Bovista

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Bovista
Bovista plumbea 128403.jpg
Bovista plumbea
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Lycoperdaceae
Genus: Bovista
Pers. (1794) [1]
Type species
Bovista plumbea
Pers. (1795)
Synonyms [2]

Bovista is a genus of fungi commonly known as the true puffballs. It was formerly classified within the now-obsolete order Lycoperdales, which, following a restructuring of fungal taxonomy brought about by molecular phylogeny, has been split; the species of Bovista are now placed in the family Agaricaceae of the order Agaricales. Bovista species have a collectively widespread distribution, and are found largely in temperate regions of the world. Various species have historically been used in homeopathic preparations.

Contents

Description

Fruit bodies are oval to spherical to pear-shaped, and typically 1 to 8 cm (0.4 to 3.1 in) in diameter with a white or light-colored thin and fragile exoperidium (outer layer of the peridium). Depending on the species, the exoperidium in a young specimen may be smooth, granular, or finely echinulate. [6] This exoperidium sloughs off at maturity to expose a smooth endoperidium with a single apical pore (ostiole). The fruit bodies may be attached to the ground by fine rhizomorphs that may appear like a small cord. Some species develop a subgleba—a sterile base that is typically not well developed. [7] The fruit bodies of mature specimens can develop surface alterations such as scales, plates, areolae, or verrucae. At the microscopic level, these features are made of hyphae, sphaerocysts (rounded cells), claviform (club-shaped) cells. [7] Bovista sclerocystis is the only species in the genus with mycosclereids (setoid elements) in the peridium. [8]

Spores are brown to purple-brown, roughly spherical or ellipsoid in shape, and 3.5–7  μm in diameter. A short or long pedicel (stalk) may be present. At maturity, the entire fruit body may become detached from the ground, and the spores spread as the puffball is blown around like a tumbleweed. [9]

In Bovista, the capillitium (a network of thread-like cells in which the spores are embedded) is not connected directly to the interior wall of the peridium. Instead, it is made of separate, irregularly branched units that end in tapered points. [10] This type of capillitium, also present in the puffball genera Calbovista and Bovistella , has been called the "Bovista" type by Hanns Kreisel, who published a monograph on Bovista in 1967. Kreisel also defined the "Lycoperdon"-type (a capillitium comprising long, threads with occasional dichotomous or irregular branches), and the "intermediate" type (a transitional form between the Bovista type and Lycoperdon type, featuring threads that may be pored, with several thick main stems connected by multiple branches). [11] All three types of capillitia structure are found in Bovista. "Bovista"-type capillitia are elastic, a feature shared with the gasteroid genera Lycoperdon and Geastrum . The flexibility of the capillitium gives the gleba a cottony texture that persists even after the exoperidium has been sloughed off. [12]

Systematics

Illustration of Bovista plumbea from James Sowerby's 1797 work Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 331.jpg
Illustration of Bovista plumbea from James Sowerby's 1797 work Coloured figures of English fungi or mushrooms

The genus was originally described by mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794. He described the genus as "Cortice exteriore libero evanefcente, pileo acauli demum glaberrimo, vertice irregulariter rupto" ("Exterior cortex vanishes, cap stemless becoming smooth, irregularly breaking the top"). [1] Synonyms include Piesmycus (Rafinesque 1808), Piemycus (Rafinesque 1813), Sackea (Rostkovius 1844), Globaria (Quélet 1873), and Pseudolycoperdon (Velenovský 1947). Bovista plumbea is the type species. [2]

Kreisel, in his 1967 monograph, proposed two subgenera based on the type of capillitium. Subgenus Globaria has species of the Lycoperdon type, while subgenus Bovista is represented by the Bovista-type or intermediate capillitium. Further divisions into sections and series is based on the capillitium type, the absence or presence of pores in the capillitia, and the presence or absence of a subgleba (a sterile base). [11] Phylogenetic analysis has shown that Bovista, as defined by Kreisel, [11] [13] is monophyletic. [14] Also, Bovista may be split into two clades, Bovista and Globaris, that roughly correspond to the subgeneric divisions suggested by Kreisel. [15]

Edibility

Puffballs of the genus Bovista are generally edible when young and white inside, but caution must be taken to prevent confusion with immature, and potentially deadly Amanitas . This is done by cutting fruit bodies longitudinally to ensure that they are white throughout, and do not have internal structures within. [16]

