Bovista pila

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Bovista pila
Bovista pila 138256.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Lycoperdaceae
Genus: Bovista
Species:
B. pila
Binomial name
Bovista pila
Berk. & M.A.Curtis (1873)
Synonyms [1]

Bovista pila, commonly known as the tumbling puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. A temperate species, it is widely distributed in North America, where it grows on the ground on road sides, in pastures, grassy areas, and open woods. There are few well-documented occurrences of B. pila outside North America. B. pila closely resembles the European B. nigrescens , from which it can be reliably distinguished only by microscopic characteristics.

Contents

The egg-shaped to spherical puffball of B. pila measures up to 8 cm (3 in) in diameter. Its white outer skin flakes off in age to reveal a shiny, bronze-colored inner skin that encloses a spore sac. The spores are more or less spherical, with short tube-like extensions. The puffballs are initially attached to the ground by a small cord that readily breaks off, leaving the mature puffball to be blown about. Young puffballs are edible while their internal tissue is still white and firm. B. pila puffballs have been used by the Chippewa people of North America as a charm, and as an ethnoveterinary medicine for livestock farming in western Canada.

Taxonomy

The species was described as new to science in 1873 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis, from specimens collected in Wisconsin. In their short description, they emphasize the short pedicels (tube-like extensions) on the spores, and indicate that these pedicels—initially about as long as the spore is wide—soon break off. [5] According to the nomenclatural authority MycoBank, [1] taxonomic synonyms (i.e., having different type specimens) include Pier Andrea Saccardo's 1882 Bovista tabacina, Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart's 1885 Mycenastrum oregonense, and Andrew Price Morgan's 1892 Bovista montana. William Chambers Coker and John Nathaniel Couch called B. pila "the American representative of B. nigrescens in Europe", referring to their close resemblance. [6]

Bovista pila is commonly known as the tumbling puffball, referring to the propensity of detached puffballs to be blown about by the wind. [7] The specific epithet pila is Latin for "ball". [8]

Description

Young fruit body before the outer peridium has sloughed off Bovista pila 118894.jpg
Young fruit body before the outer peridium has sloughed off

B. pila has an egg-shaped to roughly spherical fruit body measuring up to 8 cm (3 in) in diameter. [9] The thin (0.25 millimeter) [6] outer tissue layer (exoperidium) is white to slightly pink. Its surface texture, initially appearing as if covered with minute flakes of bran (furfuraceous), becomes marked with irregular, crooked lines (rivulose). [6] The exoperidium flakes off in maturity to reveal a thin, inner peridium (endoperidium). The color of this shiny inner skin, splotched with darker areas, resembles the metallic colors of bronze and copper. Bovista pila puffballs are attached to the ground by a small cord (a rhizomorph) that typically breaks off when the puffball is mature. [9] The interior flesh, or gleba, comprises spores and surrounding capillitial tissue. [9] Initially white and firm with tiny, irregularly shaped chambers (visible with a magnifying glass), [6] the gleba later becomes greenish and then brown and powdery as the spores mature. [9] In age, the upper surface of the puffball cracks and tears open. [10] The resilient texture of the inner peridium enables the puffball to maintain its ball-like shape after it has detached from the ground. As the old puffballs get blown around, spores get shaken out of the tears. [6]

Short pedicels are a characteristic of B. pila spores. Bovista pila 406222.jpg
Short pedicels are a characteristic of B. pila spores.

The spores of Bovista pila are spherical, smooth (when viewed with a light microscope), and measure 3.5–4.5  μm. They have thick walls and very short pedicels. [9] Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, measuring 8–10.5 by 14–18 μm. They are usually four-spored (rarely, some are three-spored), with unequal length sterigmata between 4 and 7.4 μm. [11] The capillitia (sterile fibers interspersed among the spores) tend to form loose balls about 2 mm in diameter. [12] The main, trunk-like branches of the capillitia are up to 15 μm in diameter, with walls that are typically 2–3 μm thick. [13]

Similar species

Characteristics typically used to identify Bovista pila in the field include its relatively small size, the metallic lustre of the endoperidium, and the presence of rhizomorphs. [14] B. plumbea is similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by its typically smaller fruit body and the blue-gray color of its inner coat. Unlike B. pila, B. plumbea is attached to the ground by a mass of mycelial fibers known as a sterile base. Microscopically, B. plumbea has larger spores (5–7 by 4.5–6.0 μm); with long pedicels (9–14 μm). [9] Another lookalike is the European B. nigrescens , which can most reliably be distinguished from B. pila by its microscopic characteristics. The spores of B. nigrescens are oval rather than spherical, rougher than those of B. pila, and have a hyaline (translucent) pedicel about equal in length to the spore diameter (5 μm). [12] The puffball Disciseda pila was named for its external resemblance to B. pila. Found in Texas and Argentina, it has much larger, warted spores that measure 7.9–9.4 μm. [15]

