CCGS Terry Fox

Last updated

NGCC TERRY FOX 2009.jpg
CCGS Terry Fox in Saguenay River in 2009
History
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svgCanada
NameTerry Fox
Namesake Terry Fox
Owner BeauDril (Gulf Canada Resources)
Port of registry Vancouver, British Columbia
Ordered1 December 1979 [1]
Builder Burrard-Yarrows Corp., North Vancouver [1]
CostC$79 million (two ships without propulsion drive trains)
Yard number107 [1]
Laid down15 June 1982 [1]
Launched23 April 1983 [1]
Completed16 September 1983 [1]
In service1983–1991
FateFirst leased and later sold to the Canadian Coast Guard
Coastguard Flag of Canada.svgCanada
NameCCGS Terry Fox
Owner
Operator Canadian Coast Guard
Port of registry Ottawa, Ontario [2]
In service1991–present
HomeportCCG Base St. John's (Newfoundland and Labrador Region) [2]
Identification
StatusIn service
General characteristics (in CCG service) [2]
TypeHeavy icebreaker (CCG)
Tonnage
Length88 m (289 ft)
Beam17.82 m (58 ft)
Draught8.3 m (27 ft) (maximum)
Ice class CASPPR Arctic Class 4
Installed power4 ×  Stork-Werkspoor 8TM410 (4 × 5,800 hp)
PropulsionTwo shafts; controllable pitch propellers
Speed
  • 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) (maximum) [4]
  • 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) (two engines)
  • 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) in 4 ft (1.2 m) ice
Range1,920 nautical miles (3,560 km; 2,210 mi)
Endurance58 days
Complement
  • 10 officers
  • 14 crew
  • 10 additional berths

CCGS Terry Fox is a Canadian Coast Guard heavy icebreaker. She was originally built by Burrard-Yarrows Corporation in Canada in 1983 as part of an Arctic drilling system developed by BeauDril, the drilling subsidiary of Gulf Canada Resources. After the offshore oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea ended in the early 1990s, she was first leased and then sold to the Canadian Coast Guard.

Contents

Terry Fox's sister ship, Kalvik, is today owned by the Russian Murmansk Shipping Company as Vladimir Ignatyuk.

Development and construction

In the mid-1970s, Gulf Canada Resources began developing an Arctic drilling system consisting of two mobile drilling units: a Mobile Arctic Caisson (MAC) that could be submerged and filled with gravel to form an artificial drilling island in waters up to 40 metres (130 ft) in depth and a floating Conical Drilling Unit (CDU) designed for drilling in water depths between 40 and 60 metres (130 and 200 ft) while afloat. The intention of this development was to overcome the relatively short operating window of drillships during the ice-free season (100 to 110 days a year) and the water depth limitations of artificial dredged islands in the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea. The drilling units, each capable of completing one exploration well per year, would be supported by four Arctic Class 4 vessels: two large icebreakers providing 24-hour ice management and standby services on the drilling site and two smaller icebreaking vessels responsible for anchor handling and supply runs between the drilling rigs and coastal bases. By 1982, both drilling units and all four icebreaking vessels were under construction in Canada and Japan for BeauDril, Gulf Canada's drilling subsidiary, and the company had committed itself to a billion-dollar exploration program between 1983 and 1988. [5]

The icebreaker design was provided by the Montreal-based engineering company German & Milne. During the development phase, the hull form was extensively tested at the Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA) ice tank with particular emphasis of preventing broken ice floes from flowing under the hull and into the propellers. The result was a production-friendly fully-developable hull form with a semi-spoon bow and large ice plough. [6] [7] The construction of the two icebreakers was awarded to Burrard-Yarrows Corporation in December 1979 and the work was split between the company's Victoria and Vancouver divisions. In order to expedite the delivery of the vessels, Gulf Canada had already purchased the engines, gearboxes, shaft lines and propellers before signing the C$79 million shipbuilding contract for two hulls. [8] [9]