Bovistina is a related but separate genus that was created to describe species with the external features of a puffball, but with the glebal characters of a Geaster. [17] Bovistella is another similar genus, it may be distinguished from Bovista by its ample sterile base. [18]

Use in homeopathy

Reference to the genus has appeared in several 19th-century textbooks on homeopathy. Richard Hughes wrote in A Manual of Pharmacodynamics (1870) "Bovista is said to be indicated, and to have proved curative in head affections characterised by a sensation as if the head were enormously increased in size". [19] In Lectures on Clinical Materia Medica (1887), E. A. Farrington claims that Bovista spores restrict blood circulation through the capillaries, and suggests uses associated with menstrual irregularity, or trauma. He also mentions that Bovista produces some symptoms of suffocation, and might be useful in remedying asphyxiation resulting from inhalation of charcoal fumes. [20] Even more ailments have been suggested to be improved with use of Bovista, such as "awkwardness in speech and action", "stuttering or stammering children", "palpitation after a meal", diabetes mellitus, ovarian cysts, and "acne due to cosmetics". [21]

Species

The Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008) estimates there are 55 Bovista species worldwide. [22] Index Fungorum lists 92 species that it considers to be valid. [23]

reported in South Africa [24]
reported causing fairy rings in Chiba City (Japan) [26]
reported from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina [27]
Originally collected in Iceland [31]
found in Finland [33]
reported from Mexico [8]
reported from Nor Yungas, Bolivia [27]
reported form Viña del Mar, Chile [27]
reported from Nepal [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puffball</span> Fungus

Puffballs are a type of fungus featuring a ball-shaped fruit body that bursts on contact or impact, releasing a cloud of dust-like spores into the surrounding area. Puffballs belong to the division Basidiomycota and encompass several genera, including Calvatia, Calbovista and Lycoperdon. The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage.

<i>Calvatia</i> Genus of fungi

Calvatia is a genus of puffball mushrooms that includes the spectacular giant puffball C. gigantea. It was formerly classified within the now-obsolete order Lycoperdales, which, following a restructuring of fungal taxonomy brought about by molecular phylogeny, has been split; the puffballs, Calvatia spp. are now placed in the family Agaricaceae of the order Agaricales.

<i>Lycoperdon perlatum</i> Species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution

Lycoperdon perlatum, popularly known as the common puffball, warted puffball, gem-studded puffball or devil's snuff-box, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. A widespread species with a cosmopolitan distribution, it is a medium-sized puffball with a round fruit body tapering to a wide stalk, and dimensions of 1.5 to 6 cm wide by 3 to 10 cm tall. It is off-white with a top covered in short spiny bumps or "jewels", which are easily rubbed off to leave a netlike pattern on the surface. When mature it becomes brown, and a hole in the top opens to release spores in a burst when the body is compressed by touch or falling raindrops.

<i>Calvatia craniiformis</i> Species of puffball fungus

Calvatia craniiformis, commonly known as the brain puffball or the skull-shaped puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is found in Asia, Australia, and North America, where it grows on the ground in open woods. Its name, derived from the same Latin root as cranium, alludes to its resemblance to an animal's brain. The skull-shaped fruit body is 8–20 cm (3–8 in) broad by 6–20 cm (2–8 in) tall and white to tan. Initially smooth, the skin (peridium) develops wrinkles and folds as it matures, cracking and flaking with age. The peridium eventually sloughs away, exposing a powdery yellow-brown to greenish-yellow spore mass. The puffball is edible when the gleba is still white and firm, before it matures to become yellow-brown and powdery. Mature specimens have been used in the traditional or folk medicines of China, Japan, and the Ojibwe as a hemostatic or wound dressing agent. Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the brain puffball.

<i>Calostoma</i> Genus of fungi

Calostoma is a genus of 29 species of gasteroid fungi in the suborder Sclerodermatineae. Like other gasteroid fungi, Calostoma do not have the spore discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round puffballs with raised, brightly colored spore openings (ostioles), elevated on a thick, gelatinous stalks, species have been collected in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests. Their distribution includes eastern North America, Central America, Asia, and Australasia. The common name given to some species, "prettymouth", alludes to the brightly colored raised openings (ostioles) that may somewhat resemble lips. Other common names include "hotlips" and "puffball in aspic".

