Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca

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Contents

False chanterelle
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 241718.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Hygrophoropsidaceae
Genus: Hygrophoropsis
Species:
H. aurantiaca
Binomial name
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
(Wulfen) Maire (1921)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus aurantiacusWulfen (1781)
  • Merulius aurantiacus(Wulfen) J.F.Gmel. (1792)
  • Cantharellus aurantiacus Krombh. (1841)
  • Clitocybe aurantiaca(Wulfen) Stud.-Steinh. (1900)
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Depressed cap icon.svgInfundibuliform cap icon.svg Cap is depressed or infundibuliform
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white to cream
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Caution.pngEdibility is not recommended

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm (3+1⁄8 in) across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

Austrian naturalist Franz Xaver von Wulfen described the false chanterelle in 1781, noting both its resemblance with the true chanterelles and people's propensity to confuse them. The false chanterelle was then placed in the genus Clitocybe , but it was later observed that its forked gills and dextrinoid spores indicated a relationship to Paxillus . Genetic analysis has confirmed that it belongs to the order Boletales and is more closely related to boletes.

Taxonomy

Austrian naturalist Franz Xaver von Wulfen described the false chanterelle as Agaricus aurantiacus in 1781, reporting that it appeared in the fir tree forests around Klagenfurt in October. He added that it could be confused with the chanterelle by the inexperienced, but that its true nature was very different; in contrast to its edible lookalike, he described it as "kind of pernicious". [2] The specific epithet is the Latin word aurantiacus, meaning "orange". [3] James Sowerby illustrated it and gave it the name Agaricus subcantharellus, describing it as a "perhaps unfavourable" variety of A. cantharellus (chanterelle). [4] The fungus was placed in the genus Merulius by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1792, [5] and then Cantharellus by Elias Fries in 1821. [6] Bernhard Studer-Steinhäuslin concluded it could only be classified in the genus Clitocybe in 1900, based on its white spores, decurrent gills and lack of a ring. [7] It was elevated to the status of genus in Emile Martin-Sans' 1929 publication L'Empoisonnement par les champignons et particulièrement les intoxications dues aux Agaricacées du groupe des Clitocybe et du groupe des Cortinarius, with authorship attributed to René Maire. Martin-Sans concurred with Maire's assessment of Hygrophoropsis, suggesting that it represented a form intermediate between Cantharellus and Clitocybe, and was thus worthy of generic ranking. [8] The genus name refers to a resemblance to the genus Hygrophorus . [3] It is commonly known as the false chanterelle. [9]

James Sowerby's 1809 illustration of Agaricus subcantharellus Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 413.jpg
James Sowerby's 1809 illustration of Agaricus subcantharellus

Two varieties described by Derek Reid in 1972, H. aurantiaca var. macrospora and H. aurantiaca var. rufa, [10] have since been promoted to distinct species status as H. macrospora (1996) [11] and H. rufa (2008). [12] Two other varieties of the fungus have been described, but they are not considered to have independent taxonomic significance by Index Fungorum: [13] var. nana (Singer 1946), characterized by a small fruit body; [14] and var. robusta (Antonín 2000), characterized by a robust fruit body and an odour similar to Maggi seasoning sauce. [15] Pale forms of the fungus are sometimes referred to as var. pallida. This taxon was first published by Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi in 1953, [16] but later considered invalid as it did not conform to nomenclatural rules. [17] Variety nigripes, a taxon with a black-brown stipe, is invalid for similar reasons. [18] H. aurantiaca var. pallida was published validly in 1995. [19]

In 1979, Egon Horak suggested that H. aurantiaca and the New Zealand taxon H. coacta were the same species, [20] but neither Index Fungorum nor MycoBank accept this synonymy. According to MycoBank, H. aurantiaca has several heterotypic synonyms, i.e. different types but considered the same species: [1]