The keel of newbuilding number 107 was laid at the Burrard-Yarrows Vancouver shipyard on 15 June 1982 and the vessel was launched on 23 April 1983 as Terry Fox. [1] While the other BeauDril icebreakers and drilling units were given names drawn from the Northern Territories native languages, [6] Terry Fox was named after Terrance Stanley "Terry" Fox (1958–1981), a Canadian athlete, humanitarian and cancer research activist known for his 1980 Marathon for Hope, an attempted cross-Canada run to raise money and awareness for cancer research, after losing his right leg to osteosarcoma. The icebreaker was completed on 16 September 1983, slightly behind the original schedule which called for delivery in April when Gulf Canada's exploratory drilling program was set to begin. [8] Terry Fox's sister ship, Kalvik , had been delivered by Victoria shipyard in July of the same year. [10] At the time, Beaudril's two 23,200 hp (17,300 kW) icebreakers were the most powerful privately owned icebreaking vessels in the world. [11] [12]

Design

General characteristics

Terry Fox is 88 metres (289 ft) long overall and 75 metres (246 ft) between perpendiculars. She has a beam of 17.82 metres (58 ft) and draws 8.3 metres (27 ft) of water when fully laden. [2]

While the crew's common spaces such as mess rooms and lounges are arranged on the main deck, [7] the accommodation is arranged in the box-shaped deckhouse. In the Canadian Coast Guard service, Terry Fox has a complement of 10 officers and 14 crew, and 10 additional berths. [2] The towing gear consists of an 80-ton winch holding 1,500 metres (1,600 yd) of wire and a separate 200-ton double-drum anchor-handling winch. [11] Unlike her sister ship, Terry Fox has not been retrofitted with a helideck. However, her cargo-handling capability has been increased with a 40-tonne cargo crane and a 490 m3 (17,000 cu ft) cargo hold in place of the original bulk cargo tanks. [4]

Power and propulsion

Terry Fox has a diesel-mechanical propulsion system consisting of four main engines driving two shafts through twin input-single output gearboxes. The prime movers are eight-cylinder Stork-Werkspoor 8TM410 medium-speed diesel engines producing 5,800 hp (4,300 kW) at 600 rpm in continuous service. Each pair of main engines is coupled to a Lohmann & Stolterfoht Navilus GVE 1500 A single-stage reduction gearbox via flexible couplings designed to automatically disengage if the propellers are blocked by ice. However, each propeller shaft is also fitted with a heavy flywheel 3 metres (10 ft) in diameter and 0.6 metres (2 ft) in thickness to increase rotational inertia and absorb shocks from propeller-ice interaction. Unlike the other Canadian offshore icebreakers built in the 1980s, Terry Fox does not have a propeller nozzles to shroud her propellers. [9] Her 4.8-metre (16 ft) LIPS Canada nickel aluminium bronze controllable pitch propellers are designed to transmit 9,564 hp (7,132 kW) of power per shaft to the water and produce a combined static bollard pull of about 1,590 kilonewtons (162 tf). For onboard electricity production, the ship has two 750 kW (1,010 hp) Caterpillar 3512 series [4] ship service diesel generators and a single 200 kW (270 hp) Caterpillar 3406 DITA emergency diesel generator. In addition, both reduction gearboxes are fitted with clutched power take-offs for 1,250 kVa shaft alternators that supply power to the stern thruster and air bubbling system compressors. [8] [11] [13]

In line with her original Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (CASPPR) Arctic Class 4 rating, Terry Fox is designed to break at least 4-foot (1.2 m) first-year level ice with a continuous speed of 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). During icebreaking operations, the ice friction is reduced by lubricating the hull-ice interface with a 750 kW (1,010 hp) low-pressure air bubbling system developed by Wärtsilä. [14] In open water, the system can also act as a bow thruster and used for maneuvering together with the ship's single centerline rudder and a 500 horsepower (370 kW) transverse stern thruster. When operating in ice-free waters, the ship was designed transit at an economical speed of about 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) with just two main engines, [13] but her maximum speed is quoted as 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). [4]

Career

CCGS Terry Fox docked at NewDock Shipyard in St. John's in 2008. CCGS TerryFox May2008.jpg
CCGS Terry Fox docked at NewDock Shipyard in St. John's in 2008.

