Candelariella

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Candelariella
Candelariella vitellina 60781104.jpg
Candelariella vitellina
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Candelariomycetes
Order: Candelariales
Family: Candelariaceae
Genus: Candelariella
Müll.Arg. (1894)
Type species
Candelariella vitellina
(Ehrh.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
Species

See text

Candelariella is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. [1] Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, [2] goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 1894 by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, with Candelariella vitellina assigned as the type species. [4]

In recent years, taxonomic research (aided by molecular data) has led to a surge in newly described Candelariella species. Since the 2000s, over a dozen species have been added to the genus, reflecting renewed interest and improved methods in lichen systematics. For instance, C. blastidiata (2017) [5] and C. flavosorediata (2021) [6] were discovered in Asia and Africa, respectively, followed by C. ruzgarii from Antarctica (2023) [7] and C. ahtii from Asia (2024). [8] This flurry of recent additions brings the total number of Candelariella species to around 40 as of 2025. [9]

The 2025 analysis also resolved some nomenclature issues. It merged Candelariella makarevichiae (described 2018 from Korea [10] ) and C. subsquamulosa (2019, S. Korea [11] ) into synonymy with C. xanthostigmoides , since genetic data showed they belong to the same species. Several other sorediate species remain poorly known – for example, C. sorediosa (from the Himalayas), C. flavosorediata (Réunion), and C. magellanica (southern South America) – and lack molecular data. Ongoing research is needed to determine how these relate to the core Candelariella lineage. [9]

Characteristics

The key feature of Candelariella species are the distinct yellow apothecia. [3] Although all species are very small, even the smallest can be identified by the lemon-yellow to orange-yellow discs. Most species have a yellow thallus, although Candelariella antennaria is one example with a grey thallus. Some species are pycnidiate. This genus will generally have all spot tests emerge as negative, although K tests may have an orange or reddish colour on some species' apothecia. [12]

Spore count between species varies from 8 to 32 simply or thinly septate spores. Spores often hold one to two oil drops. [12]

Habitat and distribution

Candelariella species are found across the globe, although most commonly described in North America, Asia, and Australia. Species can be found on calcareous and non-calcareous rock, soil, tree bark, mosses, and other lichens. While some species may grow only on rock, and others only on trees, the more generalist species can be found in a variety of locations. [12]

Species interactions

As of 2016, 16 lichenicolous fungi have been documented parasitising species of the genus Candellariella. These are: Tremella candelariellae , Polysporina subfuscescens , Sarcogyne sphaeospora , Arthonia almquistii , Caloplaca grimmiae , Carbonea vitellinaria , Trichonectria furcatosetosa , Lichenochora arctica , Sarcopyrenia cylindrospora , Zwackhiomyces lecanorae , Phoma candelariellae , Henfellra muriformis , Ascochyta candelariellicola , Taeniolella delicata , Intralichen christiansenii , and Intralichen lichenicola . [13]

Species

Candelariella aggregata Candelariella aggregata - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Candelariella aggregata
Candelariella xanthostigma Candelariella xanthostigma G36.jpg
Candelariella xanthostigma

