Raid on Taipei

Last updated
Taihoku Air Raid
Part of World War II, Pacific theater
Taihoku Air Raid 1945.jpg
An aerial photograph by U.S. Air Force
DateMay 31, 1945
Location
Taihoku, Japanese Taiwan (modern-day Taipei, Taiwan)
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg  Japan Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States
Strength
Virtually nonexistent 117 B-24
Casualties and losses
Civilians killed: 3,000+
Wounded/Displaced: tens of thousands
none

The Taihoku Air Raid [1] was the largest Allied air raid on the city of Taihoku (modern-day Taipei), then under Japanese colonial rule, during World War II. Many residents were killed in the raid and tens of thousands wounded or displaced.

Contents

Background

Location of bombs landed during the air raid Taipei bomb.jpg
Location of bombs landed during the air raid

As early as 1943, Fourteenth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces and units of the combined air force of U.S., Nationalist China had launched several air raids against military and industrial targets in Japanese Taiwan. Before this, Soviet volunteer units and Chinese air force had attacked military bases around Taihoku, most of which were targeted on smaller objectives and were of smaller scales. After American ground forces captured Subic Bay in the Philippines, the Allied air forces began larger and more systematic air raids against targets on the island of Taiwan. After 12 October 1944, Allied air forces began scheduled air raids on factories located in Heitō, Kobi, and Port of Takao, and fighter production facility in the outskirt of Takao. Also, Taihoku, the capital and political and financial center of Taiwan, had been under constant aerial assaults by the Allies since that time.

Air raid

The Japanese Governor-General's Office (now the Presidential Office Building) was directly hit Presidential Building, Taiwan (0750).JPG
The Japanese Governor-General's Office (now the Presidential Office Building) was directly hit

On 31 May 1945, units of the Fifth Air Force consisting of 117 Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers were sent to conduct the largest air raid ever on Taiwan. The bombing began from around ten o'clock in the morning and lasted until one o'clock in the afternoon, during which the attack was non-stop. The Americans met virtually no resistance from the Japanese, mainly due to the attrition the Japanese air forces had suffered in the Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa, which completely exhausted Japan's fighter units in Taiwan. The Allies dropped approximately 3,800 bombs on military units and governmental facilities in Taihoku[ citation needed ]; many other buildings within the downtown area and Japanese quarter also suffered various damages.

Buildings hit

Lungshan Temple was extensively damaged by the raid and ensuing fire Lungshan temple taipei taiwan.jpg
Lungshan Temple was extensively damaged by the raid and ensuing fire
Immaculate Conception Cathedral was destroyed by air raid bombing Immaculate Conception Cathedral of Taipei 001 in 1889.jpg
Immaculate Conception Cathedral was destroyed by air raid bombing

The Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan suffered a direct hit, in spite of the building being heavily camouflaged to avoid being targeted. The building suffered extensive damage from fire caused by the bombs and almost collapsed on itself; it was rendered unoccupiable and was not repaired until the Nationalist Chinese takeover. Other facilities hit during the bombing included the residence of the Assistant Governor-General, Taiwan Railway Hotel, Office of Governor-General Library, Army Headquarters, Taihoku Imperial University, Taihoku Station, Bank of Taiwan, Taihoku High Court, Taihoku New Park, and many other facilities.

Civilian casualties

Many civilian installations were bombed, including Taihoku Prefectural Taihoku First Girls' High School, Huashan Catholic Church of Taihoku, and the famous Lungshan Temple of Manka, which was hit in the main building and the left corridor; many precious artifacts and art works in the temple were lost in the ensuing fire. [2]

Aftermath

The number of deaths totaled more than 3,000, which exceeded the total number of deaths resulting from all the previous air raids on Taiwan by the Allies. Tens of thousands of people were displaced or became homeless, and many buildings were destroyed either by the attacks or by the fire caused by the attacks. The air raid showed that the city was defenseless against Allied aerial assaults, and the Governor-General ordered schools and other installations to be evacuated, and that more air raid drills be held.

On 15 July 2009, two duds assumed to be dropped during this raid were found in a construction site of MRT Xinyi Line near Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall. Bomb-disposal units of the ROC Armed Forces removed them.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taipei</span> Capital city of Taiwan

Taipei, officially Taipei City, is the capital and a special municipality of Taiwan. Located in Northern Taiwan, Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City that sits about 25 km (16 mi) southwest of the northern port city of Keelung. Most of the city rests on the Taipei Basin, an ancient lakebed. The basin is bounded by the relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung and Xindian rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Songshan Airport</span> Secondary airport serving Taipei, Taiwan

Taipei Songshan Airport is a regional airport and military airbase located in Songshan District, Taipei, Taiwan. The airport covers an area of 182 hectares.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Songshan District, Taipei</span> District in Eastern Taipei, Taiwan

Songshan District is a district of Taipei, Taiwan. The Songshan Airport and the Taipei Arena are located here.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bangka Lungshan Temple</span> Historic site in Taipei, Taiwan

Bangka Lungshan Temple is a Chinese folk religious temple in Wanhua District, Taipei, Taiwan. The temple was built in Taipei in 1738 by settlers from Fujian during Qing rule in honor of Guanyin. It served as a place of worship and a gathering place for the Chinese settlers. In addition to its Buddhist elements, it includes halls and altars to Chinese deities such as Mazu and Guan Yu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taihoku Prefecture</span> Administrative division of Taiwan under Japanese rule

Taihoku Prefecture was an administrative division of Taiwan created in 1920, during Japanese rule. The prefecture consisted of modern-day Keelung, New Taipei City, Taipei and Yilan County. Its government office, which is now occupied by the Control Yuan of Taiwan, was in Taihoku City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidential Office Building, Taipei</span> Official workplace of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

The Presidential Office Building is the work place of the President of the Republic of China on Taiwan. The building, located in the Zhongzheng District in the national capital — Taipei, was designed by architect Uheiji Nagano during the period of Japanese rule of Taiwan (1895–1945). The structure originally housed the Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan. Damaged in Allied bombing during World War II, the building was restored after the war by Chen Yi, the governor-general of Taiwan Province. It became the Presidential Office in 1950 after the government of the Republic of China lost control of mainland China and relocated the nation's capital to Taipei at the end of the Chinese Civil War. At present, this Baroque-style building is a symbol of the government and a famous historical landmark in downtown Taipei.

