Catechumen (video game)

Last updated

Catechumen
Catechumen cover.jpg
Developer(s) N'Lightning Software Development
Publisher(s) N'Lightning Software Development
Producer(s) Ralph Bagley
Designer(s)
  • Kristopher Horton
  • Chris Perkins
Programmer(s) Kristopher Horton
Artist(s) Andy Anderson
Engine Genesis3D
Platform(s) Windows
ReleaseOctober 1, 2000
Genre(s) First-person shooter
Mode(s) Single-player

Catechumen is a 2000 first-person shooter game with Christian themes developed and published by N'Lightning Software Development. Set during the time of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, the player controls a catechumen, a novice Christian being trained before taking part in secret gatherings. Traversing eighteen levels, they seek to free their mentor and fellow Christians from captivity. The player uses the eight Swords of the Spirit to defeat demons and convert possessed Roman soldiers to Christianity. Faith stands in as the character's health.

Contents

Ralph Bagley, N'Lightning's founder and chief executive officer, conceived Catechumen in 1996 because he had mixed feelings about playing Doom and Quake as a licensed minister. He was unable to obtain funding until the Columbine High School massacre in April 1999, which was partially blamed on violent video games. That month, Bagley established N'Lightning, raised US$1 million, and hired staff from the recently defunct Trilobyte to form the core design team. Thirty people worked on the game, which cost $850,000 to make. After eighteen months in development, Catechumen was released in October 2000.

Catechumen received mixed reviews, with praise for its fast-paced action and differing opinions about its story and audiovisual presentation. Its levels, puzzles, and artificial intelligence were widely criticized. The game sold 86,000 copies and was followed by a successor, Ominous Horizons: A Paladin's Calling , in 2001. Both games were among the most expensive and bestselling Christian video games. N'Lightning planned to branch out into console games but did not break even and eventually shut down without further releases.

Gameplay

The player's Swords of the Spirit fire energy beams to defeat demons. Catechumen Gameplay Image.png
The player's Swords of the Spirit fire energy beams to defeat demons.

Catechumen is a first-person shooter set in the year 171, during the time of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. The player assumes the role of a catechumen, a novice Christian undergoing training with a mentor for one year before being granted access to secret meetings. Before their training could be completed, their mentor and brethren were captured by the Romans, so the catechumen seeks to free them. The player traverses eighteen levels, facing possessed Roman soldiers and various demons as enemies. [1] [2] As the game progresses, angels grant the catechumen eight Swords of the Spirit to use as weapons. [1] Each sword has a different strength and effectiveness against certain enemies. They shoot energy beams that defeat demons and convert Roman soldiers to Christianity, who then kneel down and start to pray. [1] [2]

The catechumen's faith decreases when enemies inflict damage, analogous to health. It can be increased by collecting scrolls of scripture, while the Armor of God pickup provides additional protection. The game ends when the player loses all faith. [2] Some levels require the player to solve puzzles to proceed, such as finding keys, pushing buttons or levers, turning valves, and rearranging boxes. [1] [2] Satan is the final boss. [2] There are five difficulty settings—"Fledgling", "Easy", "Normal", "Hard", and "Impossible"—and beating the game on the highest setting unlocks the secret "Hall of Fame" area. [2] [3]

Development and release

Catechumen was the debut game of N'Lightning Software Development, a studio focused on Christian video games and based in Medford, Oregon. [4] The company's founder and chief executive officer, Ralph D. Bagley, was a licensed minister at the Church of God in Christ in Medford. [5] [6] He also was the publisher of The Christian Quarterly, a small newspaper in the Western United States. [7] Bagley had been a fan of video games since Pong and Pac-Man but had mixed feelings about coming home from church to play "nastier" games like Doom and Quake . [8] [9] Seeing the recently increased popularity of Christian music, he believed there was a potential market for Christian games "that match the excitement of secular games while promoting Christian values –without the violent or sexually explicit content". [10] [11]

In 1996, Bagley pitched his idea for what would become Catechumen to six investors, both Christian and secular, but was turned down by all of them. [8] [10] However, after the Columbine High School massacre occurred in April 1999, its perpetrators were found to have been obsessed with violent games like Doom and Quake, which caused those games to be partially blamed for the shooting. [10] [12] In the wake of these events, two investors returned Bagley's calls. [8] [13] He raised nearly US$1 million from private investors, including an attendee of his church. [8] [14] He noted that a large budget was necessary because underfunded Christian games tended to turn out "cheesy". [15] At the same time, Trilobyte, a local game studio that had developed The 7th Guest and The 11th Hour , had recently closed and laid off its staff. Bagley consequently established N'Lightning in April 1999 and hired several of them to form the core design team. [13] [16] The development of Catechumen began immediately and took eighteen months. [13]