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  2. ↑ Name Search Results for Scientific Name Candelariella, USDA
  3. 1 2 Sharnoff, S. (2014). Field Guide to California Lichens. Yale University Press. p. 249. ISBN   978-0-300-19500-2.
  4. ↑ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (App. 1): 11, 47.
  5. 1 2 Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Vondrák, Jan; Ohmura, Yoshihito; Korchikov, Evgeny S.; Vondrákova, Olga S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2017). "Candelariella blastidiata sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Candelariaceae) from Eurasia and North America, and a key for grey thalli Candelariella". The Lichenologist. 49 (2): 117–126. Bibcode:2017ThLic..49..117Y. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000020.
  6. 1 2 Kalb, Klaus; Aptroot, André (2021). "New lichens from Africa" (PDF). Archive for Lichenology. 28: 1–12.
  7. 1 2 Halıcı, Mehmet Gökhan; Kahraman Yi̇ği̇T, Merve; Bölükbaşi, Ekrem; Güllü, Mithat (2023). "New record and new species of lichenized fungal genus Candelariella Müll. Arg. in Antarctica" (PDF). Polish Polar Research. 44 (1): 69–83. doi: 10.24425/ppr.2022.140370 .
  8. 1 2 Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2024). "Candelariella ahtii (Candelariaceae, Ascomycota) – a new species of lichen from Central and North-East Asia, and a key to 8-spored Candelariella". The Lichenologist. 56 (5): 287–300. Bibcode:2024ThLic..56..287Y. doi:10.1017/S0024282924000240.
  9. 1 2 3 van der Kolk, Henk-Jan; Westberg, Martin; Malíček, Jiří (2025). "Morphological and molecular data support the distinction of four sorediate corticolous Candelariella species in Europe". The Lichenologist. 57 (3–4): 144–165. Bibcode:2025ThLic..57..144V. doi: 10.1017/S0024282925101059 .
  10. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Farkas, E.; Upreti, D.K.; Thell, A.; Woo, J.-J.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2018). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 7" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 60 (1–2): 115–184. doi:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.8.
  11. 1 2 Liu, Dong; Wang, Lisong; Wang, Xin Yu; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2019). "Two new species of the genus Candelariella from China and Korea". Mycobiology. 47 (1): 40–49. Bibcode:2019Mycob..47...40L. doi:10.1080/12298093.2019.1583785. PMC   6452912 . PMID   31001449.
  12. 1 2 3 Westberg, M.; Nash, T.H. (2002). "Candelariella". In Nash, T.H.; Ryan, B.D.; Gries, C.; Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. 2. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. ISBN   978-0-9716759-0-2.
  13. ↑ Hawksworth, David L.; Halıcı, Mehmet Gökhan; Kocakaya, Zekiye; Kocakaya, Mustafa (2016). "Henfellra muriformis gen. et sp. nov., a new dictyosporous pycnidial fungus on Candelariella, with a key to the lichenicolous fungi known from that genus". Herzogia. 29 (2): 329–336. Bibcode:2016Herz...29..329H. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.329.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the 8-spored, lecanorine species". The Bryologist. 110 (3): 391–419. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[391:cciwus]2.0.co;2.
  15. ↑ Räsänen, V. (1939). "II. Contribucion a la flora liquenologica sudamericana". Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina. 128: 133–147.
  16. ↑ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2017). "A new species and new record of Candelariella (lichenized Ascomycota, Candelariaceae) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 81: 79–85.
  17. 1 2 Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the species with biatorine apothecia". The Bryologist. 110 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[365:cciwus]2.0.co;2.
  18. ↑ Khodosovtsev, A.; Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I. (2004). "Candelariella boikoi, a new lichen species from Eurasia". Graphis Scripta. 16: 11–15.
  19. ↑ Etayo, J.; Palice, Z.; Spribille, T. (2009). "Candelariella boleana, a new epiphytic species from southern and central Europe (Candelariaceae, Ascomycota)". Nova Hedwigia. 89 (3–4): 545–552. Bibcode:2009NovaH..89..545E. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0089-0545.
  20. ↑ Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the polysporous species". The Bryologist. 110 (3): 375–390. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[375:cciwus]2.0.co;2.
  21. ↑ Tripp, Erin A.; Lendemer, James C. (2015). "Erratum:Candelariella clarkii corrected to Candelariella clarkiae". The Bryologist. 118 (2): 240. doi:10.1639/bryo-118-02-240-240.1.
  22. ↑ Otte, V.; Yakovchenko, L.; Clerc, Ph.; Westberg, M. (2013). "Candelariella commutata sp. nov. for C. unilocularis auct. medioeur. – an arctic-alpine lichen on calcareous substrata from the Caucasus and Europe". Herzogia. 26 (2): 217–222. Bibcode:2013Herz...26..217O. doi:10.13158/heia.26.2.2013.217.
  23. 1 2 Westberg, Martin; Morse, Caleb A.; Wedin, Mats (2011). "Two new species of Candelariella and a key to the Candelariales (lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America". The Bryologist. 114 (2): 325–334. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.325.
  24. ↑ Harris, R.C.; Buck, W.R. (1978). "Lichens of the Mackinac Straits Region. II. Candelariella Mull. Arg". The Michigan Botanist. 17: 155–161.
  25. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Roux, C.; Upreti, D.K.; Schumm, F.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Farkas, E.; Park, J.S.; Lee, B.G.; Liu, D.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2017). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 6" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 59 (1–2): 137–260. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.7.
  26. ↑ Etayo, Javier; Sancho, Leopoldo G.; Gómez-Bolea, Antonio; Søchting, Ulrik; Aguirre, Fransisco; Rozzi, Ricardo (2021). "Catalogue of lichens (and some related fungi) of Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia. 49: 1–110 [29]. doi:10.22352/AIP202149013. hdl: 2445/183064 .
  27. ↑ Hakulinen, R. (1954). "Die Flechtengattung Candelariella Müller Argoviensis" [The lichen genus Candelariella Müller Argoviensis]. Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo" (in German). 27 (3): 100.
  28. ↑ Rogers, R.W. (1982). "Nomenclature of some Australian lichens described as Lecanora and Placodium by Müller-Argoviensis". Muelleria. 5 (1): 31–34. doi: 10.5962/p.184065 .
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