Cantharellus cibarius

Last updated
Cantharellus cibarius
Chanterelle Cantharellus cibarius.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Cantharellaceae
Genus: Cantharellus
Species:
C. cibarius
Binomial name
Cantharellus cibarius
Fr. (1821)
Synonyms
Species synonymy [1]
  • Agaricus cantharellus L. (1753)
  • Merulius cantharellus(L.) Scop. (1772)
  • Cantharellus vulgaris Gray (1821)
  • Merulius cibarius(Fr.) Westend. (1857)
  • Cantharellus rufipes Gillet (1878)
  • Cantharellus cibarius var. amethysteus Quél. (1883)
  • Cantharellus cibarius var. rufipes(Gillet) Cooke (1883)
  • Cantharellus amethysteus(Quél.) Sacc. (1887)
  • Craterellus amethysteus(Quél.) Quél. (1888)
  • Craterellus cibarius(Fr.) Quél. (1888)
  • Merulius amethysteus(Quél.) Kuntze (1891)
  • Alectorolophoides cibarius(Fr.) Earle (1909)
  • Chanterel cantharellus(L.) Murrill (1910)
  • Cantharellus edulisSacc. (1916)
  • Cantharellus pallens Pilát (1959)
  • Cantharellus cibarius var. amethysteus(Quél.) Cetto (1987)
Cantharellus cibarius
Information icon.svg
Ridges icon.pngRidges on hymenium
Infundibuliform cap icon.svg Cap is infundibuliform
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is yellow to cream
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Choice.pngEdibility is choice

Cantharellus cibarius (Latin: cantharellus, "chanterelle"; cibarius, "culinary") [2] is the golden chanterelle, the type species of the chanterelle genus Cantharellus . It is also known as girolle (or girole). [3] [4]

Contents

Despite its characteristic features, it is often confused with the poisonous jack'o'lantern, Omphalotus illudens , and the false chanterelle, Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca . The golden chanterelle is a commonly consumed and choice edible species.

Taxonomy

At one time, all yellow or golden chanterelles in North America had been classified as Cantharellus cibarius. Using DNA analysis, they have since been shown to be a group of related species known as the Cantharellus cibarius group or species complex, with C. cibarius sensu stricto restricted to Europe. [5] [6] [7] In 1997, the Pacific golden chanterelle ( C. formosus ) and C. cibarius var. roseocanus were identified, [8] followed by C. cascadensis in 2003 [9] and C. californicus in 2008. [10] In 2018, an Asian species belonging to the C. cibarius complex has been described and sequenced, C. anzutake, recorded in Japan and Korea. [11]

Description

The mushroom is easy to detect and recognize in nature. [3] The body is 3–10 centimetres (1–4 inches) wide and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) tall. The color varies from yellow to dark yellow. [3] [12] Red spots will appear on the cap of the mushroom if it is damaged. [13] Chanterelles have a faint aroma and flavor of apricots. [3] [12]

Similar species

The species can resemble the dangerously poisonous Omphalotus illudens . [14]

Distribution and habitat

The species grows in Europe from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Basin, mainly in deciduous and coniferous forests. [3] [12] [5] [6]

Uses

A commonly eaten and favored mushroom, the chanterelle is typically harvested from late summer to late fall in its European distribution. [3]

Chanterelles are used in many culinary dishes, [3] [12] and can be preserved by either drying or freezing. The use of an oven for drying is not recommended because it can make the mushroom bitter. [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chanterelle</span> Common name of several species of fungi

Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus. They are orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the lower surface, most species have rounded, forked folds that run almost all the way down the stipe, which tapers down from the cap. Many species emit a fruity aroma and often have a mildly peppery taste.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantharellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle, the Pacific golden chanterelle, the horn of plenty, and the trumpet chanterelle, are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale.

<i>Cantharellus</i> Genus of fungi

Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.

<i>Omphalotus olearius</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus olearius, commonly known as the jack-o'-lantern mushroom, is a poisonous orange gilled mushroom that to an untrained eye appears similar to some chanterelles. It is notable for its bioluminescent properties. It is found in woodland areas in Europe, where it grows on decaying stumps, on buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees. It has also been reported from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. A similar, but phylogenetically distinct species found in eastern North America is Omphalotus illudens.

<i>Omphalotus illudens</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus illudens, commonly known as the eastern jack-o'lantern mushroom, is a large, orange mushroom that is often found in clumps on decaying stumps, buried roots, or at the base of hardwood trees in eastern North America. Its gills often exhibit a weak green bioluminescence when fresh. This green glow has been mentioned in several journal articles, which state that the phenomenon can persist up to 40–50 hours after the mushroom has been picked. It is believed that this display serves to attract insects to the mushroom's gills during nighttime, which can then distribute its spores across a wider area.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<i>Omphalotus</i> Genus of fungi

Omphalotus is a genus of basidiomycete mushroom, in the family Omphalotaceae, formally circumscribed by Victor Fayod in 1889. Members have the traditional cap and stem structure. They are saprobic, and fruit in clumps on the ground, adjacent to host trees. The best known and type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius). Species of Omphalotus have been mistaken for chanterelles. All Omphalotus species are presumed poisonous, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. Some Omphalotus species have bioluminescent properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Arora</span> American mycologist

David Arora is an American mycologist, naturalist, and writer. He is the author of two popular books on mushroom identification, Mushrooms Demystified and All That the Rain Promises and More....

