Cantharellus flavus

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Cantharellus flavus
Cantharellus flavus.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Cantharellaceae
Genus: Cantharellus
Species:
C. flavus
Binomial name
Cantharellus flavus
M.J. Foltz & T.J.Volk
Cantharellus flavus
Information icon.svg
Ridges icon.pngRidges on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgInfundibuliform cap icon.svg Cap is convex or infundibuliform
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is yellow
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Choice.pngEdibility is choice

Cantharellus flavus, also called the American golden chanterelle, Eastern yellow chanterelle or Midwestern yellow chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the genus Cantharellus . [1] [2] Found in North America, it was described in 2013 by Matthew Foltz and Tom Volk. [3] It is considered a choice mushroom. Its epithet flavus comes from the Latin word for "yellow", referring to this species' yellow spore print, stipe, false gills and cap. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

Initially, Cantharellus flavus, along with similar species were classified under the species name Cantharellus cibarius. [4] Since the description of this species in 2013, its validity as a distinct species has been questioned, due to the heterogeneity of its morphology and habitat, which overlaps with the distinguishing characteristics of other species, and only minor molecular differences. Therefore, it has been suggested that Cantharellus flavus is part of the Cantharellus tenuithrix species complex. [5] [6]

Description

The cap is convex when young, flattening out, and arching with age, developing a depressed center. When mature, it can be broadly infundibuliform. [1] It measures 2-10 cm wide and has a wavy, tucked in margin. The hyphae of the cap have long terminal cells that measure 85-95 by 4.5-5.5 μm, a characteristic shared with Cantharellus phasmatis and Cantharellus tenuithrix. The flesh is yellow, though it pales towards the end of the stipe, and with age. [7] The stipe measures 3-8 cm long and 5-20 mm broad and may be tapered towards the base. Applying KOH to the flesh intensifies its color. Clamp connections are found throughout the fungal tissue. [2]

The false gills are decurrent and forking, with rounded edges, and the spore print is yellow. The spores are oblong, transparent and smooth, measuring 8-11 x 4.5-6 μm. They do not change colour when mounted with iodine-based reagant (inamyloid). [7] The basidia measure 75-80 by 7-9 μm and have 4-6 sterigma. [2]

Ecology and Distribution

Cantharellus flavus prefers growing under oak, but can also grow under hardwoods, or a mixed stand of hardwoods and conifers. It is likely ectomycorrhizal with oak (Quercus spp.). It is found in well-drained soils, often on hillsides. It typically grows from July to September and can grow clustered, solitary, or scattered.

The distribution of this fungus is hard to tell, as previously it was classified, along with other species under the catch-all term Cantherellus cibarius. Its presence has been confirmed in Wisconsin, Tennessee, North Carolina and Texas, though it is presumed that it is common throughout eastern North America. [4]

It was categorised as "least concern" by the IUCN red list in 2021. [4]

Similar Species

Cantharellus flavus can be distinguished from similar species by its yellow rather than white or orange false gills and stipe and yellow rather than pink spore print. It can be distinguished from Cantharellus lateritius by its well developed false gills. [8]

Edibility

The taste is mild and slightly peppery and the odour is faintly of apricots. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chanterelle</span> Common name of several species of fungi

Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus. They are among the most popular of wild edible mushrooms. They are orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the lower surface, underneath the smooth cap, most species have rounded, forked folds that run almost all the way down the stipe, which tapers down seamlessly from the cap. Many species emit a fruity aroma, reminiscent of apricots, and often have a mildly peppery taste. The name chanterelle originates from the Greek kantharos meaning "tankard" or "cup", a reference to their general shape.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantharellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle, the Pacific golden chanterelle, the horn of plenty, and the trumpet chanterelle, are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale.

<i>Cantharellus</i> Genus of fungi

Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lamella (mycology)</span> Gills used by mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal

In mycology, a lamella, or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, Lactarius species typically seep latex from their gills.

<i>Craterellus</i> Genus of edible fungi

Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges.

<i>Craterellus cornucopioides</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus cornucopioides, or horn of plenty, is an edible mushroom. It is also known as the black chanterelle, black trumpet, trompette de la mort (French), trompeta de la mort (Catalan) or trumpet of the dead, djondjon (Haitian).

<i>Hydnum repandum</i> Species of edible fungus of the family Hydnaceae distributed in Europe

Hydnum repandum, commonly known as the sweet tooth, pig's trotter, wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it is the type species of the genus Hydnum. The fungus produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) that are characterized by their spore-bearing structures—in the form of spines rather than gills—which hang down from the underside of the cap. The cap is dry, colored yellow to light orange to brown, and often develops an irregular shape, especially when it has grown closely crowded with adjacent fruit bodies. The mushroom tissue is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

<i>Hygrocybe conica</i> Species of fungus

Hygrocybe conica is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. In the UK it has been given the recommended English name of blackening waxcap, since all parts of the basidiocarp blacken with age. In North America it is commonly known as the witch's hat, conical wax cap or conical slimy cap. Hygrocybe conica is known to be a complex of at least eleven closely related species and as such is widespread in Europe, North America, Asia, and elsewhere.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<i>Turbinellus floccosus</i> Species of fungus of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America

Turbinellus floccosus, commonly known as the scaly vase, or sometimes the shaggy, scaly, or woolly chanterelle, is a cantharelloid mushroom of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America. It was known as Gomphus floccosus until 2011, when it was found to be only distantly related to the genus's type species, G. clavatus. It was consequently transferred from Gomphus to Turbinellus. The orange-capped vase- or trumpet-shaped fruiting bodies may reach 30 cm (12 in) high and 30 cm (12 in) wide. The lower surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is pale buff or yellowish to whitish.

