Bukit Tigapuluh National Park

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{Short description|National park in Sumatra}}

Bukit Tigapuluh National Park
Air Terjun Kembar Denalo.jpg
Kembar Denalo Waterfall, Bukit Tigapuluh NP
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Bukit Tigapuluh NP
Location in Sumatra
Indonesia location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Bukit Tigapuluh NP
Bukit Tigapuluh NP (Indonesia)
Location Sumatra, Indonesia
Coordinates 1°0′S102°30′E / 1.000°S 102.500°E / -1.000; 102.500
Area143,223 hectare
Established1995
Governing bodyMinistry of Forestry

Bukit Tigapuluh National Park (also called Bukit Tiga Puluh and Bukit Tigapulah) - The Thirty Hills - is a 143,223-hectare National Park in eastern Sumatra, consisting primarily of tropical lowland forest, largely in Riau province, with a smaller part of 33,000 ha in Jambi province. It is famous as one of the last refuges of endangered species such as the Sumatran orangutan, Sumatran tiger, Sumatran elephant, and Asian tapir, as well as many endangered bird species. It forms part of the Tesso Nilo Complex biodiversity hotspot. The Park is inhabited by the indigenous peoples of the Orang Rimba and Talang Mamak tribes.

Contents

The Park itself has been under consistent threat from illegal logging and palm oil plantations, with two-thirds of the park logged. [1]

Flora and fauna

Ecosystem types within the Park include lowland and highland forests, with flora such as Gutta-percha, Shorea, Alstonia scholaris , Dyera costulata , Koompassia excelsa , Rafflesia hasseltii , Calamus draco , and various other kinds of rattan. [2]

According to a 1994 survey, Bukit Tigapuluh National Park has 59 species of mammal, including six species of primate and 18 species of bat, in addition to 198 species of bird and various species of butterfly. [3] Mammals include Sumatran orangutan, Sumatran tiger, Sumatran elephant, Asian tapir, sun bear, [2] siamang, crab-eating macaque, Sumatran surili, Sunda loris, clouded leopard, leopard cat, marbled cat, dhole, Malayan civet, Indian muntjac, Sumatran serow and Java mouse-deer. [3]

Bird species include great argus, little green-pigeon, white-rumped shama, white-bellied woodpecker, crested serpent-eagle, Hill myna, helmeted hornbill, wrinkled hornbill, white-winged wood duck, Storm's stork, garnet pitta and grey-breasted babbler. [3]

The Park also has an important role in protecting the hydrology of the Kuantan Indragiri watershed. [2]

Conservation and threats

Deforestation for oil palm plantation in the buffer zone of the National Park Deforestation near Bukit Tiga Puluh NP.jpg
Deforestation for oil palm plantation in the buffer zone of the National Park

In 1982 the National Conservation Plan highlighted the importance of the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem and classified the two conservation areas of Bukit Besar Wildlife Sanctuary (200,000 ha) and Seberida Nature Reserve (120,000 ha) as priority I conservation areas. In 1992 the Indonesian Government in cooperation with the Norwegian Government conducted research to document the biological value of the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem. As the result of research, the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem with an area of 250,000 ha was recommended to be determined as a national park. In 1995 Bukit Tigapuluh was established as a national park by Ministerial Decree comprising an area of 127,698 ha. In 2002 its area was extended to 144,223 ha [4]

The Park has been under consistent threat from illegal logging and palm oil plantations, with two-thirds of the park logged. [1] Surrounding buffer zones and wildlife corridors are diminishing, with 30,000 hectares, the largest area of forest remaining outside the Park, released in May 2009 by the Indonesian government for logging. [5]

Orangutan reintroduction

FZS Program Director Peter Pratje working with orangutans in Bukit Tigapulu, Indonesia. FZS Programm Director Peter Pratje working with orangutans in Bukit Tigapulu, Indonesia.jpg
FZS Program Director Peter Pratje working with orangutans in Bukit Tigapulu, Indonesia.

The orangutan reintroduction in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park is organized by the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (SOCP).

