| Calliopsis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Calliopsis andreniformis, female | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Andrenidae |
| Subfamily: | Panurginae |
| Tribe: | Calliopsini |
| Genus: | Calliopsis Smith, 1853 |
| Subgenera | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Calliopsis is a genus of panurgine bees in the family Andrenidae. There are over 80 described species [1] distributed throughout the western hemisphere. [2]
Calliopsis are small dark bees, often with yellow or white markings, especially in males. Calliopsis andreniformis have green eyes, and males of the species have bright yellow faces and legs. [3] [4]
Male Calliopsis fly close to the ground and, in one species, many of them evidently copulate with only a single female. Mating takes place on flowers and at nest sites. [5] Calliopsis also are univoltine, which means they only have one brood of offspring a year.
Nearly all female Calliopsis are solitary nesters, but they locate nests within aggregations with other females. [6] Nests are built in the form of horizontal tunnels connected to waterproofed chambers containing eggs and provisions stored by the mother bee. [7] Each female digs a solitary underground nest, usually in compacted, dense soil and close to flowering plants that serve as food sources. [8] Calliopsis nesting aggregations can be as dense as 1,650 nests/m^2. [5]
The nest tunnels measure 7.5 mm maximum diameter and 13 mm long. Calliopsis bees build their nest the way they do to mitigate competition between males. Their nest is built for waterproof hazards to keep the soil dry until the ground evaporates. Although reported in a few other bee groups, Calliopsis are unusual in that some species' nests can survive complete submersion: Calliopsis pugionis emerged from nests that had been underwater for at least 3 months. [9]
These 88 species belong to the genus Calliopsis. [10] [11] [12]
The Andrenidae are a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees. Most of the family's diversity is located in temperate or arid areas. It includes some enormous genera. One of the subfamilies, Oxaeinae, is so different in appearance that they were typically accorded family status, but careful phylogenetic analysis reveals them to be an offshoot within the Andrenidae, very close to the Andreninae.
The cosmopolitan bee genus Ceratina, often referred to as small carpenter bees, is the sole lineage of the tribe Ceratinini, and is not closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees. The genus presently contains over 300 species in 23 subgenera. They make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith, and while many are solitary, a number are subsocial, with mothers caring for their larvae, and in a few cases where multiple females are found in a single nest, daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies. One species is unique for having both social and asocial populations, Ceratina australensis, which exhibits all of the pre-adaptations for successful group living. This species is socially polymorphic with both solitary and social nests collected in sympatry. Social colonies in that species consist of two foundresses, one contributing both foraging and reproductive effort and the second which remains at the nest as a passive guard. Cooperative nesting provides no overt reproductive benefits over solitary nesting in this population, although brood survival tends to be greater in social colonies. Maternal longevity, subsociality and bivoltine nesting phenology in this species favour colony formation, while dispersal habits and offspring longevity may inhibit more frequent social nesting in this and other ceratinines.
Diadasia is a genus of bees in family Apidae. Species of Diadasia are oligolectic, specialized on a relatively small number of plant species.
Caupolicana is a genus of bees in the family Colletidae, native to the Americas; most species are crepuscular in habit, visiting flowers only at dawn and/or dusk. There are over 50 known species, in 4 subgenera.
Epeolus is a genus of cuckoo bees in the family Apidae. They are often known as variegated cuckoo-bees. The species is uncommon to rare, and has strong patterns of black and white on the thorax and abdomen. These patterns are made of tiny fat hairs lying flush with the integument or "skin" of the bee. It is easily mistaken for Triepeolus, but is almost always smaller.
Calliopsini is a tribe of mining bees in the family Andrenidae. There are at least 120 described species in Calliopsini.
Habropoda is a genus of anthophorine bees in the family Apidae. There are at least 50 described species in Habropoda.
Dianthidium is a genus of leafcutter, mason, and resin bees in the family Megachilidae. There are at least 20 described species in Dianthidium.
The eastern miner bee is a species of miner bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in North America. It is a specialist in pollinating Fabaceae plants.
Anthophorula is a genus of bees in the family Apidae. There are more than 60 described species in Anthophorula.
The dotted miner bee is a species of miner bee in the family Andrenidae. Another common name for this species is Cresson's andrena. It is found in North America.
Calliopsis filiorum is a species of bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in North America.
Protandrena is a genus of mining bees in the family Andrenidae. Depending upon whose definition of the genus one follows, there are anywhere from 50 to 180 described species in Protandrena; traditional classifications recognize 7 subgenera, some of which are sometimes elevated to genus rank, and other classifications place many of these species in the related genus Pseudopanurgus (e.g.), leaving Protandrena with a much smaller constituency. In the most inclusive definition, they are found from Canada through Argentina. However, there is current disagreement whether the Protandrena in South America belong to different genera, in which case the genus extends only as far south as Panama. They are solitary bees, but some species nest in aggregations. They prefer to nest in sunny areas with sparse vegetation. The underground nests have cells lined with a chemical substance. This "wallpaper" acts as a barrier between fungi and bacteria. The eggs hatch, the larvae develop, and then overwinter as mature larvae with hardened skin. They are primarily active from May to October, but have been noted to be active in April in the region six of the United States.
Panurginus is a genus of bees in the family Andrenidae. There are more than 50 described species in Panurginus.
Andrena prunorum, otherwise known as the purple miner bee, is a species of solitary bees in the family Andrenidae. It is commonly found in the continental United States as well as much of North and Central America. Andrena prunorum is a spring-flying, ground-nesting bee that serves as a ubiquitous generalist in ecological settings. Both males and females live as prepupae in the winter in which they mate, and the females seek new sites for ground burrows. From there, they construct small cells surrounding a ball of pollen combined with nectar to nourish a laid egg before each cell is sealed, and the cycle begins anew. A. prunorum generally prefer the pollen derived from Rosaceae plants but will pollinate fruit trees if given the opportunity.
Calliopsis zonalis is a species of bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in North America.
The streaked miner bee is a species of miner bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in North America.