<i>Russula brevipes</i> Species of fungus

Russula brevipes is a species of mushroom commonly known as the short-stemmed russula or the stubby brittlegill. It is widespread in North America, and was reported from Pakistan in 2006. The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with trees from several genera, including fir, spruce, Douglas-fir, and hemlock. Fruit bodies are white and large, with convex to funnel-shaped caps measuring 7–30 cm (3–12 in) wide set atop a thick stipe up to 8 cm (3 in) long. The gills on the cap underside are closely spaced and sometimes have a faint bluish tint. Spores are roughly spherical, and have a network-like surface dotted with warts.

<i>Craterellus tubaeformis</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus tubaeformis is an edible fungus, also known as yellowfoot, winter mushroom, or funnel chanterelle. It is mycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with plants, making it very challenging to cultivate. It is smaller than the golden chanterelle and has a dark brown cap with paler gills and a hollow yellow stem. C. tubaeformis tastes stronger but less fruity than the golden chanterelle. It has a very distinctive smokey, peppery taste when raw. It grows in temperate and cold parts of Northern America and Europe, including Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, and the British Isles, as well as in the Himalayas in Asia, including Assam, in the central parts of the Indian subcontinent, and in Thailand.

<i>Polyozellus</i> Genus of fungus

Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery earthfans. Previously considered a monotypic genus, it now contains the Polyozellus multiplex species complex. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. It is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem.

<i>Polyozellus multiplex</i> Species of fungus

Polyozellus multiplex is a species complex of fungi first described in 1899. P. multiplex is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the purple chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. However, this mushroom is not closely related to true chanterelles. While this name used to refer to a group of species, it is now used to describe only one species that held onto the name P. multiplex. The fruiting bodies of this species are blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps, with veiny wrinkles on the underside which run down the length of the stem. P. multiplex was considered the monotypic species of the genus Polyozellus until recent molecular research divided the P. multiplex species complex into five species. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. The specific epithet multiplex means "in many pieces," referring to the compound nature of the fruiting body.

<i>Cantharellus lateritius</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the mushroom family Cantharellaceae. An ectomycorrhizal species, it is found in Asia, Africa, and North America. The species has a complex taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (hymenium) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known golden chanterelle, the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother. Chemical analysis has revealed the presence of several carotenoid compounds in the fruit bodies.

<i>Cantharellus formosus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus formosus, commonly known as the Pacific golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It was distinguished from the similar C. cibarius of Europe in the 1990s. It is orange to yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the underside of the smooth cap, it has gill-like ridges that run down onto its stipe, which tapers down seamlessly from the cap. The false gills often have a pinkish hue. It has a mild, sweet odor. It is solitary to gregarious in coniferous forests, fruiting from July to December.

<i>Cantharellus californicus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus californicus, also called the California golden chanterelle, mud puppy, or oak chanterelle, is a fungus native to California, United States. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is generally similar in appearance to C. cibarius and C. formosus except for its large size at maturity; individual specimens larger than 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), or greater, are reported, making it the largest known species of chanterelle. Their unusual size is due in part to their capacity for indeterminate growth, making Cantharellus californicus specimens actively grow for far longer than most other mushrooms. It became the official state mushroom of California in 2024.

<i>Hygrophorus purpurascens</i> Species of fungus

Hygrophorus purpurascens, commonly known as the purple-red waxy cap, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. Its cap has a pink background color with streaks of purplish red overlaid, and mature gills have red spots.

<i>Cantharellus phasmatis</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus phasmatis is a species of fungus in the genus Cantharellus. Found in North America, it was described as new to science in 2013.

<i>Cantharellus anzutake</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus anzutake, also known as Japanese golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to Japan and Korea. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is named after the Japanese common name of chanterelle, anzutake (杏茸).

References

  1. 1 2 Foltz, Matthew J. (August 2011). Systematics and molecular phylogeny of Cantharellus spp. in western Wisconsin (Master of Science in Biology thesis).
  2. 1 2 3 4 Foltz, Matthew J.; Perez, Kathryn E.; Volk, Thomas J. (2013). "Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal three new species of Cantharellus within 20 m of one another in western Wisconsin, USA". Mycologia. 105 (2): 447–461. ISSN   0027-5514.
  3. Foltz M, Perez KE, Volk T (2013). "Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveals three new species of Cantharellus within 20 meters of one another in western Wisconsin, USA". Mycologia. 105 (2): 447–461. doi:10.3852/12-181. PMID   23080022. S2CID   2218602.
  4. 1 2 3 IUCN (2021-03-19). Cantharellus flavus: Siegel, N.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T198623052A198623972 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-2.rlts.t198623052a198623972.en.
  5. Buyck, Bart; Hofstetter, Valérie; Olariaga, Ibai (September 2016). "Setting the Record Straight on North American Cantharellus". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 37 (3): 405–417. doi:10.7872/crym/v37.iss3.2016.405. ISSN   0181-1584.
  6. Swenie, Rachel A.; Matheny, P. Brandon (2023-01-02). "New reports, new species, and high diversity of Cantharellus in the southern Appalachians". Mycologia. 115 (1): 44–68. doi:10.1080/00275514.2022.2141558. ISSN   0027-5514.
  7. 1 2 3 Baroni, Timothy J. (2017). Mushrooms of the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 453. ISBN   9781604696349.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. "Three new chanterelle mushrooms discovered in the Midwest | U-M LSA University of Michigan Herbarium". lsa.umich.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-03.