<i>Bovista dermoxantha</i> Species of fungus

Bovista dermoxantha is a small, white, nearly round puffball, recognized when young by a cottony-felty outer surface that becomes inconspicuously warted, eventually leaving fine, pallid, scales on an ochre to brown endoperidium. Bovista plumbea is similar, but has a smoother surface when young, and lacks a basal mycelial cord. In age it is distinguished by a dull greyish endoperidium. Large specimens of Bovista dermoxantha may also be mistaken for Bovista pila. Both have a mycelial cord attachment to the substrate, but Bovista pila differs in releasing spores through tears or splits in the endoperidium rather than by an apical pore.

<i>Handkea utriformis</i> Species of fungus

Handkea utriformis, synonymous with Lycoperdon utriforme, Lycoperdon caelatum or Calvatia utriformis, is a species of the puffball family Lycoperdaceae. A rather large mushroom, it may reach dimensions of up to 25 cm (10 in) broad by 20 cm (8 in) tall. It is commonly known as the mosaic puffball, a reference to the polygonal-shaped segments the outer surface of the fruiting body develops as it matures. Widespread in northern temperate zones, it is found frequently on pastures and sandy heaths, and is edible when young. H. utriformis has antibiotic activity against a number of bacteria, and can bioaccumulate the trace metals copper and zinc to relatively high concentrations.

<i>Handkea</i> Genus of fungi

Handkea is a genus of puffball mushrooms in the family Agaricaceae. In 1989, German mycologist Hanns Kreisel described the genus Handkea to include species of Calvatia with distinct microscopic features, including a unique type of capillitium, with curvy slits instead of the usual pores. Although accepted by some authors, the genus concept has been rejected by others.

<i>Astraeus</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Astraeus is a genus of fungi in the family Diplocystaceae. The genus, which has a cosmopolitan distribution, contains nine species of earthstar mushroom. They are distinguished by the outer layer of flesh (exoperidium) that at maturity splits open in a star-shape manner to reveal a round spore sac. Additionally, they have a strongly hygroscopic character—the rays will open when moist, but when hot and dry will close to protect the spore sac. Species of Astraeus grow on the ground in ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and shrubs. Despite their similar appearance to the Geastrum earthstars Astraeus is not closely related.

<i>Bovista aestivalis</i> Species of fungus

Bovista aestivalis is a species of small puffball in the family Agaricaceae. It is generally found in the coastal regions of California, but was reported from Korea in 2015. This fungus is often confused with Bovista dermoxantha, because of its similar peridium, and Bovista plumbea. The surest way to tell the species apart is to examine the spores and exoperidium, respectively, with a microscope.

Limnoperdon is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Limnoperdaceae. The genus is also monotypic, as it contains a single species, the aquatic fungus Limnoperdon incarnatum. The species, described as new to science in 1976, produces fruit bodies that lack specialized structures such as a stem, cap and gills common in mushrooms. Rather, the fruit bodies—described as aquatic or floating puffballs—are small balls of loosely interwoven hyphae. The balls float on the surface of the water above submerged twigs. Experimental observations on the development of the fruit body, based on the growth on the fungus in pure culture, suggest that a thin strand of mycelium tethers the ball above water while it matures. Fruit bodies start out as a tuft of hyphae, then become cup-shaped, and eventually enclose around a single chamber that contains reddish spores. Initially discovered in a marsh in the state of Washington, the fungus has since been collected in Japan, South Africa, and Canada.

<i>Arachnion</i> Genus of fungi

Arachnion is a genus of gasteroid fungi in the family Agaricaceae.

<i>Calbovista</i> Genus of fungi

Calbovista is a fungal genus containing the single species Calbovista subsculpta, commonly known as the sculptured puffball, sculptured giant puffball, and warted giant puffball. It is a common puffball of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast ranges of western North America. The puffball is more or less round with a diameter of up to 15 cm (6 in), white becoming brownish in age, and covered with shallow pyramid-shaped plates or scales. It fruits singly or in groups along roads and in open woods at high elevations, from summer to autumn.

