italian Social Republic and was appointed commander of the National Republican Guard of Grosseto, Vicenza and Cremona in 1944–1945.
Giovanni Chelli was an Italian prelate and librarian from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Paolo Galeazzi was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of Grosseto from 1932 to 1971.
Palazzo Mensini is a palace in the historic center of Grosseto, Tuscany.