Terry Fox (1983–1991)

During her maiden voyage to the Arctic, Terry Fox was called in to assist the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) oceanographic survey ship Surveyor that had become beset in 1.2-to-1.5-metre (4 to 5 ft) thick ice west of Point Franklin off Alaska. By the time the icebreaker arrived and freed the ship, Surveyor had been drifting with the ice pack for eight days. [15]

Between 1983 and 1990, BeauDril's mobile drilling units drilled a total of nineteen exploratory wells in the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea with the support of Terry Fox and other icebreaking vessels: nine with the Mobile Arctic Caisson Molikpaq and ten with the Conical Drilling Unit Kulluk . Twelve wells alone were drilled in the Amauligak prospect, the most significant oil and gas field discovered in the region, but the high expectations for the Beaufort Sea were not met: the area was characterized by a large number of small, widely scattered resources. Molikpaq was mothballed after completing the last well in 1990. [16] [17]

On 1 November 1991, Terry Fox was leased to the Canadian Coast Guard for two years to replace the decommissioned CCGS John A. MacDonald during the extensive modernization of CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent. During the leasing period, the icebreaker was found to meet Canadian Coast Guard's needs satisfactorily, and the vessel was purchased from Gulf Canada Resources on 1 November 1993. [18] [19] Around the same time, the majority of BeauDril's fleet was purchased by Canadian Marine Drilling (Canmar), the drilling subsidiary of Dome Petroleum (later Amoco Canada) that had been Gulf Canada's main competitor in the Beaufort Sea for more than a decade. [20]

CCGS Terry Fox (1991–present)

CCGS Terry Fox, as seen in Botwood, Newfoundland in 2022 CCGS Terry Fox in Botwood.jpg
CCGS Terry Fox, as seen in Botwood, Newfoundland in 2022

Under the Canadian Coast Guard, CCGS Terry Fox is classified as a heavy icebreaker. [2] She is homeported in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador and operates in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the winter ice season and in Canada's eastern Arctic during the summer shipping season, assisting in escorting the annual Arctic summer sealift to coastal communities.

In 2014, Terry Fox and Louis S. St-Laurent travelled to the Canadian Arctic to map the undersea continental shelf. [21] In August, they became the first Canadian government ships to reach the North Pole in 20 years. [22]

Terry Fox ran aground in April 2018 near Bide Arm but managed to return to port under her own power. [23]

The vessel's port side auxiliary diesel generator was damaged by fire in 16 August 2022, putting the icebreaker out of service until mid-September of the same year. [24]

In June 2023, Terry Fox was among the Canadian Coast Guard ships that was deployed in the search efforts involved in the Titan submersible implosion. [25]

While Terry Fox was scheduled for decommissioning already in 2020, [26] [27] she is planned to undergo an 18-month service life extension between late 2023 and spring 2025, [28] allowing her to remain in service until a replacement polar icebreaker built as part of the National Shipbuilding Strategy enters service. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Icebreaker</span> Special-purpose ship or boat capable of maneuvering through ice-covered water

An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller vessels, such as the icebreaking boats that were once used on the canals of the United Kingdom.

CCGS <i>Henry Larsen</i>

CCGS Henry Larsen is a Canadian Coast Guard Improved Pierre Radisson-class icebreaker serving in the Newfoundland and Labrador region and based in St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Entering service in 1988, Henry Larsen is the fourth ship and of an improved design over the rest of the ships in her class. The ship operates in the Arctic Ocean during summer months.

CCGS <i>Amundsen</i> Icebreaker of the Canadian Coast Guard

CCGS Amundsen is a Pierre Radisson-class icebreaker and Arctic research vessel operated by the Canadian Coast Guard. The vessel entered service in 1979 as Franklin and was renamed Sir John Franklin in 1980 and served as such until 1996. Declared surplus, the vessel was used as an accommodation ship in Labrador in 1996 and placed in reserve in 2000. In 2003, the ship was reactivated and underwent conversion to an Arctic research vessel. The ship recommissioned as Amundsen.

