Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Last updated

Central Committee
of the 13th Congress
  12th
14th  
2 June 1924 – 31 December 1925
Leadership
General Secretary Joseph Stalin
Second Secretary Vyacheslav Molotov
Inner-groups Politburo: 7 full & 6 candidates
Secretariat: 7 full & 3 candidates
Orgburo: 12 full & 6 candidates
Candidates
Apparatus
No. of departments11

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 13th Congress, and sat from 2 June 1924 until 31 December 1925. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

Contents

Plenums

The CC was not a permanent institution. It convened plenary sessions, of which nine CC plenary sessions and one joint CC–Central Control Commission (CCC) plenary sessions were held between the 13th Congress and the 14th Congress. When the CC was not in session, decision-making powers were transferred to inner bodies of the CC itself; the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo (none of these bodies were permanent either, but convened several times a months). [1]

Plenary sessions of the Central Committee
PlenumDateLength
1st Plenary Session2 June 19241 day
2nd Plenary Session16–20 June 19245 days
3rd Plenary Session25–27 October 19243 days
Joint Plenary Session17 January 19251 day
4th Plenary Session17–20 January 19254 days
5th Plenary Session23 April 19251 day
6th Plenary Session30 April 19251 day
7th Plenary Session3–10 October 19258 days
8th Plenary Session12–14 November 19253 days
9th Plenary Session15 December 19251 day

Apparatus

Individuals employed by Central Committee's bureaus, departments and newspapers made up the apparatus between the 13th Congress and the 14th Congress. [2] The bureaus and departments were supervised by the Secretariat, and each secretary (member of the Secretariat) supervised a specific department. [3] The leaders of departments were officially referred to as Heads, while the titles of bureau leaders varied between chairman, first secretary and secretary. [4]

Central Committee Apparatus of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) [5] [6] [7]
InstitutionLeader Cyrillic Took officeLeft officeLength of tenureNationalityGender
Administrator of Affairs Pyotr Guzakov Пётр Гузаков2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Russian Male
Agitation and Propaganda Department Sergei Syrtsov Сергей Сырцов2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Russian Male
Bolshevik Nikolai Bukharin Никола́й Буха́рин2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Russian Male
Bureau of the Secretariat Lev Mekhlis Лев МехлисNovember 192431 December 19251 year and 31 days Jewish [8] [9] Male
Central Asian Bureau Isaak Zelensky Исаак Зеленский2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Jewish [10] [11] Male
Department for Work Among Women Klavdiya Nikolayeva Клавдия Николаева2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Russian Female
Department of Party History Mikhail Olminsky Михаил Ольминский2 June 192431 December 1924212 days Russian Male
Semyon Kanatchikov Семён Канатчиков1 January 192531 December 1925364 days Russian Male
Far Eastern Bureau Nikolai Kubiak Николай Кубяк2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Russian Male
Finance Department P. N. Ivanov П. Н. Иванов2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Russian Male
Information Department Vilhelm Knorin Вильгельм Кнорин2 June 19248 July 19251 year and 36 days Latvian Male
Lev Roshal Лев Рошаль8 July 192531 December 1925176 days Jewish [12] [13] [14] Male
Lenin Institute Lev Kamenev Лев Ка́менев2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Jewish-Russian

[15] [16] [lower-alpha 1]

Male
Organizational and Distribution Department Lazar Kaganovich Лазарь Каганович2 June 192427 October 1924147 days Jewish

[17] [18] [19]

Male
Nikolay Antipov Николай Антипов27 October 192427 July 1925273 days Russian Male
Konstantin Gey Константин Гей27 July 192531 December 1925157 days Russian Male
Pravda Nikolai Bukharin Никола́й Буха́рин2 June 192427 October 1924147 days Russian Male
Press Department Semyon Kanatchikov Семён Канатчиков2 June 192427 October 1924147 days Russian Male
Juozas Vareikis Иосиф Варейкис27 October 192431 December 19251 year and 65 days Lithuanian Male
Provisional Byelorussian Bureau Aleksandr Osatkin Александр Асаткин2 June 192431 December 19251 year and 212 days Russian Male
Siberian Bureau Stanislav Kosior Станислав Косиор2 June 192427 October 1924147 days Polish Male
South-East Bureau Anastas Mikoyan Анастас Микоян2 June 192427 October 1924147 days Armenian Male