Habitat and distribution

A collection of several specimens from California Bovista pila 406219.jpg
A collection of several specimens from California

Bovista pila is found in corrals, stables, [7] roadsides, [16] pastures and open woods. The puffballs fruit singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground. [9] It is also known to grow in lawns and parks. [14] The puffball spore cases are persistent and may overwinter. [7] Fruiting occurs throughout the mushroom season. [10]

Bovista pila is widely distributed in North America (including Hawaii). [17] There are few well-documented occurrences of B. pila outside North America. [18] Hanns Kreisel recorded it from Russia, in what is now known as the Sakha Republic. [19] The puffball has been tentatively identified from the Galápagos Islands, [20] and has been collected from Pernambuco and São Paulo, Brazil. [21] [22] The South American material, however, has grayish-yellow coloration in the gleba, which may be indicative of not yet fully matured specimens. This renders identification of this material tentative, as unripe material may have different microscopic characteristics from mature material. [18] Although the puffball has been reported from both the European part of Turkey [23] as well as Anatolia, [24] reports without supporting microscopic or macroscopic information are viewed with skepticism. [18]

Uses

Edible when the interior gleba is still firm and white, [7] Bovista pila puffballs have a mild taste and odor. [14]

The puffball was used by the Chippewa people of North America as a charm, and medicinally as a hemostat. [25] In British Columbia, Canada, it is used by livestock farmers who are not allowed to use conventional drugs under certified organic programs. The spore mass of the puffball is applied to bleeding hoof trimming 'nicks', and then wrapped with breathable first-aid tape. It is also similarly used on bleeding areas resulting from disbudding, and wounds resulting from sternal abscesses. [26]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puffball</span> Fungus

Puffballs are a type of fungus featuring a ball-shaped fruit body that bursts on contact or impact, releasing a cloud of dust-like spores into the surrounding area. Puffballs belong to the division Basidiomycota and encompass several genera, including Calvatia, Calbovista and Lycoperdon. The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage.

<i>Lycoperdon perlatum</i> Species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution

Lycoperdon perlatum, popularly known as the common puffball, warted puffball, gem-studded puffball or devil's snuff-box, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. A widespread species with a cosmopolitan distribution, it is a medium-sized puffball with a round fruit body tapering to a wide stalk, and dimensions of 1.5 to 6 cm wide by 3 to 10 cm tall. It is off-white with a top covered in short spiny bumps or "jewels", which are easily rubbed off to leave a netlike pattern on the surface. When mature it becomes brown, and a hole in the top opens to release spores in a burst when the body is compressed by touch or falling raindrops.

<i>Calvatia craniiformis</i> Species of puffball fungus

Calvatia craniiformis, commonly known as the brain puffball or the skull-shaped puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is found in Asia, Australia, and North America, where it grows on the ground in open woods. Its name, derived from the same Latin root as cranium, alludes to its resemblance to an animal's brain. The skull-shaped fruit body is 8–20 cm (3–8 in) broad by 6–20 cm (2–8 in) tall and white to tan. Initially smooth, the skin (peridium) develops wrinkles and folds as it matures, cracking and flaking with age. The peridium eventually sloughs away, exposing a powdery yellow-brown to greenish-yellow spore mass. The puffball is edible when the gleba is still white and firm, before it matures to become yellow-brown and powdery. Mature specimens have been used in the traditional or folk medicines of China, Japan, and the Ojibwe as a hemostatic or wound dressing agent. Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the brain puffball.

<i>Bovista</i> Genus of fungi

Bovista is a genus of fungi commonly known as the true puffballs. It was formerly classified within the now-obsolete order Lycoperdales, which, following a restructuring of fungal taxonomy brought about by molecular phylogeny, has been split; the species of Bovista are now placed in the family Agaricaceae of the order Agaricales. Bovista species have a collectively widespread distribution, and are found largely in temperate regions of the world. Various species have historically been used in homeopathic preparations.

<i>Bovista plumbea</i> Species of fungus

Bovista plumbea, also referred to as the paltry puffball, is a small puffball mushroom commonly found in Western Europe and California, white when young and greyish in age. Easily confused with immature Bovista dermoxantha, it is attached to the substrate by a tuft of mycelium.

