Cabot's tern

Cabot's tern
T. a. acuflavidus in breeding plumage, Belize
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Laridae
Genus:	Thalasseus
Species:	T. acuflavidus
Binomial name
Thalasseus acuflavidus (Cabot, S, 1847)
Synonyms
Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus Thalasseus acuflavidus Thalasseus sandvicensis eurygnatha

Cabot's tern (Thalasseus acuflavidus) is a species of bird in subfamily Sterninae of the family Laridae, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. ^[1] It is found in the eastern United States and Middle America, the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago, and in every mainland South American country except Bolivia and Paraguay, though rare in Chile. ^{[1] [2]} It is also a vagrant in eastern Canada and western Europe.

Taxonomy and systematics

T. a. acuflavidus in non-breeding plumage, Venice Beach, Florida.

Cabot's tern was long placed in genus Sterna but since the early 2000s has been in its present genus Thalasseus. ^[3] Its further taxonomy is not settled. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) follows Efe et al. in part ^[4] and treats it as a species with two subspecies, the nominate T. a. acuflavidus (Cabot, S, 1847) and T. a. eurygnathus (Saunders, 1876). ^[1] The American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy have not yet accepted Efe et al. and treat those two taxa as subspecies of the Sandwich tern (T. sandvicensis). ^{[5] [6] [7]} BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) follows a different conclusion to Efe et al. than the IOC by merging eurygnathus into acuflavidus but treats the merged taxon as one of two subspecies of the Sandwich tern. ^[8] However, another study in 2017 confirmed Efe et al's results (as well as additionally proposing the splitting of West African crested tern from royal tern), ^[9] as did a further 2022 study which confirmed both the above Thalasseus splits. ^[10]

T. a. eurygnathus at Cassino, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Note the largely yellow bill.

Some authors treat subspecies T. a. eurygnathus as a separate species, the "Cayenne tern" but this has not been widely accepted. ^[6]

The genus Thalasseus is Ancient Greek for "fisherman", derived from thalassa, "sea". The specific epithet acuflavidus is from Latin acus, "needle", and flavidus, "yellowish". ^[11]

Description

Cabot's tern is a member of the "crested tern" group. It is 34 to 45 cm (13 to 18 in) long with a wingspan of about 1.0 m (3 ft). The nominate subspecies T. a. acuflavidus weighs 175 to 202 g (6.2 to 7.1 oz). The Caribbean population of T. a. eurygnathus weighs 170 to 210 g (6.0 to 7.4 oz) and the far southern population 250 to 300 g (8.8 to 11 oz). The sexes have the same plumage and there is little difference in plumage between the subspecies. Adults in breeding plumage have a black cap and a mostly white body with a pale gray back and sometimes a rosy flush on the underparts. Their tail is forked and white. The upper side of their wing is mostly pale gray with darker primaries. Their legs and feet are all black or black with yellow soles and their iris is dark brown to black. Non-breeding adults have a white forehead and mid-crown; their crest is black. The subspecies differ mainly in bill color: The nominate's is black with a yellow tip of somewhat variable extent; that of T. a. eurygnathus is mostly to completely yellow. ^[12]

Cabot's tern is very similar to Sandwich tern, sharing the black bill with a yellow tip, but differs in the bill being obviously stouter, and also differs in molt timing, losing its black forehead earlier in the summer. Its juveniles also lack the scaly pattern of juvenile Sandwich terns, being a plainer grey (though they can be confused with first-winter plumage of Sandwich tern). ^[13]

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of Cabot's tern breeds on the U.S. coast from Chesapeake Bay south and around the Gulf of Mexico to Belize, and on the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and other Caribbean islands. It winters in southern Florida and the entire Gulf and Caribbean coasts, the Antilles, and in South America commonly in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru though a few go as far south as Chile or east in northern Brazil. Subspecies T. a. eurygnathus is mostly a year-round resident from the north and east coasts of South America and the islands near it, south along the coast of Brazil to southern Argentina; a few breed as far north as Puerto Rico. ^[12]

Cabot's tern is wholly a coastal species, and favors warm water. During the breeding season it inhabits barrier islands, dredge spoil islands, and in the Caribbean low-lying sand or coral cays. It generally uses bare ground but will nest on prostrate vegetation or mats of purslane (Sporobolus virginianus). It overwinters on sand beaches and sandbars, barrier islands, and reefs along coasts and also along the Panama Canal and short distances up rivers that empty into salt water. ^[12]