Composition

Members

Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Name Cyrillic 12th CC 14th CC BirthDeathPMNationalityGenderPortrait
Andrey Andreyev Андрей АндреевOldReelected189519711914 Russian Male BSE1. Andreev, Andrei Andreevich.jpg
Nikolay Antipov Николай АнтиповNewReelected189419381912 Russian Male N.K. Antipov.jpg
Andrei Bubnov Андрей БубновOldReelected188419381903 Russian Male Andrei Sergeyevich Bubnov (1884-1938).jpg
Nikolai Bukharin Никола́й Буха́ринOldReelected188819381906 Russian Male Bucharin.bra.jpg
Vlas Chubar Влас ЧубарOldReelected189119391907 Ukrainian Male Vlas Czubar.jpg
Alexander Dogadov Александр ДогадовNewReelected188819371905 Russian Male
Felix Dzerzhinsky Фе́ликс Дзержи́нскийOldReelected187719261906 Polish Male RIAN archive 6464 Dzerzhinsky.jpg
Mikhail Frunze Михаил ФрунзеOldDied188519251904 Romanian-Russian

[20] [21] [lower-alpha 2]

Male Michail Frunze.jpg
Lazar Kaganovich Лазарь КагановичCandidateReelected189319911911 Jewish

[22] [23] [24]

Male Lazar' Moiseevich Kaganovich.jpg
Mikhail Kalinin Михаил КалининOldReelected187519461898 Russian Male Mikhail Kalinin attending the 8th Party Congress (4).jpg
Lev Kamenev Лев Ка́меневOldReelected188319361901 Jewish-Russian

[15] [16] [lower-alpha 3]

Male Lev Kamenev 1920s (cropped).jpg
Moisei Kharitonov Моисей ХаритоновOldNot188719381905 Jewish [25] Male Moisei Kharitonov attending the 8th Party Congress in 1919.jpg
Sergey Kirov Серге́й Ки́ровOldReelected188619341904 Russian Male Sergey Kirov (2).jpg
Nikolay Kolotilov Николай КолотиловCandidateReelected188519371903 Russian Male
Nikolay Komarov Николай КомаровOldReelected188619371909 Russian Male Nikolay Pavlovich Komarov.jpg
Stanislav Kosior Станислав КосиорCandidateReelected188919391907 Polish Male Kosior.jpg
Leonid Krasin Леонид КрасинNewReelected187019261898 Russian Male Krasin Leonid 1926.jpg
Gleb Krzhizhanovsky Глеб Кржижано́вскийNewReelected187219591898 Polish-German

[26] [lower-alpha 4]