<i>Bovista dermoxantha</i> Species of fungus

Bovista dermoxantha is a small, white, nearly round puffball, recognized when young by a cottony-felty outer surface that becomes inconspicuously warted, eventually leaving fine, pallid, scales on an ochre to brown endoperidium. Bovista plumbea is similar, but has a smoother surface when young, and lacks a basal mycelial cord. In age it is distinguished by a dull greyish endoperidium. Large specimens of Bovista dermoxantha may also be mistaken for Bovista pila. Both have a mycelial cord attachment to the substrate, but Bovista pila differs in releasing spores through tears or splits in the endoperidium rather than by an apical pore.

<i>Bovista nigrescens</i> Species of fungus

Bovista nigrescens, commonly referred to as the brown puffball or black bovist, is an edible cream white or brown puffball. Phylogenetic relationships between Bovista nigrescens and species of Lycoperdaceae were established based on ITS and LSU sequence data from north European taxa.

<i>Battarrea phalloides</i> Species of fungus

Battarrea phalloides is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Agaricaceae, and the type species of the genus Battarrea. Known in the vernacular as the scaley-stalked puffball, sandy stiltball, or desert stalked puffball, it has a woody, slender, and shaggy or scaly stem that is typically up to 40 centimeters (15.7 in) in length. Although its general appearance resembles an agaric with stem and gills, atop the stem is a spore sac, consisting of a peridium and a powdery internal gleba. In maturity, the spore sac ruptures to release the spores. Battarrea phalloides is found in dry, sandy locations throughout the world, and has been collected from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. There is currently some disagreement in the literature as to whether the European B. stevensii is the same species as B. phalloides.

<i>Handkea utriformis</i> Species of fungus

Handkea utriformis, synonymous with Lycoperdon utriforme, Lycoperdon caelatum or Calvatia utriformis, is a species of the puffball family Lycoperdaceae. A rather large mushroom, it may reach dimensions of up to 25 cm (10 in) broad by 20 cm (8 in) tall. It is commonly known as the mosaic puffball, a reference to the polygonal-shaped segments the outer surface of the fruiting body develops as it matures. Widespread in northern temperate zones, it is found frequently on pastures and sandy heaths, and is edible when young. H. utriformis has antibiotic activity against a number of bacteria, and can bioaccumulate the trace metals copper and zinc to relatively high concentrations.

<i>Geastrum pectinatum</i> Species of fungus

Geastrum pectinatum is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the earthstar family of fungi. Although young specimens are spherical, fruit body development involves the outer layer of tissue splitting open like a star into 7 to 10 pointed rays that eventually bend back to point downward, revealing a small – 1 to 2.5 cm broad – spore sac. The spore sac is supported by a small radially wrinkled stalk. There is a distinct conical opening (peristome) at the top of the spore sac that is up to 8 mm (0.3 in) long. It is commonly known as the beaked earthstar or the beret earthstar, in reference to the shape of the spore sac and its prominent, protruding peristome. The mass of spores and surrounding cells within the sac, the gleba, is dark-brown, and becomes powdery in mature specimens. Spores are spherical, measuring 4 to 6 micrometers in diameter, with warts on their surfaces. Although uncommon, Geastrum pectinatum has a cosmopolitan distribution, and has been collected in various locations in Europe, North and South America, Asia, Australia and Africa, where it grows on the ground in open woods. Like several other earthstars, crystals of calcium oxalate are found on G. pectinatum, and are thought to be involved in fruit body maturation.

<i>Astraeus hygrometricus</i> Cosmopolitan species of fungus in the family Diplocystaceae.

Astraeus hygrometricus, commonly known as the hygroscopic earthstar, the barometer earthstar, or the false earthstar, is a species of fungus in the family Diplocystaceae. Young specimens resemble a puffball when unopened. In maturity, the mushroom displays the characteristic earthstar shape that is a result of the outer layer of fruit body tissue splitting open in a star-like manner. The false earthstar is an ectomycorrhizal species that grows in association with various trees, especially in sandy soils. A. hygrometricus was previously thought to have a cosmopolitan distribution, though it is now thought to be restricted to Southern Europe, and Astraeus are common in temperate and tropical regions. Its common names refer to the fact that it is hygroscopic (water-absorbing) and can open up its rays to expose the spore sac in response to increased humidity, then close them up again in drier conditions. The rays have an irregularly cracked surface, while the spore case is pale brown and smooth with an irregular slit or tear at the top. The gleba is white initially, but turns brown and powdery when the spores mature. The spores are reddish-brown and roughly spherical with minute warts, measuring 7.5–11 micrometers in diameter.

