Chromodoris

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Chromodoris
Chromodoris lochi (AA3).jpg
Chromodoris lochi
Chromodoris nudibranch komodo.jpg
Chromodoris joshi in the Komodo National Park
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Nudibranchia
Suborder: Doridina
Superfamily: Doridoidea
Family: Chromodorididae
Genus: Chromodoris
Alder & Hancock, 1855 [1]
Type species
Doris magnifica
Quoy & Gaimard, 1832
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • ActinodorisEhrenberg, 1831(Invalid: Placed on the Official Index by ICZN Opinion 1375)
  • Doris (Actinodoris)Ehrenberg, 1831
  • Glossodoris (Chromodoris)Alder & Hancock, 1855

Chromodoris is a genus of very colourful sea slugs or dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, and the type genus of the family Chromodorididae. Within the genus Chromodoris, there are currently 101 classified species. Species within Chromodoris are commonly found in tropical and subtropical waters, living as members of reef communities and preying primarily on sponges. [2] A molecular phylogeny of the family Chromodorididae resulted in this genus being restricted to a smaller number of species than formerly, most of which have longitudinal black lines on the mantle. Many former members of Chromodoris were transferred to Goniobranchus

Contents

Anatomy

Chromodoris species exhibit one of the two major body types found within Nudibranchia. There are a few major bodily features that separate chromodorids from other sea slugs.

Mantle

Dorids have a thick mantle that exists over their foot, and in some species, the mantle can have tubercles (nodules along the surface of an organism that are made of keratin) [3] of different concentrations, shapes, and sizes, providing some rigidity and protection for their soft, shell-less bodies. In most dorid species, the mantle holds toxins that defend the organism that are obtained through their diet.

Respiratory system

Chromodorids breathe oxygen principally through their gills, usually positioned in a featherlike structure located around the anus at their posterior, called the branchial plume. [4]

Phylogeny and taxonomy

The classification of the family Chromodorididae has been the subject of many studies on nudibranches in recent years,[ when? ] most focusing on the phylogeny and its impact on the traditional taxonomies of the genera. Chromodoris was long considered to be the most diverse genus of the Chromodorididae; however, a study published in July 2018 on Indo-pacific species of chromodorid nudibranchs has shown that the genus should be categorized more strictly, and has been narrowed down to 22 species. These species characteristically have black stripes along their bodies and linear spawning. [5]

Chemical defenses

Chromodorid nudibranchs commonly exhibit chemical defenses to protect themselves from predators. Most of the species that exhibit this behavior make use of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes from the sponges they feed on. Nudibranchs can collect these compounds and store them as is, transform them, or be selectively sequestered, although there is no information on how common each mechanism is and which individual species exhibit the individual methods. Chromodorid nudibranchs in particular transport and store their toxic compounds in specialized storage glands located in strategic locations throughout the mantle, called mantle dermal formations (MDFs). These MDFs have been shown to harbor extremely high concentrations of distasteful and potent compounds in comparison to the rest of their body. [6]

Reproduction

All nudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, with each individual possessing both male and female reproductive structures. During mating, two individuals compete for the position of male by darting their penises at one another until the victor penetrates the body wall of the other and impregnating them, forcing them to act as the female, an act commonly called "penis fencing." From here, the female lays eggs into a substrate, which hatch planktonic vestigial veliger larva, who will further evolve into adults. [7]

Species

Species in the genus Chromodoris include: [8]

Synonyms

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromodorididae</span> Family of gastropods

Chromodorididae, or chromodorids, are a taxonomic family of colourful, sea slugs; dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. “Chromodorid nudibranchs are among the most gorgeously coloured of all animals.” The over 360 described species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical waters, as members of coral reef communities, specifically associated with their sponge prey. The chromodorids are the most speciose family of opisthobranchs. They range in size from <10mm to over 30 cm, although most species are approximately 15–30 mm in size.

<i>Hypselodoris</i> Genus of gastropods

Hypselodoris is a genus of colourful sea slugs or dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae. Modern usage follows a more restricted view of which species belong in this genus so there are numerous genus transfers.

<i>Glossodoris</i> Genus of gastropods

Glossodoris is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Doris</i> (gastropod) Genus of gastropods

Doris is a genus of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs. These animals are marine gastropod molluscs in the family Dorididae.

<i>Goniodoris</i> Genus of gastropods

Goniodoris is a genus of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Goniodorididae.

<i>Durvilledoris</i> Genus of gastropods

Durvilledoris was a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae. This genus has become a synonym of Mexichromis Bertsch, 1977 Although the type species of this genus was transferred to Mexichromis two species were not reallocated nor mentioned in the text.

<i>Risbecia</i> Genus of gastropods

Risbecia is a genus of colorful sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Mexichromis</i> Genus of gastropods

Mexichromis is a genus of colourful sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae. Current synonymy follows a revision of Chromodorididae which used molecular phylogeny.

<i>Thorunna</i> Genus of gastropods

Thorunna is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Verconia</i> Genus of gastropods

Verconia is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Goniobranchus albonares</i> Species of gastropod

Goniobranchus albonares is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Goniobranchus bombayanus</i> Species of gastropod

Goniobranchus bombayanus is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae.

Hypselodoris peasei is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Mexichromis pusilla</i> Species of gastropod

Mexichromis pusilla is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.

Mexichromis similaris is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Goniobranchus</i> Genus of gastropods

Goniobranchus is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Felimida</i> Genus of gastropods

Felimida is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Felimare</i> Genus of gastropods

Felimare is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Miamirinae of the family Chromodorididae.

<i>Doriprismatica</i> Genus of gastropods

Doriprismatica is a genus of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.

References

  1. ↑ Alder J. & Hancock A. (1855). A monograph of the British nudibranchiate Mollusca: with figures of all the species. The Ray Society, London. Part 7, Appendix xvii.
  2. ↑ Johnson, Rebecca Fay (2008). "History of the chromodorid nudibranchs: Nomenclature, phylogenetics, biogeography and classification" (Document). ProQuest   304661522.{{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help)
  3. ↑ "Tubercles". Fishionary. May 2018.
  4. ↑ "Basic Anatomy of the Sea Slug". The Invertebrate Collections of the University Museum of Bergen. December 2018.
  5. ↑ Layton, Kara K.S. (July 2018). "Flexible colour patterns obscure identification and mimicry in Indo-Pacific Chromodoris nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Chromodorididae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 124: 27–36. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.02.008 . PMID   29476907 – via Web of Science.
  6. ↑ Carbone, Marianna (April 2013). "Packaging and Delivery of Chemical Weapons: A Defensive Trojan Horse Stratagem in Chromodorid Nudibranchs". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e62075. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...862075C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062075 . PMC   3631210 . PMID   23620804. ProQuest   1344056819.
  7. ↑ Parducho, Vina Angelica (April 2015). "Reproduction of Chromodoris lochi". SeaLifeBase.
  8. ↑ Bonomo, Lynn J.; Gosliner, Terrence M. (2020-07-24). "Adding stars to the Chromodoris (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) galaxy with the description of four new species". Zootaxa. 4819 (3): 401–435. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.1. ISSN   1175-5334. PMID   33056090. S2CID   222838004.
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