The first reintroduction station for orangutans close to the park was built in 2001 by the German biologist Dr. Peter Pratje, with the support of the Frankfurt Zoological Society and local partners. It offers a school-like program to train individual orangutans, who grew up in captivity, to survive the wild.

In 2002 the Batu Mbelin orangutan quarantine centre was completed near Medan in North Sumatra, which is operated by PanEco. In December 2002 the first orangutans were transferred from the quarantine centre to the rehabilitation centre near Bukit Tigapuluh National Park and reintroduced shortly after.

Nowadays two orangutan reintroduction stations are operated close to the park’s boundaries which focus on reintroducing the animals to the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park.

Since then, over 190 orangutans have been treated at the quarantine centre and over 160 of these have already been transferred to Bukit Tigapuluh for reintroduction under the auspices of the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme. At least 4 infants have also been born to reintroduced mothers, these infants being the first to be conceived and born in the forests of Jambi possibly for more than 100 years. [6] [7]

Cats

Camera traps set up in the Bukit Tigapuluh forest in March and April 2011 by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) have taken images of 12 rare Sumatran tigers, including a mother playing with cubs. Subsequently, the organisation intensified its campaign against the planned logging of the area. Although the Indonesian government agreed in 2010 to implement a 2-years moratorium on new forest clearance, the presidential regulation that imposes the moratorium was only signed in May 2011. [8] [9] None of the Bukit Tigapuluh landscape is covered by the moratorium and Asia Pulp & Paper plans to clear large areas of the forest. [10]

In November 2011, the WWF announced 5 endangered cats in the forests of Riau. Within 3 months of systematic survey using automatic surveillance cameras at the 'corridor' between the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park and Rimbang Baling Sanctuary, they found Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), marbled cat (Pardofelis marmoata), golden cat (Catopurna temmincki, and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). The cats pass the same tracks all the time in the corridor, but both areas connected by the corridor are currently threatened by deforestation. [11]

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Rengat is a kecamatan (district) in Riau province of Indonesia and it is the capital (seat) of Indragiri Hulu Regency.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tesso Nilo National Park</span> National park in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia

Tesso Nilo National Park is a national park in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. It was declared a national park by the Indonesian government in 2004. The original area of the park was 385.76 km2, but the decision has been made to expand it to 1000 km2. Tesso Nilo National Park houses some of the largest coherent lowland rainforests remaining on Sumatra. The Center for Biodiversity Management has surveyed over 1,800 plots in tropical forests around the world. They found that no other plot has as many vascular plants as in Tesso Nilo. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) surveyed forests throughout Sumatra, and also found that Tesso Nilo housed by far the most species.

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Erni Suyanti Musabine is an Indonesian wildlife veterinarian. She works for the Wildlife Rescue Unit of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Since 2007, her work has focused on the conservation and rescue of Sumatran tigers.

References

  1. 1 2 "Sumatran Tiger Trust". Archived from the original on 2009-06-25. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  2. 1 2 3 Ministry of Forestry: Bukit Tigapuluh National Park Archived February 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , retrieved 11 June 2010
  3. 1 2 3 Bukit Tigapuluh National Park Bureau: Fauna Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine , retrieved 11 June 2010
  4. ↑ Bukit Tigapuluh National Park Bureau: History Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine , retrieved 11 June 2010
  5. ↑ "Orangutan habitat threatened. Make your voice heard". 21 May 2009.
  6. ↑ "Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme SOCP - Sumatra Orang-Utan Schutzprogramm SOCP". Archived from the original on 2011-01-07. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  7. ↑ "Indonesia". 12 February 2021.
  8. ↑ BBC: Tiger find prompts WWF pressure against planned logging, 9 May 2011
  9. ↑ "Waspada Online". 3 October 2020.
  10. ↑ "Indonesia: Tigers Spotted in Forest Where Paper Mill Saws Are Coming (Published 2011)". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2018-01-28.
  11. ↑ "WWF spots 5 rare cats in Riau". November 23, 2011.
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