Bagley sought a game that he would want to play, having previously enjoyed the Christian games The War in Heaven and Saints of Virtue . [13] He ruled out a nonviolent video game, focusing instead on spiritual warfare. [8] Initially aimed solely at other Christians, the game was later designed for a wider audience by not being "preachy" about its biblical themes and texts. [13] Around thirty people worked on the game, with Andy Anderson as lead artist, Chris Perkins as lead level designer, and Kristopher Horton as lead programmer and lead game designer. [14] [17] On several occasions, the core team of eleven developers worked sixteen hours per day. [18] The team used the Genesis3D engine, which cost $10,000 to license as closed-source software. [3] The development cost $850,000 in total. [13] [19]

Catechumen was announced on July 18, 2000. [20] The name had been chosen from a number of possible titles because it made people question its meaning. [21] It was marketed through advertisements in game magazines like PC Gamer and Computer Gaming World , inclusions on cover disks, and a three-level demo available on the game's website. [13] [22] The game was released for Windows on October 1, 2000. [23] [24] A Mac OS version was discussed. [25] Catechumen was initially sold only via N'Lightning's website and through Christian bookstores. [2] [19] FindEx, a software distributor with a focus on Christian media, was tasked with shipping it to store chains like CompUSA, Wal-Mart, and Babbage's. [13] [14] CenturionSoft brought the game to 450 Babbage's locations and the Amazon.com online store in March 2001. [16] [26]

Reception

Catechumen received mixed reviews, according to the review aggregator website GameRankings, which calculated a weighted average rating of 53% based on ten critic reviews. [27] Michael Lafferty of GameZone called the storyline "refreshing" for drawing from existing legends instead of inventing something entirely new. [30] Conversely, GameRevolution 's Johnny Liu found the story to be "more boring than Sunday school". [29] CNET Gamecenter 's Colin Williamson lauded the game's pacing, saying it was "ridiculously fast, making even Doom seem lethargic in comparison". [28]

A.S. Berman, in his review for USA Today , reported the game as a satisfying adrenaline rush, and he praised the environments as being "exquisitely rendered". [31] Randy Sluganski of Just Adventure said the graphics were less advanced than peers like Quake and Unreal but praised the use of vibrant colors, dynamic lighting, and volumetric fog. [1] Games Domain 's Bruce Pulver criticized the visuals only for often being too dark, such that important elements were not visible. [2] Williamson regarded the lighting as poor overall, oscillating between too dark and "over-saturated disco colors". [28] Liu cited blurry textures, some lackluster animations, and poorly executed illusions for outdoor areas. [29] Ryan Reynolds wrote for the Evansville Courier & Press that the game exhibited some visible shortcomings, such as enemy limbs clipping through walls. [32]

Sluganski described the music as "easy on the ears", being slightly better than that in other shooters. [1] In contrast, Pulver felt that the audio was the game's weakest element, with some music tracks seeming out of place, demons sounding "more annoying than frightening", and angel dialog being difficult to hear due to ambient sounds. [2] Liu faulted simplistic level designs, which Williamson labeled "cramped and claustrophobic". [28] [29] He regarded the gameplay as irritating and the environments "snore-worthy", also lambasting the artificial intelligence. [28] Liu deplored the limited interactivity, while Sluganski regarded unoriginal puzzles as the game's "major downside". [1] [29] He felt that the game was too easy as the abundance of scrolls meant he rarely faced death. [33] Williamson mourned the lack of a multiplayer mode, and Pulver bemoaned the inability to use stealth to avoid enemies. [2] [28]

Catechumen sold 20,000 copies within weeks of its wider retail release and 86,000 units by August 2006. [34] [35] Major markets were Australia, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [10] Bagley said he received encouraging emails from parents 25–30 times per day. [13]

