In recent years, taxonomic research (aided by molecular data) has led to a surge in newly described Candelariella species. Since the 2000s, over a dozen species have been added to the genus, reflecting renewed interest and improved methods in lichen systematics. For instance, C.blastidiata (2017)[5] and C.flavosorediata (2021)[6] were discovered in Asia and Africa, respectively, followed by C.ruzgarii from Antarctica (2023)[7] and C.ahtii from Asia (2024).[8] This flurry of recent additions brings the total number of Candelariella species to around 40 as of 2025.[9]
The 2025 analysis also resolved some nomenclature issues. It merged Candelariella makarevichiae (described 2018 from Korea[10]) and C.subsquamulosa (2019, S. Korea[11]) into synonymy with C.xanthostigmoides, since genetic data showed they belong to the same species. Several other sorediate species remain poorly known – for example, C.sorediosa (from the Himalayas), C.flavosorediata (Réunion), and C.magellanica (southern South America) – and lack molecular data. Ongoing research is needed to determine how these relate to the core Candelariellalineage.[9]
Characteristics
The key feature of Candelariella species are the distinct yellow apothecia.[3] Although all species are very small, even the smallest can be identified by the lemon-yellow to orange-yellow discs. Most species have a yellow thallus, although Candelariella antennaria is one example with a grey thallus. Some species are pycnidiate. This genus will generally have all spot tests emerge as negative, although K tests may have an orange or reddish colour on some species' apothecia.[12]
Spore count between species varies from 8 to 32 simply or thinly septate spores. Spores often hold one to two oil drops.[12]
Habitat and distribution
Candelariella species are found across the globe, although most commonly described in North America, Asia, and Australia. Species can be found on calcareous and non-calcareous rock, soil, tree bark, mosses, and other lichens. While some species may grow only on rock, and others only on trees, the more generalist species can be found in a variety of locations.[12]
1 2 Sharnoff, S. (2014). Field Guide to California Lichens. Yale University Press. p.249. ISBN978-0-300-19500-2.
↑ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (App. 1): 11, 47.
1 2 Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Vondrák, Jan; Ohmura, Yoshihito; Korchikov, Evgeny S.; Vondrákova, Olga S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2017). "Candelariella blastidiata sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Candelariaceae) from Eurasia and North America, and a key for grey thalli Candelariella". The Lichenologist. 49 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000020.
1 2 Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2024). "Candelariella ahtii (Candelariaceae, Ascomycota) – a new species of lichen from Central and North-East Asia, and a key to 8-spored Candelariella". The Lichenologist. 56 (5): 287–300. doi:10.1017/S0024282924000240.
↑ Räsänen, V. (1939). "II. Contribucion a la flora liquenologica sudamericana". Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina. 128: 133–147.
↑ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2017). "A new species and new record of Candelariella (lichenized Ascomycota, Candelariaceae) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 81: 79–85.
1 2 Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the species with biatorine apothecia". The Bryologist. 110 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[365:cciwus]2.0.co;2.
↑ Khodosovtsev, A.; Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I. (2004). "Candelariella boikoi, a new lichen species from Eurasia". Graphis Scripta. 16: 11–15.
↑ Etayo, J.; Palice, Z.; Spribille, T. (2009). "Candelariella boleana, a new epiphytic species from southern and central Europe (Candelariaceae, Ascomycota)". Nova Hedwigia. 89 (3–4): 545–552. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0089-0545.
↑ Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the polysporous species". The Bryologist. 110 (3): 375–390. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[375:cciwus]2.0.co;2.
↑ Tripp, Erin A.; Lendemer, James C. (2015). "Erratum:Candelariella clarkii corrected to Candelariella clarkiae". The Bryologist. 118 (2): 240. doi:10.1639/bryo-118-02-240-240.1.
↑ Otte, V.; Yakovchenko, L.; Clerc, Ph.; Westberg, M. (2013). "Candelariella commutata sp. nov. for C. unilocularis auct. medioeur. – an arctic-alpine lichen on calcareous substrata from the Caucasus and Europe". Herzogia. 26 (2): 217–222. doi:10.13158/heia.26.2.2013.217.
1 2 Westberg, Martin; Morse, Caleb A.; Wedin, Mats (2011). "Two new species of Candelariella and a key to the Candelariales (lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America". The Bryologist. 114 (2): 325–334. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.325.
↑ Harris, R.C.; Buck, W.R. (1978). "Lichens of the Mackinac Straits Region. II. Candelariella Mull. Arg". The Michigan Botanist. 17: 155–161.
↑ Etayo, Javier; Sancho, Leopoldo G.; Gómez-Bolea, Antonio; Søchting, Ulrik; Aguirre, Fransisco; Rozzi, Ricardo (2021). "Catalogue of lichens (and some related fungi) of Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia. 49: 1–110 [29]. doi:10.22352/AIP202149013.
↑ Hakulinen, R. (1954). "Die Flechtengattung Candelariella Müller Argoviensis" [The lichen genus Candelariella Müller Argoviensis]. Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo" (in German). 27 (3): 100.
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