CCGS <i>Labrador</i>

CCGS Labrador was a Wind-class icebreaker. First commissioned on 8 July 1954 as Her Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS) Labrador in the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Captain O.C.S. "Long Robbie" Robertson, GM, RCN, in command. She was transferred to the Department of Transport (DOT) on 22 November 1957, and re-designated Canadian Government Ship (CGS) Labrador. She was among the DOT fleet assigned to the nascent Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) when that organization was formed in 1962, and further re-designated Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Labrador. Her career marked the beginning of the CCG's icebreaker operations which continue to this day. She extensively charted and documented the then-poorly-known Canadian Arctic, and as HMCS Labrador was the first ship to circumnavigate North America in a single voyage. The ship was taken out of service in 1987 and broken up for scrap in 1989.

CCGS <i>Des Groseilliers</i>

CCGS Des Groseilliers is a Pierre Radisson-class icebreaker in the Canadian Coast Guard. The vessel is named after Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618–1669) a close associate of Pierre-Esprit Radisson in explorations west of the Great Lakes and the founding of the British Hudson's Bay Company. The ship entered service in 1982. The vessel has participated in a number of research voyages, including Ice Station SHEBA. As part of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment conducted in the Arctic Ocean from October 1997 to October 1998 to provide polar input to global climate models, Des Groseilliers was allowed to be frozen into the ice for the Arctic winter, to serve as a base for scientific researchers.

CCGS <i>John A. Macdonald</i>

CCGS John A. Macdonald was a Canadian Coast Guard heavy icebreaker. She was named after The Right Honourable, Sir John Alexander Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada. The ship was commissioned into the Canadian Department of Transport's Marine Service in 1960 using the prefix "Canadian Government Ship" (CGS). The vessel was transferred in 1962 into the newly created Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and served with distinction until being decommissioned in 1991, and replaced by the then-chartered CCGS Terry Fox.

CCGS <i>Captain Molly Kool</i> Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker

CCGS Captain Molly Kool is a Canadian Coast Guard converted medium class icebreaker. She was originally built as an icebreaking anchor handling tug Vidar Viking for Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore in 2001. The vessel was acquired by the Canadian Coast Guard in August 2018 and was commissioned in May of the next year after refit.

CCGS <i>Pierre Radisson</i>

CCGS Pierre Radisson is the lead ship of her class of icebreakers. Constructed and operated by the Canadian Coast Guard, the vessel is based at Quebec City on the Saint Lawrence River. The ship was constructed in British Columbia in the 1970s and has been in service ever since. The vessel is named for Pierre-Esprit Radisson, a 17th-century French fur trader and explorer.

CCGS <i>Jean Goodwill</i> Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker

CCGS Jean Goodwill is an icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessel (AHTS) converted to a medium class icebreaker for the Canadian Coast Guard. She was originally built as Balder Viking for Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore AS in 2000. The vessel was sold to Canada in 2018 and was initially expected to enter service in late 2019 following a refit. However, due to delays the conversion of the vessel was not completed until November 2020.

CCGS <i>Vincent Massey</i> Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker

CCGS Vincent Massey is an icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessel (AHTS) converted to a medium class icebreaker for the Canadian Coast Guard. She was originally built as Tor Viking for Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore AS in 2000 and has also traded under the name Tor Viking II. The vessel was sold to Canada in 2018 and was initially expected to enter service in summer 2020 following a refit. However, the conversion work was delayed and the vessel was delivered to the Canadian Coast Guard in October 2022.

<i>Vladimir Ignatyuk</i> (icebreaker)

Vladimir Ignatyuk is a Russian icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessel. She was built by Burrard-Yarrows Corporation in Canada in 1983 as Kalvik as part of an Arctic drilling system developed by BeauDril, the drilling subsidiary of Gulf Canada Resources. After the offshore oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea ended in the early 1990s, she was sold to the Canadian shipping company Fednav in 1997 and renamed Arctic Kalvik. In 2003, she was purchased by Murmansk Shipping Company and transferred to Russia.