Legacy

As Catechumen featured no multiplayer, N'Lightning had begun developing a multiplayer game by August 2000. [21] The company later created another single-player first-person shooter, Ominous Horizons: A Paladin's Calling . [3] It was in development by March 2001 and released in September with CenturionSoft as the distributor. [16] [26] The game cost $1.6 million to produce, making it the most expensive Christian game. [3] [36] By July 2005, it had sold 50,000 copies. [11] Catechumen and Ominous Horizons were among the bestselling Christian games of all time, and N'Lightning's sales increased yearly. [4] [5] Despite this, the company remained an obscure name in the video game industry and did not break even. [37] [38] N'Lightning later sought to develop a console game, having licensed a game engine for $500,000. Bagley estimated the development would cost between $2.5 million and $4 million, plus a marketing budget 150% of that. [8] In January 2005, he founded the Christian Game Developers Foundation to bring Christian games into the mainstream and raise funds for a prospective Christian console game. [8] [10] N'Lightning ultimately closed without releasing any further games. [3] [36]

Related Research Articles

<i>GoldenEye 007</i> (1997 video game) 1997 first-person shooter video game

GoldenEye 007 is a 1997 first-person shooter video game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. Based on the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye, the player controls the secret agent James Bond to prevent a criminal syndicate from using a satellite weapon. They navigate a series of levels to complete objectives, such as recovering or destroying objects, while shooting enemies. In a multiplayer mode, up to four players compete in several deathmatch scenarios via split-screen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Romero</span> American video game designer

Alfonso John Romero is an American director, designer, programmer and developer in the video game industry. He is a co-founder of id Software and designed their early games, including Wolfenstein 3D (1992), Doom (1993), Doom II (1994), Hexen (1995) and Quake (1996). His designs and development tools, along with programming techniques developed by id Software's lead programmer, John Carmack, popularized the first-person shooter (FPS) genre. Romero is also credited with coining the multiplayer term "deathmatch".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Take-Two Interactive</span> American video game holding company

Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. is an American video game holding company based in New York City founded by Ryan Brant in September 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion Storm</span> American video game developer

Ion Storm, L.P. was an American video game developer founded by John Romero and Tom Hall, both formerly of id Software. Despite an impressive pedigree and high expectations, the company only produced one commercial and critical success, 2000's Deus Ex.

<i>Myst III: Exile</i> Third title in the Myst series of graphic adventure puzzle video games

Myst III: Exile is the third title in the Myst series of graphic adventure puzzle video games. While the preceding games in the series, Myst and Riven, were produced by Cyan Worlds and published by Brøderbund, Exile was developed by Presto Studios and published by Ubi Soft. The game was released on four compact discs for both Mac OS and Microsoft Windows on May 8, 2001; versions for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 were released in late 2002. A single-disc DVD version was later released for Windows and Mac OS.

<i>Serious Sam: The First Encounter</i> 2001 video game

Serious Sam: The First Encounter is a 2001 first-person shooter game developed by Croteam and published by Gathering of Developers. It is the first in the Serious Sam series. The game follows the soldier Sam "Serious" Stone, who is sent back in time to ancient Egypt in 1378 BCE to uncover information about the technologically advanced civilisation of the Sirians that could help humanity survive the attacks of extraterrestrial forces in the 22nd century. As Sam, the player traverses linear levels, either enclosed or set on open plains, and battles increasingly large waves of enemies with an expanding arsenal. During gameplay, the player can pick up new weapons and replenishment for ammunition and health, as well as review strategic information. In multiplayer, the game has two deathmatch modes and cooperative play for the single-player campaign.

2001 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Madden NFL 2002, NBA Live 2002, NBA 2K2, WWF Smackdown! Just Bring It, Capcom vs. SNK 2,Dead or Alive 3, Final Fantasy X, Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, Grand Theft Auto III, Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, Myst III: Exile, Crazy Taxi 2, SSX Tricky, Super Smash Bros. Melee, Sonic Adventure 2, Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3, and Virtua Fighter 4. New intellectual properties include Ace Attorney, Advance Wars,Animal Crossing, Burnout, Gothic, Black & White, Devil May Cry, Fatal Frame, Ghost Recon,Halo, Jak and Daxter, Max Payne, Oni, Onimusha: Warlords, Operation Flashpoint, Pikmin, Pro Evolution Soccer, Red Faction, Serious Sam, and Tropico.