Behavior

Migration

Cabot's tern is partially migratory, withdrawing from the northernmost part of its breeding range for winter. Its migratory routes are not known in detail but are believed to follow coasts. Fall migration is protracted and spring's is more rapid. Birds that overwinter on the Pacific coast of South America apparently cross from the Caribbean at the Isthmus of Panama. A few banded individuals of subspecies T. a. acuflavidus have wandered to the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. ^[12]

Feeding

Cabot's tern is a powerful flyer, and feeds almost exclusively by plunge-diving from up to 7 m (25 ft) high. It sometimes goes completely under water in its dive. It often forages in small flocks and usually within 2 km (1 mi) of shore, though it apparently goes further out from the Texas shore. Its diet is mostly fish, with members of families Ammodytidae, Atherinopsidae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, and Sciaenidae identified as prey. It eats smaller amounts of squid, shrimp, and insects. ^[12]

Breeding

Breeding colony of T. a. eurygnathus on an islet off Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, southern Argentina

Cabot's terns apparently court and form pairs during spring migration before reaching the nesting grounds. Males make display flights or posture on the ground. The species nests in areas with sparse or no vegetation. The nest is a simple scrape made by both sexes; they may add a few pieces of shell or seaweed. The typical clutch size is one egg though two are not uncommon. The incubation period is about 24 days in the north and averages about 29 days in the far south. Both sexes incubate, and apparently share the duty equally after the first few days. Chicks are semi-precocial and can thermoregulate about five days after hatch. They depend on the parents for food; both parents provide it until fledging and usually the female alone after that. Nest defense is shared equally. Fledging occurs about 27 to 29 days after hatch. ^[12]

Songs and calls Listen to Cabot's tern on xeno-canto

Vocalization

As of early 2024 xeno-canto had 53 recordings of Cabot's tern from the Americas, ^[14] and a further three of presumed Cabot's terns misclassified among the very many of Sandwich tern. ^[15] The Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library has additional recordings. The species' main call has been described as kerr-ick, kjerr-it, keerik, and kreejik. ^{[12] [16] [17]} It has a variety of other calls as well. ^[12]

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy so has not assessed Cabot's tern separately from Sandwich tern sensu lato . Disturbance of nesting colonies by humans appears to be the major threat to the species as a whole. ^[18]

Gallery

• 
  T. a. acuflavidus at Fort de Soto, Florida
• 
  Fishing near Tampa Bay, Florida
• 
  In flight, Sanibel, Florida
• 
  T. a. eurygnathus or intergrade with T. a. acuflavidus, with partially yellow bill. Santa Catarina, Brazil.
• 
  T. a. eurygnathus with fully yellow bills. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

References

1. Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Noddies, skimmers, gulls, terns, skuas, auks". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
2. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
3. Bridge, Eli S.; Jones, Andrew W.; Baker, Allan J. (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (2): 459–469. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010. PMID   15804415.
4. Efe, M.A.; Tavares, E.S.; Baker, A.J.; Bonatto, S.L. (2009). "Multigene phylogeny and DNA barcoding indicate that the Sandwich Tern complex (Thalasseus sandvicensis, Laridae, Sternini) comprises two species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (1): 263–267. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.03.030 . PMID   19348954.
5. Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa Archived 2020-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
6. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
7. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
8. HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
9. Collinson, J.M.; Dufour, P.; Hamza, A.A.; Lawrie, Y.; Elliott, M.; Barlow, C.; Crochet, P.-A. (2017). "When morphology is not reflected by molecular phylogeny: the case of three 'orange-billed terns' Thalasseus maximus, Thalasseus bergii and Thalasseus bengalensis (Charadriiformes: Laridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 121 (2): 439–445. doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw049 . hdl: 2164/10159 .
10. Černý, David; Natale, Rossy (2022). "Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 177: 107620. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620 . Retrieved 2024-12-22.
11. Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp.  31, 383. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
12. Shealer, D., J. S. Liechty, A. R. Pierce, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten (2020). Sandwich Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.santer1.01 retrieved February 16, 2023
13. Garner, Martin; Lewington, Ian; Crook, Jason (2007). "Identification of American Sandwich Tern" (PDF). Dutch Birding. 29: 273–287.
14. Xeno-canto: Cabot's Tern Thalasseus acuflavidus
15. Xeno-canto: Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis
16. Sibley, David Allen (2003). Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern North America. New York: Chanticleer Press. p. 193. ISBN   0-679-45120-X.
17. van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN   978-0-19-530155-7.
18. BirdLife International (2019). "Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T22694591A154517364. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22694591A154517364.en . Retrieved 16 February 2023.