The Taihoku Airstrike was an air raid by the military of the Republic of China against the metropolitan perimeter of Taihoku, the capital of Japanese Taiwan, on 8 February 1938. The raid was the first attack on Imperial Japanese territory during the course of World War II, and one of the few offensive operations conducted by China directly against Japan during the course of the war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taiwan under Japanese rule</span> Period in Taiwanese history from 1895 to 1945

The island of Taiwan, together with the Penghu Islands, became a dependency of Japan in 1895, when the Qing dynasty ceded Fujian-Taiwan Province in the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War. The short-lived Republic of Formosa resistance movement was suppressed by Japanese troops and quickly defeated in the Capitulation of Tainan, ending organized resistance to Japanese occupation and inaugurating five decades of Japanese rule over Taiwan. The entity, historically known in English as Formosa, had an administrative capital located in Taihoku (Taipei) led by the Governor-General of Taiwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taipei Japanese School</span>

Taipei Japanese School (TJS) is a Japanese international school located in Shilin District, Taipei. TJS was established in 1947 and mainly serves the children of Japanese expatriates in Taiwan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xizhi District</span> District in Northern Taiwan, Taiwan

Xizhi is an inner city district in eastern New Taipei City in northern Taiwan, and is located between Taipei City and Keelung City. Compared to most districts in eastern New Taipei, which are very sparsely populated, Xizhi is one of the more populated districts in New Taipei, with a population of 207,004 people as of February 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government-General of Taiwan</span>

The Government-General of Taiwan was the government that governed Taiwan under Japanese rule between 1895 and 1945.

Chengdu Fenghuangshan Airport is military air base in Chengdu, Sichuan province, China. During World War II it was a United States Army Air Forces airfield. It is located approximately 10 miles south of Chengdu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taipei Film House</span> Former diplomatic mission, Movie theater in Taipei, Taiwan

The Embassy of the United States, Taipei is a former United States diplomatic mission in Zhongshan District, Taipei, Taiwan. The building currently houses the Taipei Film House as a movie theater.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Remains of Taipei Prison Wall</span>

The Remains of Taipei Prison Wall are located in Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan at the end of Aiguo East Road and Jinshan South Road adjacent to the Southern Taipei operations center for Chunghwa Telecom. Approximately 100 meters of wall exist on both sides of the Chunghwa Telecom property. The walls were built during Japanese rule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taipei Botanical Garden</span> Botanical garden in Taipei, Taiwan

The Taipei Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located in the Nanhai Academy on Nanhai Road in Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan. Established in 1896, it covers an area of about 8 hectares and includes over 2,000 plant species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toyohashi Air Raid</span>

The Toyohashi Air Raid was a strategic bombing operation on the night of 19 June 1945 against the city of Toyohashi, Japan. The air raid was part of the Allies' aerial campaign against the Home Islands of the Empire of Japan during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shandao Temple</span> Buddhist temple in Zhongzheng, Taipei, Taiwan

The Shandao Temple is a temple in Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan. It is the largest Buddhist temple in Taipei.

The architecture of Taiwan can be traced back to stilt housing of the aborigines in prehistoric times; to the building of fortresses and churches in the north and south used to colonize and convert the inhabitants during the Dutch and Spanish period; the Tungning period when Taiwan was a base of anti-Qing sentiment and Minnan-style architecture was introduced; in Qing dynasty period, a mix of Chinese and Western architecture appeared and artillery battery flourished during Qing's Self-Strengthening Movement; During the Japanese rule of Taiwan, the Minnan, Japanese and Western culture were main influencers in architectural designs and saw the introduction and use of reinforced concrete. Due to excessive Westernization as a colony, after the retrocession of Taiwan to the Republic of China in 1945 from Japan at the end of World War II, Chinese classical style became popular and entered into international mainstream as a postmodern design style. Today, Taiwanese architecture has undergone much diversification, every style of architecture can be seen.

The Takao Air Group was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) during the Pacific War that was involved in the Philippines campaign, Dutch East Indies campaign, air raids on Australia, and the Guadalcanal Campaign. The air group was redesignated as the 753rd Air Group on 1 October 1942.

The Statue of Shakyamuni Emerging is a woodcarving piece by Taiwanese artist Huang Tu-shui in 1926. The replica is an important antiquity of the Republic of China.

References

  1. (traditional Chinese and Japanese : 臺北大空襲; simplified Chinese : 台北大空袭; pinyin : Táiběi Dà Kōngxí; rōmaji : Taihoku Daikūshū; pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak Tōa Khong-si̍p)
  2. "THE INTRODUCTION OF LUNGSHAN TEMPLE". 艋舺龍山寺網站. Retrieved 1 June 2019. It is well known that the statue of Kuan-in in this temple survived the bombing from the allied aircrafts[sic] on 8 June 1945. Lungshan Temple was bombed on that day. The whole main hall and a part of the right annex were burned out during the air raid, but the statue of Kuan-in in the center of the main hall left intact. This is the most famous manifestation of efficacy of Lungshan Temple.