The year 2000 saw the release of numerous video games as well as the launch of the PlayStation 2. Critically acclaimed games originally released in 2000 include sequels such as Madden NFL 2001, NBA Live 2001, NBA 2K1, WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role, Baldur's Gate II, Diablo II, Dragon Quest VII, Final Fantasy IX, Metal Gear: Ghost Babel, NFL 2K1, Resident Evil – Code: Veronica, Spyro: Year of the Dragon, The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask, and Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2, along with new intellectual properties such as Deus Ex, Jet Set Radio, Perfect Dark, Skies of Arcadia, The Sims, SSX, Vagrant Story, and Sin and Punishment. The year's best-selling home video games worldwide were Pokémon games for the third year in a row, while the highest-grossing games in Japan were Virtua Striker 2 and Kyojin no Doshin kaiho sensen chibikko chikko daishugo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rockstar San Diego</span> American video game developer

Rockstar San Diego, Inc. is an American video game developer and a studio of Rockstar Games based in Carlsbad, California. The studio is best known for developing the Midnight Club and Red Dead series.

Crystal Dynamics, Inc. is an American video game developer based in San Mateo, California. The studio is best known for its games in the Tomb Raider, Legacy of Kain, and Gex series.

<i>Striker</i> (video game) 1992 video game

Striker is a soccer video game series first released by Rage Software in 1992.

Gamigo Inc. is an American video game developer based in Bellevue, Washington. In April 2019, it was acquired by the German games company Gamigo.

Christian video games are a video game genre and a form of Christian media that focus on the narrative and themes of Christian morals and Christianity. The term can also refer to Christian symbolism, mythology, media franchises, and Christian media organizations within video game culture and industry.

Linux-based operating systems can be used for playing video games. Because many games are not natively supported for the Linux kernel, various software has been made to run Windows games, such as Wine, Cedega, and Proton, and managers such as Lutris and PlayOnLinux. The Linux gaming community has a presence on the internet with users who attempt to run games that are not officially supported on Linux.

Nonviolent video games are video games characterized by little or no violence. As the term is vague, game designers, developers, and marketers that describe themselves as non-violent video game makers, as well as certain reviewers and members of the non-violent gaming community, often employ it to describe games with comparatively little or no violence. The definition has been applied flexibly to games in such purposive genres as the Christian video game. However, a number of games at the fringe of the "non-violence" label can only be viewed as objectively violent.

<i>The New Adventures of the Time Machine</i> 2000 video game

The New Adventures of the Time Machine is an adventure video game released in 2000, developed and published by Cryo Interactive. It is based on H. G. Wells' novella The Time Machine.

<i>Ominous Horizons: A Paladins Calling</i> 2001 video game

Ominous Horizons: A Paladin's Calling is a 2001 first-person shooter game with Christian themes developed and published by N'Lightning Software Development. It casts the player as the Johannes Gutenberg's assistant, who must travel the world to retrieve the Gutenberg Bible master copy, which had been stolen by one of Satan's minions. The player uses three weapons with interchangeable ammunition and can collect Bible verses to restore their health. Ominous Horizons is the successor to 2000's Catechumen. With a budget of $1.6 million, Ominous Horizons was the most expensive Christian video game. It was released in September 2001 to negative reviews, with criticism directed at its game engine, gameplay, level design, animations, dialog, and voice acting. Only the enemy designs and music were received positively. The game sold 50,000 copies and was N'Lightning's last release.

The Game Creators Ltd is a British software house based in Macclesfield, Cheshire, England, which specialises in software for video game development, originally for the Microsoft Windows platform. The company was established in March 1999 through a partnership between programmers Lee Bamber and Richard Vanner, who were joined by Meash Meakin in 2011 and Deborah Ascott-Jones in 2013.

<i>The Legend of the Prophet and the Assassin</i> 2000 video game

The Legend of the Prophet and the Assassin is an adventure game by Arxel Tribe. It is the sequel to Pilgrim: Faith as a Weapon. It was released in October 2000 for Windows. The game is inspired by the work of Brazilian novelist Paulo Coelho. A sequel, The Secrets of Alamût was released in March 2001.