CCGS J.E. Bernier was a Canadian Coast Guard medium Arctic icebreaker with a steel hull. The vessel was in service from 1967 to 2006. The ship was initially based at Quebec City but finished her career at St. John's. The ship was named for Joseph-Elzéar Bernier, captain of CGS Arctic which explored and monitored the eastern Arctic for the Government of Canada in the early 20th century. The vessel was sold in 2006 to private interests.

Robert LeMeur was an icebreaking platform supply vessel used to support oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea. Built in 1982 by Burrard Yarrows Corporation in Vancouver, British Columbia, she was part of the fleet of Canadian icebreakers, drillships and support vessels operated by Canadian Marine Drilling (Canmar), the drilling subsidiary of Dome Petroleum and later Amoco Canada Petroleum Company.

Miscaroo was an icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessel built by Vancouver Shipyards for BeauDril, the drilling subsidiary of Gulf Canada Resources, in 1983. She was part of a fleet of Canadian icebreakers used to support offshore oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea. In the 1990s, the vessel was acquired by Canadian Marine Drilling (Canmar) and renamed Canmar Miscaroo. In 1998, she was purchased by Smit International and served in the Sakhalin oil fields as Smit Sakhalin until 2017 when the 34-year-old icebreaker was sold for scrapping in China.

Zhong Shan Da Xue Ji Di is a Chinese icebreaker owned by the Sun Yat-sen University. She was built in 1983 as an icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessel (AHTS) Ikaluk for BeauDril, the drilling subsidiary of Gulf Canada Resources, to support offshore oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea. In the 1990s, the vessel was acquired by Canadian Marine Drilling (Canmar) and renamed Canmar Ikaluk. In 1998, she was purchased by Smit International and served in the Sakhalin oil fields as Smit Sibu. In 2009, she was acquired by FEMCO Management and in 2012 given back her original name. Ikaluk was sold to China in February 2018 and renamed Beijing Ocean Leader. In late 2021, the vessel was acquired by its current owner.

<i>Kigoriak</i>

Kigoriak is a Russian icebreaking anchor handling tug supply vessel. Built by Saint John Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company for Canadian Marine Drilling (Canmar) in 1979 as Canmar Kigoriak, she was the first commercial icebreaking vessel developed to support offshore oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea.

<i>Pierre Radisson</i>-class icebreaker Arctic Ocean Icebreakers (Summer)

The Pierre Radisson-class icebreakers, also known as R-class icebreakers, are a class of four icebreakers constructed for and operated by the Canadian Coast Guard. The Canadian Coast Guard designates the four ships in the class as medium icebreakers. Built in two phases, the first three ships, Pierre Radisson, Franklin and Des Groseilliers, were built to a common design. The fourth, Henry Larsen was built to a modified design and is considered a subclass, the Improved R-class icebreaker. Franklin was later renamed Sir John Franklin before undergoing a re-design for use primarily as an Arctic research vessel. Upon the vessel's return to service, the ship was once again renamed Amundsen. All the vessels are named for people who sailed through Canada's northern waters. The class operates in the Arctic Ocean in the summer, patrolling, icebreaking and research missions.

<i>Mudyug</i> (icebreaker)

Mudyug is a Russian icebreaker and the lead ship of a series of three subarctic icebreakers built at Wärtsilä Helsinki shipyard in Finland in 1982–1983. The vessel's non-rebuilt sister ships are Magadan and Dikson.