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca has been confused with the true chanterelles (genus Cantharellus) because of overall similarities in appearance. [2] However, the forked gills, frequently off-centre stipe placement, and dextrinoid spores of H. aurantiaca suggested a relationship with Paxillus , [25] prompting Rolf Singer to classify the genus Hygrophoropsis in the family Paxillaceae in 1946. [14] Several pigments have been identified from the fungus, including the orange variegatic acid, methyl variegate, the red variegatorubin, and several derivatives of pulvinic acid. [26] The presence of these pigments suggests a chemotaxic relationship with the Boletaceae, Coniophoraceae, and Paxillaceae – families of Boletales with members that have similar compounds. [27] [28] Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed its affinity lay in the order Boletales in 1997, [29] though later research showed it is not closely related to Paxillus or other gilled members of the order. [30]

Description

Underside of cap showing orange, forked gills and inrolled rim Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 52882.jpg
Underside of cap showing orange, forked gills and inrolled rim

The false chanterelle has a golden-orange cap ranging from 2–10 cm (3⁄4–3+7⁄8 in) in diameter, [31] initially convex but becoming funnel-shaped as the mushroom matures. The cap margin, which remains rolled in a little, [32] becomes wavy or lobed in age. [33] The cap surface is covered with a fine down. The decurrent gill-like structures are narrow and forked, which is a distinctive and distinguishing feature. They are generally a more intense shade of orange than the cap. [32] Along the stipe, the gills may be slightly crimped. [33] The orange stipe is 2–8 cm (3⁄4–3+1⁄8 in) high and 0.5–1 cm (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) thick, and lacks a ring. [34] [31] It often has a darker, brownish, base. [33] The ability to form sclerotia (compact masses of hardened fungal mycelium) has been documented for H. aurantiaca in laboratory studies. These structures contain glycogen and protein that may be used as food reserves during spore germination. [35]

The soft, thin flesh ranges from white to yellowish [36] to golden-orange. [34] It has an odour and taste described variously as indistinct, [37] or unpleasant and earthy. [36] The spore print is white to cream. [25] The oval spores are 5.5–7 by 4–4.5  micrometres (µm), [34] with walls that tend to thicken in age. [38] The spores are cyanophilous, meaning they will readily stain dark blue in methyl blue solution. [39] Staining with Melzer's reagent often produces a dextrinoid (reddish-brown) colour reaction. [25] Basidia (spore-bearing cells) measure 25–40 by 5–8 µm, [33] and can be two-, three-, or four-spored. [38] Cystidia (large sterile cells on the hymenium) are absent. [38] The cap cuticle is in the form of a trichoderm, where the outermost hyphae are roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. These hyphae are 4–15 µm in diameter, [33] and contain intracellular pigments that impart an orange-brown to yellow-brown colouring to the cells. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae. [38]

Teratological (developmentally abnormal) forms of H. aurantiaca have been reported to occur in the United Kingdom. The fruit bodies of these specimens were club-shaped with a wrinkled upper surface of convoluted gill tissue. The overall morphology of these forms somewhat resembles species of Clavariadelphus . Although the cause of this abnormal development is not known with certainty, environmental pollutants or virus infection have been suggested as contributing factors. [40]

Similar species

2007-07-14 Cantharellus cibarius2.jpg
2007-08-05 Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 1018098506.jpg
Chrysomphalina chrysophylla 419148.jpg
2008-10-19 Hygrophoropsis morganii (Peck) H.E. Bigelow 25987 mod.jpg
Lookalike species. Clockwise from upper left: Cantharellus cibarius , Omphalotus illudens , Aphroditeola olida , Chrysomphalina chrysophylla .

Characteristics typically used in the field to distinguish Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca from lookalike species include: the soft, dry consistency of its cap; the crowded, decurrent, and forked gills that are saffron to orange coloured; and the lack of any distinctive taste or odour. [38] The false chanterelle can be distinguished from the true chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) by its deeper orange colour, brown base to the stipe, velvety cap surface, forked gills rather than gill-like ridges, softer (and thinner) flesh, and lack of the characteristic apricot-smell. [41] The cap surface of Hygrophoropsis fuscosquamula , found in Britain, has fine brown scales overlaying a dull orange background. [33] H. rufa has velvety brown fur covering its cap, while H. macrospora has cream gills and stipe. Microscopically, these three species have larger spores than H. aurantiaca. [32] H. tapinia , found in a range extending from southern Florida to Central America, [42] is set apart from H. aurantiaca by its growth on or under deciduous trees (never conifers), and smaller spores, which measure 3.3–4.8 by 2.5–3.3 µm. [14]