Male Gleb Maksimilianovich Krzhizhanovskiy.jpg
Nikolay Kubyak Николай КубякOldReelected188119371898 Russian Male N.A.Kubiak.JPG
Alexander Kuklin Александр КуклинNewNot187619361903 Russian Male
Emanuel Kviring Эммануил КвирингOldReelected188819371912 Volga German Male
Mikhail Lashevich Михаил ЛашевичOldCandidate189419371901 Jewish [27] [28] Male Mikhail Lashevich attending the 8th Party Congress in 1919.jpg
Ivan Lepse Иван ЛепсеCandidateReelected188919291906 Latvian Male
Semyon Lobov Семён Ло́бовNewReelected188819371913 Russian Male
Dmitry Manuilsky Дмитро МануїльськийOldReelected188319591903 Ukrainian Male BSE1. Manuil'skii, Dmitrii Zakharovich.jpg
Alexei Medvedev Алексей МедведевNewReelected188419371904 Russian Male Aleksey Medvedev (09.05.1924).jpg
Vasily Mikhailov Василий МихайловOldReelected189419371915 Russian Male Mikhaylov V.M.jpg
Anastas Mikoyan Анастас МикоянOldReelected189519781915 Armenian Male Anastas Ivanovich Mikoian.jpg
Vyacheslav Molotov Вячеслав МолотовOldReelected189019861906 Russian Male Molotov VM.jpg
Klavdiya Nikolayeva Клавдия НиколаеваNewCandidate189319441909 Russian Female Nikolaeva KI.jpg
Grigol Ordzhonikidze Григо́рий Орджоники́дзеOldReelected188619371903 Georgian Male Sergo Orjonikidze.jpg
Grigory Petrovsky Григо́рій Петро́вськийOldReelected187819581898 Ukrainian Male Grigory Petrovsky, 2.jpg
Georgy Pyatakov Юрій П'ятаковOldReelected189019371910 Russian Male Pyatakov GL.jpg
Christian Rakovsky Христиан РаковскийOldReelected187319411917 Bulgarian Male Christian Rakovsky 1920s.jpg
Jānis Rudzutaks Ян РудзутакOldReelected188719381906 Latvian Male Rudsutak.jpg
Moisey Rukhimovich Моисей РухимовичNewReelected188919371913 Jewish [29] Male Moses Rukhimovich.jpg
Ivan Rumyantsev Иван РумянцевCandidateReelected188619371905 Russian Male Ivan Rumiantsev.jpg
Alexei Rykov Алексей РыковOldReelected188119381898 Russian Male Bundesarchiv Bild 102-10691, Alexej Iwanowitsch Rykow.jpg
Isaak Schwartz Исаак ШварцNewReelected187919511899 Jewish [30] Male BSE1. Shvarts, Isaak Izrailevich.jpg
Alexander Smirnov Александр СмирновOldReelected187819381898 Russian Male Aleksandr Smirnow.jpg
Grigori Sokolnikov Григорий СокольниковOldReelected188819381905 Jewish [10] [31] Male No-nb bldsa 1c112 Grigory Sokolnikov.jpg
Joseph Stalin Ио́сиф Ста́линOldReelected187819531898 Georgian Male Stalin-Joseph-1930 (close-up)-2.jpg
Daniil Sulimov Даниил СулимовOldReelected189019371905 Russian Male Daniil Egorovich Sulimov.jpg
Mikhail Tomsky Михаил ТомскийOldReelected188019361904 Russian Male Tomskiy MP.jpg
Leon Trotsky Лев Тро́цкийOldReelected187919401917 Jewish [28] [32] Male Lev Davidovich Trotskii.jpg
Alexander Tsiurupa Алекса́ндр Цюру́паOldReelected187019281898 Ukrainian Male No-nb bldsa 1c107 Tsiurupa.jpg
Nikolai Uglanov Николай УглановOldReelected188619371907 Russian Male Nicolai Uglanov.jpg
Konstantin Ukhanov Константин УхановOldReelected189119371907 Russian Male Konstantin Uhanov.jpg
Kliment Voroshilov Климент ВорошиловOldReelected188119691903 Russian Male Kliment Voroshilov.jpg
Grigory Yevdokimov Григорий ЕвдокимовOldReelected188419361903 Russian Male Yevdokimov Grigory.jpg
Isaak Zelensky Исаак ЗеленскийOldReelected189019371906 Jewish [10] [33] Male
Pyotr Zalutsky Петро ЗалуцькийOldReelected188719371907 Russian Male Petr Zalutskiy.jpg
Grigory Zinoviev Григо́рий Зино́вьевOldReelected188319361901 Jewish [16] [34] Male Screenshot of Grigory Zinoviev.jpg

Candidates

Candidate Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Name Cyrillic 12th CC 14th CC BirthDeathPMNationalityGenderPortrait
Aleksandra Artyukhina Александра АртюхинаNewMember188919691910 Russian Female Aleksandra Artioukhina.jpg
Aleksei Badayev Алексей БадаевCandidateMember188319511904 Russian Male Aleksei Egorovich Badaev.jpg
Nikolai Chaplin Николай ЧаплинNewCandidate190219381919 Russian Male
Mikhail Chudov Михаил ЧудовCandidateMember189319371913 Russian Male
Konstantin Gey Константин ГейNewCandidate189619391916 Russian Male K. V. Gei.jpg
Nikolai Glebov-Avilov Николай Глебов-АвиловйNewNot188719371904 Russian Male Nikolaj Glebov-Avilov.png
Filipp Goloshchyokin Филипп ГолощёкинNewCandidate187619411903 Jewish [35] Male Goloshchekin.jpg
Andriy Ivanov Андрей ИвановNewNot189119371906 Russian Male Ivanov AV Soc Kiev 1937 10 p07.jpg
Vasily Ivanov Василий ИвановNewNot188519381917 Russian Male
Ivan Kabakov Иван КабаковNewMember189119371914 Russian Male
Kuprian Kirkizh Куприян КиркижNewMember188619321910 Belarusian Male Kuprian-kirkizh.jpg
Georgy Korostelov Георгий КоростелёвNewNot188519321905 Russian Male
Alexander Krinitsky Александр КриницкийNewCandidate189419371915 Russian Male Krinicki.jpg
Alexander Markov Александр МарковNewCandidate187719351898 Russian Male
Alexander Miasnikian Александр МясниковCandidateDied188619251906 Armenian Male Myasnikov.jpg
Ivan Morozov Иван МорозовCandidateNot188919591908 Russian Male
Ivan Moskvin Иван МосквинCandidateCandidate189019371911 Russian Male Ivan Moskvin NKVD.jpg
Nariman Narimanov Нарима́нов Нарима́нCandidateDied187019251905 Azerbaijani Male Nariman Narimanov 2.png
Mamia Orakhelashvili Мамия ОрахелашвилиCandidateCandidate188819371903 Georgian Male Mamia Orakhelashvili.jpg
Abdullo Rakhimbayev Абдулло РахимбаевNewNot189619381919 Uzbek Male Rakhimbaev Abdullo.jpg
Konstantin Rumyantsev Константин РумянцевNewCandidate188919391916 Russian Male
Kuzma Ryndin Кузьма РындинNewCandidate189319381915 Russian Male
Georgy Safarov Георгий СафаровNewNot189119421908 Armenian-Polish