<i>Rugrats Adventure Game</i> 1998 educational adventure video game

Rugrats Adventure Game is an educational adventure point and click video game based on the Rugrats television series released for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh on September 30, 1998. It was developed and published by Broderbund. The game follows Tommy Pickles and friends Chuckie, Phil, and Lil as they try to rescue Tommy's beloved toy Reptar from being thrown out as garbage. The game incorporates point and click gameplay, with characters and objects appearing in different locations even after the player has visited them once. Angelica, the series' main antagonist, appears in the game to help further the story and ultimately become the game's main villain.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sluganski, Randy (October 2000). "Review: Catechumen". Just Adventure . Archived from the original on October 17, 2000.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pulver, Bruce (October 5, 2000). "Catechumen – Main Review". Games Domain . Archived from the original on October 17, 2000.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Gibson, Nick (February 20, 2012). "Christian FPS Games". Hardcore Gaming 101 . p. 2. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  4. 1 2 "Christian Game Developers Shine the Light". The Christian Post . August 18, 2004. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  5. 1 2 Chesnut, Patrick R. (December 8, 2005). "Believers Battle with Satan, Virtually". The Harvard Crimson . Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  6. ↑ Gussow, Dave (October 10, 2005). "Gamemakers call on holy warriors". Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  7. ↑ Stonehouse, David (April 1, 2001). "'Good triumphs over evil' in Christian video game". Ottawa Citizen . p. A1. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dee, Jonathan (May 1, 2005). "PlayStations of the Cross". The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  9. ↑ Alter, Alexandra (September 26, 2004). "Holy video games give Christians alternative". The Miami Herald . p. 8C. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Davis, Matthew (May 24, 2005). "Christians purge video game demons". BBC News . Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  11. 1 2 "Growth of Christian Video Gaming". Christian Today . July 25, 2005. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  12. ↑ Hayden, Maureen (March 10, 2001). "Gore-free Christian video game pits your soul against the devil". Evansville Courier & Press . p. C1. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thompson, John J. (February 19, 2001). "Trained to Thrill?". Christianity Today . Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 Ojeda-Zapata, Julio (October 15, 2000). "Onward, Christian Gamers". Chicago Tribune . Knight Ridder Newspapers. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  15. ↑ Chen, Adrian (July 19, 2005). "Ralph Bagley". Willamette Week . Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  16. 1 2 3 "Catechumen Heads to the Retail Channel" (Press release). N'Lightning Software Development. March 19, 2001. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via GameZone.
  17. ↑ "Catechumen Team". N'Lightning Software Development. 2000. Archived from the original on August 18, 2000 – via catechumen.com.
  18. ↑ Linn, Sarah (July 3, 2004). "Developers pray Christian video games succeed". The News Tribune . The Associated Press. p. B3. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  19. 1 2 Hayden, Maureen (March 10, 2001). "Game". Evansville Courier & Press . p. C2. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ "Spirituality And Gaming Together In The Battle Of A Lifetime" (Press release). N'Lightning Software Development. July 18, 2000. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via GameZone.
  21. 1 2 Wolpaw, Erik (August 10, 2000). "Interview With Ralph Bagley, Maker of Religious Games". Old Man Murray . Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  22. ↑ "New video game has story based on scriptures". The Sheboygan Press . August 4, 2000. p. C1. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ Arends, Hank (July 29, 2000). "Oregon company offers religion-oriented video game". Statesman Journal . p. 4C. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ Cravens, Glenn (August 4, 2000). "Tips, notes and news for gamers". The Californian . p. 6D. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "Catechumen Problem and Questions". N'Lightning Software Development. 2001. Archived from the original on April 8, 2001.
  26. 1 2 "N'Lightning Software's Archived News and Events". N'Lightning Software Development. 2001. Archived from the original on October 21, 2002.
  27. 1 2 "Catechumen for PC". GameRankings . Archived from the original on December 9, 2019.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Williamson, Colin (October 25, 2000). "Catechumen". CNET Gamecenter . Archived from the original on November 9, 2000.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Liu, Johnny (October 2000). "Catechumen – PC Review". GameRevolution . Archived from the original on December 8, 2000.
  30. 1 2 Lafferty, Michael (September 26, 2000). "Catechumen". GameZone. Archived from the original on November 19, 2000.
  31. 1 2 Berman, A.S. (October 11, 2000). "Catechumen". USA Today . Archived from the original on June 26, 2001.
  32. ↑ Reynolds, Ryan (March 10, 2001). "Catechumen has some good points, but it's not an ideal video game". Evansville Courier & Press . p. C1. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ Reynolds, Ryan (March 10, 2001). "Reynolds". Evansville Courier & Press . p. C2. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ Stonehouse, David (April 1, 2001). "Games: 'It's been very well received'". Ottawa Citizen . p. A2. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023– via Newspapers.com.
  35. ↑ Musgrove, Mike (August 17, 2006). "Fire and brimstone, guns and ammo". NBC News . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  36. 1 2 Cobbett, Richard (August 23, 2017). "The weirdest shooters of the '90s". PC Gamer . Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  37. ↑ Bray, Hiawatha (October 2, 2003). "Action and adventure, by the Book". Boston.com . Archived from the original on September 30, 2004.
  38. ↑ Dotinga, Randy (August 26, 2005). "Video games where prayer triumphs over sword". The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.