Formerly a member of Hygrophoropsis, Aphroditeola olida is also similar in appearance to H. aurantiaca but can be distinguished from the false chanterelle by its smaller, pinkish fruit bodies and candy-like odour. [43] It also has smaller spores. [32] Chrysomphalina chrysophylla has a yellowish brown cap and unforked yellow gills. [37] Cortinarius hesleri , an eastern North American species that associates with oaks, has a rusty brown spore print and a cortina in young specimens. [44] The poisonous jack-o'-lantern mushrooms (genus Omphalotus) comprise another group of lookalikes; however, they have straight, non-forked true gills. [45] The European wood-rotting species Haasiella splendidissima , [nb 1] sometimes confused with H. aurantiaca, is most readily distinguished from the latter by its pink spore print and gills that do not fork. [36]

Distribution, habitat, and ecology

Collection from Pennsylvania Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 562212.jpg
Collection from Pennsylvania

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca is a widely distributed species. In Europe and North America, it is found in both hardwood and conifer forests, as well as heathland, in summer and autumn. [47] In Mexico, it is common in coniferous forests. [48] It fruits from the ground or from decaying wood, [47] on burned areas in forests, [38] and is often found near fallen trees and tree stumps. [49] The fungus can also grow on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping, and so it also appears on roadsides and other locations where this material is used. [43] Fruit bodies occur singly to scattered, or in clusters, [37] and can be very abundant. [34] Generally considered a dry weather mushroom, it can be plentiful when other mushrooms are scarce. [38] Other locations where the false chanterelle has been recorded include Central and South America, northern Asia, Australia and New Zealand. [43] Populations in California represent a complex of undescribed species that are collectively referred to as Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca sensu lato . [37]

A saprophytic fungus, H. aurantiaca obtains nutrients from forest litter and decomposing wood, [44] causing a brown rot on the wood upon which it grows. [50]

H. aurantiaca secretes large amounts of oxalic acid, a reducing agent and relatively strong acid. This stimulates weathering of the humus layer of forest soil, and influences the solubility and turnover of nutrients (particularly phosphorus and nitrogen), which in turn affects their availability for use by forest trees. [50]

Edibility

The false chanterelle is considered poisonous, and may cause serious digestive problems. [47] [51] Among other toxins, it contains high levels of the sugar alcohol arabitol. [52] The mushroom was sometimes described as edible (though not tasty) until 1999. [25] [33] [53] Fries described it as venenatus, meaning "poisonous", in 1821. [6] Considering the species edible, David Arora speculated that it may have been confused with similar-looking but definitely poisonous species of Omphalotus . [25] Italian mycologist Nicola Sitta has reported that the one attributed case of poisoning he knew of could be attributed to an idiosyncratic reaction as only one of three people eating it got symptoms, and concludes that it is harmless; it is eaten in Spain and France, and can legally be sold in France and Belgium. It is not recommended in Italy due to its similarity to poisonous species. [54] It is eaten, though not highly regarded, by the Zapotec people of Ixtlán de Juárez in Oaxaca. [55] The Tepehuán people of northwestern Mexico also occasionally eat the mushroom, which they refer to in their native language as guin'xacan ("delightful") or kia's gio' ("iguana lard"); there, it is commonly prepared by roasting over charcoal, or boiling and garnishing with cheese. [56]

Notes

  1. ↑ This taxon is given in the original source as Haasiella venustissima; molecular analysis published in 2012 indicates that this is the same species as H. splendidissima. [46]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chanterelle</span> Common name of several species of fungi

Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus. They are orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the lower surface, most species have rounded, forked folds that run almost all the way down the stipe, which tapers down from the cap. Many species emit a fruity aroma and often have a mildly peppery taste.

<i>Cantharellus</i> Genus of fungi

Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lamella (mycology)</span> Gills used by mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal

In mycology, a lamella, or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, Lactarius species typically seep latex from their gills.