<i>Bovista aestivalis</i> Species of fungus

Bovista aestivalis is a species of small puffball in the family Agaricaceae. It is generally found in the coastal regions of California, but was reported from Korea in 2015. This fungus is often confused with Bovista dermoxantha, because of its similar peridium, and Bovista plumbea. The surest way to tell the species apart is to examine the spores and exoperidium, respectively, with a microscope.

<i>Geastrum triplex</i> Species of fungus in the family Geastraceae

Geastrum triplex is a fungus found in the detritus and leaf litter of hardwood forests around the world. It is commonly known as the collared earthstar, the saucered earthstar, or the triple earthstar—and less commonly by the alternative species name Geastrum indicum. It is the largest member of the genus Geastrum and expanded mature specimens can reach a tip-to-tip length of up to 12 centimeters (4.7 in).

<i>Calvatia sculpta</i> Species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae

Calvatia sculpta, commonly known as the sculpted puffball, the sculptured puffball, the pyramid puffball, and the Sierran puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Attaining dimensions of up to 8 to 15 cm tall by 8 to 10 cm wide, the pear- or egg-shaped puffball is readily recognizable because of the large pyramidal or polygonal warts covering its surface. It is edible when young, before the spores inside the fruit body disintegrate into a brownish powder. The spores are roughly spherical, and have wart-like projections on their surfaces.

<i>Calbovista</i> Genus of fungi

Calbovista is a fungal genus containing the single species Calbovista subsculpta, commonly known as the sculptured puffball, sculptured giant puffball, and warted giant puffball. It is a common puffball of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast ranges of western North America. The puffball is more or less round with a diameter of up to 15 cm (6 in), white becoming brownish in age, and covered with shallow pyramid-shaped plates or scales. It fruits singly or in groups along roads and in open woods at high elevations, from summer to autumn.

<i>Mycenastrum</i> Genus of fungi

Mycenastrum is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing one widely distributed species, Mycenastrum corium, known by various common names: the giant pasture puffball, leathery puffball, or tough puffball. The roughly spherical to turnip-shaped puffball-like fruit bodies grow to a diameter of 6–24 cm (2–9 in). Initially covered by a thick, felted, whitish layer, the puffballs develop a characteristic checkered skin (peridium) in age. When the internal spore mass, the gleba, is firm and white, the puffball is edible, although some individuals may suffer mild gastrointestinal symptoms after eating it. As the spores mature, the gleba turns first yellowish then purplish brown. Spores are released when the peridium eventually splits open into irregularly shaped sections. Microscopically, the gleba consists of spherical, dark brown spores with rounded bumps on their surfaces, and a capillitium—intricately branched fibers that form long thorn-like spines. The puffball grows on or in the ground in prairie or desert habitats. Although widely distributed, it is not commonly encountered. Mycenastrum corium is a threatened species in Europe.

<i>Mutinus elegans</i> Species of stinkhorn fungus

Mutinus elegans, commonly known as the elegant stinkhorn, the dog stinkhorn, the headless stinkhorn, or the devil's dipstick, is a species of fungus in the Phallaceae (stinkhorn) family. A saprobic species, it is typically found growing on the ground singly or in small groups on woody debris or leaf litter, during summer and autumn in Japan, Europe, and eastern North America. The fruit body begins its development in an "egg" form, resembling somewhat a puffball partially submerged in the ground. As the fungus matures, a slender orange to pink colored stalk emerges that tapers evenly to a pointed tip. The stalk is covered with a foul-smelling slimy green spore mass on the upper third of its length. Flies and other insects feed upon the slime which contains the spores, assisting in their dispersal. Due to their repellent odor, mature specimens are not generally considered edible, although there are reports of the immature "eggs" being consumed. In the laboratory, Mutinus elegans has been shown to inhibit the growth of several microorganisms that can be pathogenic to humans.

<i>Lycoperdon echinatum</i> Species of puffball mushroom

Lycoperdon echinatum, commonly known as the spiny puffball or the spring puffball, is a type of puffball mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. The saprobic species has been found in Africa, Europe, Central America, and North America, where it grows on soil in deciduous woods, glades, and pastures. It has been proposed that North American specimens be considered a separate species, Lycoperdon americanum, but this suggestion has not been followed by most authors. Molecular analysis indicates that L. echinatum is closely related to the puffball genus Handkea.