<i>Mycenastrum</i> Genus of fungi

Mycenastrum is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing one widely distributed species, Mycenastrum corium, known by various common names: the giant pasture puffball, leathery puffball, or tough puffball. The roughly spherical to turnip-shaped puffball-like fruit bodies grow to a diameter of 6–24 cm (2–9 in). Initially covered by a thick, felted, whitish layer, the puffballs develop a characteristic checkered skin (peridium) in age. When the internal spore mass, the gleba, is firm and white, the puffball is edible, although some individuals may suffer mild gastrointestinal symptoms after eating it. As the spores mature, the gleba turns first yellowish then purplish brown. Spores are released when the peridium eventually splits open into irregularly shaped sections. Microscopically, the gleba consists of spherical, dark brown spores with rounded bumps on their surfaces, and a capillitium—intricately branched fibers that form long thorn-like spines. The puffball grows on or in the ground in prairie or desert habitats. Although widely distributed, it is not commonly encountered. Mycenastrum corium is a threatened species in Europe.

<i>Lycoperdon echinatum</i> Species of puffball mushroom

Lycoperdon echinatum, commonly known as the spiny puffball or the spring puffball, is a type of puffball mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. The saprobic species has been found in Africa, Europe, Central America, and North America, where it grows on soil in deciduous woods, glades, and pastures. It has been proposed that North American specimens be considered a separate species, Lycoperdon americanum, but this suggestion has not been followed by most authors. Molecular analysis indicates that L. echinatum is closely related to the puffball genus Handkea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gasteroid fungi</span> Group of fungi

The gasteroid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota. Species were formerly placed in the obsolete class Gasteromycetes Fr., or the equally obsolete order Gasteromycetales Rea, because they produce spores inside their basidiocarps rather than on an outer surface. However, the class is polyphyletic, as such species—which include puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, and false truffles—are not closely related to each other. Because they are often studied as a group, it has been convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "gasteroid fungi".

<i>Handkea excipuliformis</i> Species of fungus

Handkea excipuliformis, commonly known as the pestle puffball or long-stemmed puffball, is a species of the family Agaricaceae. A rather large puffball, it may reach dimensions of up to 15 cm (5.9 in) broad by 25 cm (9.8 in) tall. Widespread in northern temperate zones, it is found frequently on pastures and sandy heaths.

<i>Lycoperdon marginatum</i> Species of fungus

Lycoperdon marginatum, commonly known as the peeling puffball, is a type of puffball mushroom in the genus Lycoperdon. A common species, it is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on the ground. It is characterized by the way that the spiny outer layer peels off in sheets.

<i>Bovista pila</i> Species of fungus

Bovista pila, commonly known as the tumbling puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. A temperate species, it is widely distributed in North America, where it grows on the ground on road sides, in pastures, grassy areas, and open woods. There are few well-documented occurrences of B. pila outside North America. B. pila closely resembles the European B. nigrescens, from which it can be reliably distinguished only by microscopic characteristics.

<i>Calvatia pachyderma</i> Species of fungus

Calvatia pachyderma, also known as the elephant-skin puffball or thick-skinned puffball, is a species of edible fungus. This mid-sized, spring-fruiting puffball is known from relatively dry, open places near human settlements. The appropriate binomial name, taxonomic placement, and geographic distribution "have been much debated and are the subject of controversy".