[36]

Male Safarov GI.jpg
Vasily Schmidt Василий ШмидтNewMember188619381905 German [37] Male Vasily Schmidt Portrait.jpg
Mykola Skrypnyk Микола СкрипникCandidateCandidate187219331898 Ukrainian Male Skrypnyk Mykola1.jpg
Ivar Smilga Ивар СмилгаNewMember189219381907 Latvian Male Smilga IT.jpg
Konstantin Strievsky Константин СтриевскийNewCandidate188519381902 Belarusian Male
Sergei Syrtsov Сергей СырцовNewCandidate189319371913 Russian Male 1929-sergey syrtsov.jpg
Aleksandr Tolokontsev Александр ТолоконцевNewMember188919371914 Russian Male
Viktoria Tseitlin Виктория ЦейтлинNewNot188819371904 Russian Female
Mikhail Uryvayev Михаил УрываевCandidateCandidate188719371917 Russian Male
Iosif Vareikis Иосиф ВарейкисNewCandidate189419381913 Lithuanian Male
Miron Vladimirov Мирон ВладимировNewDied187919251903 Jewish [38] Male Vladimirov MK.jpg
Sergey Zorin Сергей ЗоринNewNot189119371917 Jewish [39] Male Brodskiy II Zorin.jpg

Related Research Articles

The Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1939 to 1952.

The Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1927 to 1930.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1 January 1926 to 19 December 1927.

The Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 2 June 1924 to 1 January 1926.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 26 April 1923 to 2 June 1924.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 2 April 1922 to 25 April 1923.

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 8th Congress, and sat from 23 March 1919 until 5 April 1920. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 9th Congress, and sat from 5 April 1920 until 16 March 1921. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 16 March 1921 to 3 April 1922.

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 7th Congress, and sat from 8 March 1918 until 23 March 1919. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Bureau, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 10th Congress, and sat from 16 March 1921 until 2 April 1922. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 11th Congress, and sat from 2 April 1922 until 25 April 1923 . The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 6th Congress, and sat from 3 August 1917 until 8 March 1918. The CC 1st Plenary Session established the Narrow Composition (abolished October 1917), the Politburo (abolished November 1917) and the Bureau (established in November 1917), while sanctioning the establishment of the Secretariat on the orders of the Narrow Composition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 12th Congress, and sat from 25 April 1923 until 31 May 1924. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 14th Congress, and sat from 31 December 1925 until 19 December 1927. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 15th Congress, and sat from 19 December 1927 until 13 July 1930. The CC 1st Plenary Session renewed the composition of the Politburo, Secretariat and the Organizational Bureau (OB) of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 16th Congress, and sat from 13 July 1930 until 10 February 1934. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo. The 16th Congress was the first party convention since the 13th Congress which saw no organized opposition, and the first congress in party history in which there was no opposition to the party leadership. Ukrainian historian Oleg Khlevniuk considers the period 1930–1934 to be a "transitional period" between collective leadership (referred to interchangeably by him as oligarchy) and Joseph Stalin's personal dictatorship (autocracy). The removal of Alexei Rykov, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK, the Soviet government), from the Politburo at the 1st Joint Plenary Session of the CC and the Central Control Commission (CCC) has been marked in historic literature as "the definitive Stalinization of that body [Politburo]" according to Khlevniuk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) sat from 10 February 1934 until the convening of the 18th Congress on 10 March 1939. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo. The 17th Congress was labelled the "Congress of Victors" to mark the success of the first five-year plan and the collectivization of agriculture. The CC 1st Plenary Session elected Joseph Stalin General Secretary of the Central Committee, and Lazar Kaganovich continued to serve as Stalin's deputy, an informal post referred to by Sovietologists as Second Secretary, and was empowered to manage party business and sign Politburo resolutions when Stalin was away from Moscow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</span>

The Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1930 to 1934.

The inner-composition of the 6th Congress was elected by the sixth composition of the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).

References

General

Plenary sessions, apparatus heads, ethnicity (by clicking on the individual names on "The Central Committee elected by the XIII th Congress of the RCP (B) 31/5/1924 members" reference), the Central Committee full- and candidate membership, Politburo membership, Secretariat membership and Orgburo membership were taken from these sources:

Bibliography

Sources

  1. Simons & White 1984, pp. 423–425.
  2. Fainsod & Hough 1979, p. 410.
  3. Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 410–411 & 417–419.
  4. Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 417–419.
  5. "Бюро ЦК РСДРП - РСДРП(б) - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Bureaus of the Central Committee of RSDLP(b) - RCP(b) - AUCP(b) - CPSU]. Knowbysight.info. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  6. "Управления ЦК РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Administrations of the Central Committee RCP(b) - AUCP(b) - CPSU]. knowbysight.info. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  7. "Отделы, комиссии, институты ЦК РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Departments, Commissions, Institutes of the Central Committee RCP(b) - AUCP(b) - CPSU]. knowbysight.info. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  8. Parrish, Michael (1992). Soviet Security and Intelligence Organizations 1917-1990: A Biographical Dictionary and Review of Literature in English. Greenwood Press. p. 272.
  9. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995.
  10. 1 2 3 Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60 and 305.
  11. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995.
  12. "Рошаль, Лев Борисович" [Roshal, Lev Borisovich]. Кадровый состав органов государственной безопасности СССР. 1935−1939. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  13. "Рошаль Лев Борисович (1896)" [Roshal Lev Borisovich (1896)]. Открытый список. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  14. "Рошаль Лев Борисович + 28.01.1940" [Roshal Lev Borisovich + 28.01.1940]. Расстрелянное поколение. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  15. 1 2 Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. p. 103.
  16. 1 2 3 Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 430.
  17. Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 453.
  18. Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60, 70 and 303.
  19. "Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseyevich". Jewish Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  20. Service, Robert (1995). Lenin, a Political Life: The Iron Ring. Indiana University Press. p. 194.
  21. Riga, Liliana. The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 303.
  22. Lindemann, Albert S. (1997). Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press. p. 453.
  23. Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60, 70 and 303.
  24. "Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseyevich". Jewish Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  25. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  26. "Глеб Максимилианович Кржижановский" [Gleb Maksimilianovich Krzhizhanovsky]. ХРОНОС.
  27. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995.
  28. 1 2 Riga, Liliana (2012). The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60 and 304.
  29. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  30. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  31. "Сокольников Григорий Яковлевич". www.hrono.ru.
  32. Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life. Yale University Press. p. 1.
  33. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995.
  34. Service, Robert (2005). Stalin: A Biography. Harvard University Press. p. 103.
  35. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  36. Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin, Volume 1: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928. New York: Penguin Press. p. 387.
  37. Ivkin, V.I. Государственная власть СССР. Высшие органы власти и управления и их руководители. 1923—1991 гг. Историко-биографический справочни (in Russian). Moscow. p. 605.
  38. "Jewish Encyclopedia of Russia". JewishGen Belarus SIG. 1995. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  39. "Протокол допроса Зорина (Гомбарга) Сергея Семёновича от 21 января 1935 года" [Protocol of interrogation of Zorin (Gombarg) Sergey Semenovich dated January 21, 1935]. knowbysight. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018.

Notes

  1. His father was Jewish and his mother Russian
  2. His father was Romanian and his mother Russian
  3. His father was Jewish and his mother Russian
  4. His father was Polish and his mother German