CCGS Judy LaMarsh is a Canadian Coast Guard light icebreaker. Built in 2010 as a shallow-draught icebreaking tug Mangystau-2 for the Caspian Sea oil fields, the vessel was acquired by Canada as an interim solution while the existing fleet undergoes service life extension and maintenance.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Terry Fox (8127799)" . Sea-web. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "CCGS Terry Fox" (PDF). Canadian Coast Guard. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  3. ↑ "Terry Fox (8127799)" . Equasis. French Ministry for Transport . Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "CCG Fleet: Vessel Details: CCGS Terry Fox". Government of Canada. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  5. ↑ Marks, Adams (1982), "Gulf's Proposed Drilling Systems for the Beaufort Sea", APOA Review, 5 (2): 9–12
  6. 1 2 "Kalvik and Terry Fox: Arctic Class 4 icebreaking, anchor-handling tug/supply vessels", Canadian Shipping and Marine Engineering, vol. 55, pp. 31–35, October 1983
  7. 1 2 "Gulf's Arctic class 4 multi-purpose icebreakers", Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering International, p. 348, September 1983
  8. 1 2 3 "More icebreakers for Beaufort Sea development", Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering International, pp. 23–24, January 1982
  9. 1 2 Clark, Karin; Hetherington, Cory; O'Neill, Chris; Zavitz, Jana (1997), Breaking Ice With Finesse: Oil & Gas Exploration in the Canadian Arctic, The Arctic Institute of North America, ISBN   978-0919034945
  10. ↑ "Vladimir Ignatyuk (8127804)" . Sea-web. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 "Kalvik, Terry Fox in Service", Harbour & Shipping, pp. 26–34, November 1983
  12. ↑ "Burrard Yarrows Delivers Icebreaker/Utility Vessels To Gulf Canada Resources". Maritime Reporter. October 1983. p. 42. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  13. 1 2 "A powerful pair of Arctic class 4 anchor handing/tug/supply ships", The Motor Ship, October 1983
  14. ↑ "Sophisticated specification for Arctic class 4 icebreakers", The Motor Ship, October 1982
  15. ↑ "A government research ship stuck eight days in Arctic..." United Press International, Inc. 30 September 1983. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  16. ↑ Callow, L. (2013): Oil and Gas Exploration & Development Activity Forecast - Canadian Beaufort Sea 2013–2028. LTLC Consulting and Salmo Consulting Inc.
  17. ↑ Timco, G. W. and Frederking, R. (2009): Overview of Historical Canadian Beaufort Sea Information. NRC Canadian Hydraulics Centre Technical Report CHC-TR-057, February 2009.
  18. ↑ Maginley, Charles D.; Collin, Bernard (2001). The Ships of Canada's Marine Services. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited. p. 158. ISBN   1-55125-070-5.
  19. ↑ Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2004). Jane's Fighting Ships 2004–2005. Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's Information Group. p. 96. ISBN   0-7106-2623-1.
  20. ↑ McKenzie-Brown, Peter (2006). The Richness of Discovery - Amoco's First 50 Years in Canada 1948–1998. Amoco Canada Petroleum Company Ltd. ISBN   0-9684022-0-8.
  21. ↑ "Research ship mapping Arctic Ocean near North Pole". CBC News. 20 August 2016. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  22. ↑ "Two Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers reach North Pole". CBC News. 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  23. ↑ "Feds strike deal with Quebec's Chantier Davie for three new icebreakers". CityNews. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  24. ↑ "Generator fire on board CCGS Terry Fox under investigation". CBC/Radio-Canada. 26 August 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  25. ↑ Newton, Paula (22 June 2023). "Medical team arrives on the scene of the Titanic submersible rescue effort, Canadian official says". CNN. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  26. ↑ Conde, Elena; Sánchez, Sara Iglesias (2016), Global Challenges in the Arctic Region: Sovereignty, environment and geopolitical balance, Routledge, p. 51, ISBN   9781317128052
  27. ↑ Spears, Joseph (18 March 2018). "Closing Canada's icebreaker gap". Canadian Sailings. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  28. ↑ "Canadian Coast Guard Ship Terry Fox Vessel Life Extension Contract Awarded". Government of Canada. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  29. ↑ "Appearance before the standing Committee on Public Accounts by Simon Kennedy, Deputy Minister at Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada – May 25, 2020". Government of Canada. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
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