<i>Geastrum quadrifidum</i> Species of fungus in the family Geastraceaea

Geastrum quadrifidum, commonly known as the rayed earthstar or four-footed earthstar, is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus Geastrum, or earthstar fungi. First described scientifically by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794, G. quadrifidum is a cosmopolitan—but not common—species of Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australasia. The fungus is a saprobe, feeding off decomposing organic matter present in the soil and litter of coniferous forests.

<i>Lycoperdon marginatum</i> Species of fungus

Lycoperdon marginatum, commonly known as the peeling puffball, is a type of puffball mushroom in the genus Lycoperdon. A common species, it is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on the ground. It is characterized by the way that the spiny outer layer peels off in sheets.

References

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  2. ↑ Saccardo PA. (1882). "Fungi boreali-americani". Michelia. 2 (8): 564–582.
  3. ↑ Ellis JB, Everhart BM (1885). "New species of fungi". Journal of Mycology. 1 (7): 88–93. doi:10.2307/3752368. JSTOR   3752368.
  4. ↑ Morgan AP. (1892). "North American Fungi. Fifth Paper". Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 14: 141–148.
  5. ↑ Berkeley MJ. (1873). "Notices of North American fungi (cont.)". Grevillea. 2 (16): 49.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Johnson MM, Coker WS, Couch JN (1974) [First published 1928]. The Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada. New York, New York: Dover Publications. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-486-23033-7.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE (1987). The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 189. ISBN   978-0-295-96480-5.
  8. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p.  909. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Miller HR, Miller OK Jr (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guides. p. 448. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  10. 1 2 Desjardin DE, Wood MG, Stevens FA (2014). California Mushrooms: The Comprehensive Identification Guide. Portland; London: Timber Press. pp. 445–446. ISBN   978-1-60469-353-9.
  11. ↑ Johnson MM, Coker WS, Couch JN (1974) [First published 1928]. The Gasteromycetes of the Eastern United States and Canada. New York, New York: Dover Publications. pp. 97–98. ISBN   978-0-486-23033-7.
  12. 1 2 Ellis JB. (1889). "The genus Scleroderma in Saccardo's Sylloge". Journal of Mycology. 5 (1): 23–24. doi:10.2307/3752854. JSTOR   3752854.
  13. ↑ Bowerman CA, Groves JW (1962). "Notes on fungi from northern Canada. V. Gasteromycetes". Canadian Journal of Botany. 40 (1): 239–254. doi:10.1139/b62-022.
  14. 1 2 3 Davis RM, Sommer R, Menge JA (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. California Natural History Guides. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 364–365. ISBN   978-0-520-95360-4.
  15. ↑ Moravec Z. (1954). "One some species of the genus Disciseda and other gasteromycetes". Sydowia. 8 (1–6): 278–286.
  16. ↑ McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 351. ISBN   978-0-395-91090-0.
  17. ↑ Hemmes DE, Desjardin D (2002). Mushrooms of Hawai'i: An Identification Guide. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 113. ISBN   978-1-58008-339-3.
  18. ↑ Kreisel H. (1967). "Taxonomisch-Pflanzengeographische monographie der Gattung Bovista". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia (in German). 25. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ↑ Bates ST, Ryvarden L, Arturo X (2012). CDF Checklist of Galapagos Mushrooms: Gill fungi, porefungi, stinkhorns, coral fungi, puffballs, bird's nests, jellyfungi, rusts smuts (PDF) (Report). darwinfoundation.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
  20. ↑ Baseia IG. (2005). "Bovista (Lycoperdaceae): dois novos registros para o Brasil" (PDF). Acta Botanica Brasilica (in Spanish). 19 (4): 899–903. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062005000400024 .
  21. ↑ Trierveiler-Pereira L, Kreisel H, Baseia IG (2011). "New data on puffballs (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from the Northeast Region of Brazil". Mycotaxon. 111: 411–421. doi: 10.5248/111.411 .
  22. ↑ Stochev G, Asan A, Gucin F (1998). "Some macrofungi species of European part of Turkey" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Botany. 22: 341–346. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2016-01-09.
  23. ↑ Acar İ, Uzun Y, Demirel K, Keleş A (2015). "Macrofungi diversity of Hani (Diyarbakir/Turkey) district" (PDF). 8 (1): 28–34.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ↑ Burk WR. (1983). "Puffball usages among North American Indians" (PDF). Journal of Ethnobiology. 3 (1): 55–62.
  25. ↑ Lans C, Turner N, Khan T, Brauer G, Boepple W (2007). "Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 3: 11. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-11 . PMC   1831764 . PMID   17324258. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
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