References

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  2. 1 2 "Synonymy: Bovista Pers". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  3. ↑ Rostkovius FWT. (1839). Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands (in German). Vol. 5–18. Nürnberg: Sturm. p. 33.
  4. ↑ Quélet L. (1873). "Les champignons du Jura et des Vosges. IIe Partie". Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard (in French). 5: 370.
  5. ↑ Velenovský J. (1947). Novitates mycologicae novissimae. Prague. p. 93.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ↑ Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 220. ISBN   0-412-36970-2.
  7. 1 2 Bautista-Hernández S, Herrera T, Aguirre-Acosta E, Esqueda M (2011). "Contribution to the taxonomy of Bovista in Mexico". Mycotaxon. 118: 27–46. doi: 10.5248/118.27 .
  8. 1 2 Calonge FD, Kreisel H, Guzmán G (2004). "Bovista sclerocystis, a new species from Mexico" (PDF). Mycologia . 96 (5): 1152–1154. doi:10.2307/3762097. hdl: 10261/91827 . JSTOR   3762097. PMID   21148934.
  9. ↑ Miller HR, Miller OK (1988). Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. pp. 31, 34. ISBN   0-916422-74-7.
  10. ↑ Smith A.H. (1951). Puffballs and their Allies in Michigan. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 75.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Kreisel H. (1967). "Taxonomisch-Pflanzengeographische monographie der Gattung Bovista". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia (in German). 25. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer: 224.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ Bates ST, Robertson RW, Desjardin DE (2009). "Arizona gasteroid fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 37: 153–207 (see p. 159).
  13. ↑ Kreisel H. (1964). "Vorläufige Übersicht der Gattung Bovista Dill. ex Pers". Feddes Repertorium. 69 (3): 196–211. doi: 10.1002/fedr.4880690306 .
  14. ↑ Krüger D, Binder M, Fischer M, Kreisel H (2001). "The Lycoperdales. A molecular approach to the systematics of some gasteroid mushrooms". Mycologia . 93 (5): 947–957. doi:10.2307/3761759. JSTOR   3761759.
  15. ↑ Larsson E, Jeppson M (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships among species and genera of Lycoperdaceae based on ITS and LSU sequence data from north European taxa". Mycological Research. 112 (1): 4–22. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.10.018. PMID   18207380.
  16. ↑ McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN   0-395-91090-0.
  17. ↑ Long WH, Stouffer DJ (1941). "Studies in the Gasteromycetes: II. Bovistina, a new genus". Mycologia . 33 (3): 270–273. doi:10.2307/3754761. JSTOR   3754761.
  18. ↑ Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. ISBN   0-7627-3109-5.
  19. ↑ Hughes, Richard Arthur Warren (1868). A Manual of Pharmacodynamics - Google Book Search . Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  20. ↑ Farrington, E. A. (1999-10-20). Lectures on Clinical Materia Medica - Google Book Search. B. Jain Publishers. ISBN   978-81-8056-194-8 . Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  21. ↑ Jain, J. P. (1997-01-01). Highlights of Homoeopathic Materia ... - Google Book Search. B. Jain Publishers. ISBN   978-81-7021-785-5 . Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  22. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 101. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  23. ↑ "Search by: name Bovista". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-11-18.
  24. 1 2 Devilliers JJR, Eicker A, Van der Westhuizen GCA (1989). "A new species of Bovista (Gasteromycetes) from South Africa". South African Journal of Botany. 55 (2): 156–158. doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31200-5 .
  25. ↑ Coetzee JC, Van Wyk AE (2005). "Lycoperdaceae-Gasteromycetes – Bovista capensis, the correct name for Bovista promontorii". Bothalia. 35 (1): 74–75. doi: 10.4102/abc.v35i1.374 .
  26. ↑ Terashima Y, Fukiharu T, Fujiie A (2004). "Morphology and comparative ecology of the fairy ring fungi, Vascellum curtisii and Bovista dermoxantha, on turf of bentgrass, bluegrass, and Zoysiagrass". Mycoscience. 45 (4): 251–260. doi:10.1007/s10267-004-0183-y. S2CID   84981546.
  27. 1 2 3 Suarez VL, Wright JE (1994). "Three new South American species of Bovista (Gasteromycetes)". Mycotaxon. 50: 279–289.
  28. ↑ Trierveiler-Pereira IG, Kreisel H, Baseia IG (2010). "New data on puffballs from the Northeast Region of Brazil". Mycotaxon. 111: 411–21. doi: 10.5248/111.411 .
  29. ↑ Kreisel H, Hausknecht A (2002). "The gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde. 11: 191–211.
  30. ↑ Yousaf N, Kreisel H, Khalid AN (2013). "Bovista himalaica sp. nov. (gasteroid fungi; Basidiomycetes) from Pakistan". Mycological Progress. 12 (3): 569–74. Bibcode:2013MycPr..12..569Y. doi:10.1007/s11557-012-0864-4. S2CID   14337846.
  31. ↑ Hallgrimsson H. (1988). "Bovista lomosa Rostr. found in Iceland". Natturufraedingurinn. 58 (1): 27–30.
  32. ↑ Devilliers JJR, Eicker A, Van der Westhuizen GCA (1989). "Notes on the structure of Bovista oblongispora and an amplified description of the species". South African Journal of Botany. 55 (2): 154–155. doi: 10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31199-1 .
  33. ↑ Haeggstrom C.-A. (1997). "Bovista pusilloformis found in Finland". Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 73 (2): 59–64.
  34. ↑ Kreisel H, Hausknecht A (2006). "The gasteral Basidiomycetes of Mascarenes and Seychelles 2" (PDF). Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde. 15: 137–42.
  35. ↑ Kreisel H. (1976). "Gasteromyzeten aus Nepal II". Feddes Repertorium. 87 (1–2): 83–107. doi:10.1002/fedr.19760870106.
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