Golden chanterelle is the common name for several fungi species; golden chanterelle may refer to:

<i>Craterellus tubaeformis</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus tubaeformis is an edible fungus, also known as yellowfoot, winter mushroom, or funnel chanterelle. It was reclassified from Cantharellus, which has been supported by molecular phylogenetics.

<i>Cantharellus lateritius</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the mushroom family Cantharellaceae. The species has a complex taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (hymenium) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known golden chanterelle, the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother.

<i>Cantharellus formosus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus formosus, commonly known as the Pacific golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It was distinguished from C. cibarius in the 1990s. It is orange to yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the underside of the smooth cap, it has gill-like ridges that run down onto its stipe, which tapers down from the cap. The false gills often have a pinkish hue. It has a mild, sweet odor.

<i>Cantharellus subalbidus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus subalbidus, the white chanterelle, is a fungus native to western North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is similar in appearance to other chanterelles except for its cream to white color and orange bruising.

<i>Cantharellus californicus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus californicus, also called the California golden chanterelle, mud puppy, or oak chanterelle, is a fungus native to California, United States. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is generally similar in appearance to C. cibarius and C. formosus except for its large size at maturity.

<i>Cantharellus cascadensis</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus cascadensis, the Cascade chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is considered a choice edible mushroom.

<i>Omphalotus olivascens</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus olivascens, commonly known as the western jack-o'-lantern mushroom, is an orange to brown-colored gilled poisonous mushroom endemic to the California Floristic Province. It is sometimes mistaken for chanterelles.

<i>Cantharellus flavus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus flavus, also called the American golden chanterelle, Eastern yellow chanterelle or Midwestern yellow chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the genus Cantharellus. Found in North America, it is an edible mushroom.

<i>Cantharellus roseocanus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus roseocanus, commonly known as the rainbow chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Cantharellaceae. Found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, it was originally described in 1997 as a variety of Cantharellus cibarius, and later promoted to distinct species status in 2012.

<i>Cantharellus enelensis</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus enelensis is one of several species of chanterelle native to North America, discovered in 2017 as a new member of the C. cibarius complex. It forms mycorrhizal relationships and is an edible mushroom.

<i>Cantharellus anzutake</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus anzutake, also known as Japanese golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to Japan and Korea. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is named after the Japanese common name of chanterelle, anzutake (杏茸).

References

  1. "Cantharellus cibarius Fr. 1821". MycoBank. International Mycological Association.
  2. "cibarius - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Cantharellus cibarius Fr. - Chanterelle". First Nature. 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  4. "Golden chanterelle (girolle)". Missouri Department of Conservation. 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  5. 1 2 Kuo, Michael. "Cantharellus 'cibarius'". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  6. 1 2 Buyck, Bart; Hofstetter, Valérie; Olariaga, Ibai (September 2016). "Setting the Record Straight on North American Cantharellus". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 37 (3): 405–417. doi:10.7872/crym/v37.iss3.2016.405. S2CID   89596664.
  7. Thorn, R. Greg; Kim, Jee In; Lebeuf, Renée; Voitk, Andrus (June 2017). "The golden chanterelles of Newfoundland and Labrador: a new species, a new record for North America, and a lost species rediscovered" (PDF). Botany. 95 (6): 547–560. doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  8. Redhead, S.A.; Norvell, L.L.; Danell, E. (1997). "Cantharellus formosus and the Pacific Golden Chanterelle harvest in Western North America". Mycotaxon . 65: 285–322.
  9. Dunham, S.M.; O'Dell, T.E.; Molina, R. (2003). "Analysis of nrDNA sequences and microsatellite allele frequencies reveals a cryptic chanterelle species Cantharellus cascadensis sp. nov. from the American Pacific Northwest". Mycological Research. 107 (10): 1163–77. doi:10.1017/s0953756203008475. PMID   14635765.
  10. Arora, D.; Dunham, S.M. (2008). "A new, commercially valuable chanterelle species, Cantharellus californicus sp. nov., associated with live oak in California, USA" (PDF). Economic Botany. 62 (3): 376–91. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9042-7. S2CID   19220345. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  11. Buyck, Bart; Hofstetter, Valérie; Ryoo, Rhim; Ka, Kang-Hyeon; Antonín, Vladimír (2020-12-22). "New Cantharellus species from South Korea". MycoKeys. 76: 31–47. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.76.58179 . ISSN   1314-4049. PMC   7772287 . PMID   33384572.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Dyson Forbes (13 April 2017). "Learn about chanterelle mushrooms". Forbes Wild Foods. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  13. "Cantharellus 'cibarius'". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  14. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 248. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.