<i>Craterellus</i> Genus of edible fungi

Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges.

<i>Entoloma sinuatum</i> Species of poisonous fungus in the family Entolomataceae found across Europe and North America

Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.

<i>Tapinella atrotomentosa</i> Species of fungus

Tapinella atrotomentosa, commonly known as the velvet roll-rim or velvet-footed pax, is a species of fungus in the family Tapinellaceae. Although it has gills, it is a member of the pored mushroom order Boletales. August Batsch described the species in 1783. It has been recorded from Asia, Central America, Europe and North America. Tough and inedible, it grows on tree stumps of conifers. The mushroom contains several compounds that act as deterrents of feeding by insects.

<i>Clitocybe nebularis</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause gastrointestinal issues.

<i>Turbinellus floccosus</i> Species of fungus of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America

Turbinellus floccosus, commonly known as the scaly vase, or sometimes the shaggy, scaly, or woolly chanterelle, is a cantharelloid mushroom of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America. It was known as Gomphus floccosus until 2011, when it was found to be only distantly related to the genus's type species, G. clavatus. It was consequently transferred from Gomphus to Turbinellus. The orange-capped vase- or trumpet-shaped fruiting bodies may reach 30 cm (12 in) high and 30 cm (12 in) wide. The lower surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is pale buff or yellowish to whitish.

<i>Polyozellus</i> Genus of fungus

Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery earthfans. Previously considered a monotypic genus, it now contains the Polyozellus multiplex species complex. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. It is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem.

<i>Hygrophoropsis</i> Genus of fungi

Hygrophoropsis is a genus of gilled fungi in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It was circumscribed in 1888 to contain the type species, H. aurantiaca, a widespread fungus that, based on its appearance, has been affiliated with Cantharellus, Clitocybe, and Paxillus. Modern molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the genus belongs to the suborder Coniophorineae of the order Boletales.

<i>Cantharellus lateritius</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the mushroom family Cantharellaceae. The species has a complex taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (hymenium) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known golden chanterelle, the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother.

<i>Cantharellus formosus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus formosus, commonly known as the Pacific golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It was distinguished from C. cibarius in the 1990s. It is orange to yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the underside of the smooth cap, it has gill-like ridges that run down onto its stipe, which tapers down from the cap. The false gills often have a pinkish hue. It has a mild, sweet odor.

<i>Cantharellus subalbidus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus subalbidus, the white chanterelle, is a fungus native to western North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is similar in appearance to other chanterelles except for its cream to white color and orange bruising.

<i>Cantharellus californicus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus californicus, also called the California golden chanterelle, mud puppy, or oak chanterelle, is a fungus native to California, United States. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is generally similar in appearance to C. cibarius and C. formosus except for its large size at maturity.

<i>Infundibulicybe geotropa</i> Species of fungus

Infundibulicybe geotropa, also known as the trooping funnel or monk's head, is a funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in Europe and in North America. A large sturdy cream- or buff-coloured funnel-shaped mushroom, it grows in mixed woodlands, often in troops or fairy rings, one of which is over half a mile wide. Although edible, it could be confused with some poisonous species of similar colouration and size.

<i>Tapinella panuoides</i> Species of fungus

Tapinella panuoides, also known as oyster rollrim, and as fan pax from its former binomial Paxillus panuoides, is a fungus species in the genus Tapinella.

<i>Cantharellus flavus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus flavus, also called the American golden chanterelle, Eastern yellow chanterelle or Midwestern yellow chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the genus Cantharellus. Found in North America, it is an edible mushroom.

<i>Aphroditeola</i> Genus of fungi

Aphroditeola is an agaric fungal monotypic genus that produces pink cantharelloid fruit bodies on coniferous forest floors. The lamellae are forked and typically the fruit bodies have a fragrant odor described as candy-like, cinnamon-like or pink bubble gum-like.

<i>Hygrophoropsis macrospora</i> Species of fungus

Hygrophoropsis macrospora is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found in Europe and North America.

<i>Hygrophoropsis rufa</i> Species of fungus

Hygrophoropsis rufa is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found in Europe, where it grows on woodchips or near conifer stumps.

References

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