Chronology of bladed weapons

Last updated

Weapons of the Bronze Age, Romania Bronze age weapons Romania.jpg
Weapons of the Bronze Age, Romania

The different types of bladed weapons (swords, dress-swords, sabers, rapiers, foils, machetes, daggers, knives, arrowheads, etc..) have been of great importance throughout history. In addition to its use for fighting, or in wars, the bladed weapons have been the object of special considerations forming part of funerary rituals, mythology and other ancestral traditions.

Contents

History

The present chronology is a compilation that includes diverse and relatively uneven documents about different families of bladed weapons : swords, dress-swords, sabers, rapiers, foils, machetes, daggers, knives, arrowheads, etc..., with the sword references being the most numerous but not the unique included among the other listed references of the rest of bladed weapons .

Bronze swords

Swords found next to Nebra sky disk Nebra Schwerter.jpg
Swords found next to Nebra sky disk

The first known bronze swords with a length equal to or greater than 60 cm date from the 17th century BC in regions of the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. A sword must be constructed from the correct alloy, have the right shape, and have the necessary thermal (and finishing) treatments applied to it for it to be useful in combat. In a longer sword, the stresses (bending and buckling) are more important. What is needed is a weapon that is hard enough (to cut), fairly flexible (without being fragile) and quite durable enough to withstand blows.[ citation needed ]

The manufacturing process is summarized as follows: The bronze swords were cast into moulds, heated to a certain temperature and allowed to cool slowly before being cold hammered (a process whereby they are hit with a hammer on a type of anvil) to increase their hardness.

5th century BC-5th century AD

Spring and Autumn period bronze dagger hilt Spring & Autumn Bronze Dagger 06.jpg
Spring and Autumn period bronze dagger hilt
Falcata from the 4th century BC Falcata ibera (M.A.N. Madrid) 01.jpg
Falcata from the 4th century BC

Middle Ages

Sword of San Galgano nailed to the rock. Year 1181. Galgano Sword.jpg
Sword of San Galgano nailed to the rock. Year 1181.

....Item. Senyor los dits privilegis, capítols e ordinacions vees(?) plaurets a Déu a justícia (e) egualtat car axí son stats obtenguts per la spaseria de ciutat vostra de Barchinonae per vos atorgats (a) aquella segons han pres los prohomens de la spaseria de la dita vostra ciutat de Valencia...1425...Alfonsi Dei gratia Regis Aragonum, Sicilie, Valencie, Majoricam, Sardinie et ... [35]

They had to present:“4 fulles d’espases e recapte per a guarniment de aquelles. Ço és la una fulla de dues mans la qual haie a guarnir vermella. E l’altra fulla sia de una mà la qual haie a esser guarnida mitadada de dues colors. E l’altra de una mà que sia buydada e guarnida tota negra. E la quarta ço és un estoch d’armes tot blanch los quals guarniments se vien(?) e haien a fer per lo volent usa(n)t de la dita spaseria dins la casa e habitació de un dels dits diputats...”

1450-1700 AD

sword of Francis I of France exposed in the "Musee de l'Armee" in Paris. Forged in Valencia by Antonivs. Epee de Francois 1er.JPG
sword of Francis I of France exposed in the "Musée de l'Armée" in Paris. Forged in Valencia by Antonivs.

1700-1950 AD

Miyamoto Musashi. Miyamoto Musashi Self-Portrait.jpg
Miyamoto Musashi.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalan language</span> Western Romance language

Catalan, known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian, is a Western Romance language. It is the official language of Andorra, and an official language of two autonomous communities in eastern Spain: Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. It is also an official language in Valencia, where it is called Valencian. It has semi-official status in the Italian comune of Alghero, and it is spoken in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of France and in two further areas in eastern Spain: the eastern strip of Aragon and the Carche area in the Region of Murcia. The Catalan-speaking territories are often called the Països Catalans or "Catalan Countries".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">El Cid</span> Castilian warlord and Prince of Valencia from 1094 to 1099

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar was a Castilian knight and ruler in medieval Spain. Fighting with both Christian and Muslim armies during his lifetime, he earned the Arabic honorific as-Sayyid, which would evolve into El Çid, and the Spanish honorific El Campeador. He was born in Vivar, a village near the city of Burgos. As the head of his loyal knights, he came to dominate the Levante of the Iberian Peninsula at the end of the 11th century. He reclaimed the Taifa of Valencia from Muslim control for a brief period during the Reconquista, ruling the principality as its lord from 17 June 1094 until his death in 1099. His wife, Jimena Díaz, inherited the city and maintained it until 1102 when it was reconquered by the Moors.

A sword is an edged, bladed weapon intended for manual cutting or thrusting. Its blade, longer than a knife or dagger, is attached to a hilt and can be straight or curved. A thrusting sword tends to have a straighter blade with a pointed tip. A slashing sword is more likely to be curved and to have a sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade. Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing. The precise definition of a sword varies by historical epoch and geographic region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toledo, Spain</span> City in Castile–La Mancha, Spain

Toledo is a city and municipality of Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and the de jure seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. Toledo was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 for its extensive monumental and cultural heritage.

<i>Gladius</i> Sword

Gladius is a Latin word properly referring to the type of sword that was used by ancient Roman foot soldiers starting from the 3rd century BC and until the 3rd century AD. Linguistically, within Latin, the word also came to mean "sword", regardless of the type used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valencia</span> Municipality in Spain

Valencia is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 792,492 inhabitants (2022). It is the capital of the province of the same name. The wider urban area comprising the neighbouring municipalities has a population of around 1.6 million, constituting one of the major urban areas on the European side of the Mediterranean Sea. It is located on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula at the Gulf of Valencia, north of the Albufera lagoon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valencian language</span> Language of the Valencian Community

Valencian or Valencian language is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community of Spain to refer to the Romance language also known as Catalan, either as a whole or in its Valencia-specific linguistic forms. The Valencian Community's 1982 Statute of Autonomy and the Spanish Constitution officially recognise Valencian as the name of the regional language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tizona</span> Name of one of the swords carried by El Cid

Tizona is the name of one of the swords carried by Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, El Cid, according to the Cantar de Mio Cid. The name of the second sword of El Cid is Colada.

The phonology of Catalan, a Romance language, has a certain degree of dialectal variation. Although there are two standard varieties, one based on Central Eastern dialect and another one based on South-Western or Valencian dialect, this article deals with features of all or most dialects, as well as regional pronunciation differences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vettones</span> Ancient people of Spain

The Vettones were an Iron Age pre-Roman people of the Iberian Peninsula of possibly Celtic ethnicity.

The falcata is a type of sword typical of pre-Roman Iberia. The falcata was used to great effect for warfare in the ancient Iberian peninsula, and is firmly associated with the southern Iberian tribes, among other ancient peoples of Hispania. It was highly prized by the ancient general Hannibal, who equipped Carthaginian troops with it during the Second Punic War.

<i>Via Augusta</i>

The Via Augusta was the longest and busiest of the major roads built by the Romans in ancient Hispania. According to historian Pierre Sillières, who has supervised excavation of Roman sites in Spain to identify the exact route followed by the Via Augusta, it was more a system of roads than a single road. Approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) long, the Via Augusta was built to link Spain with Italy, running from the southwestern coastal city of Gades (Cádiz) to the Pyrenees Mountains along inland valleys parallel to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. As the main axis of the road network in Roman Hispania, it appears in ancient sources such as the itinerary inscribed on the Vicarello Cups as well in as the Antonine Itinerary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carpetani</span>

The Carpetani were one of the Celtic pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, akin to the Celtiberians, dwelling in the central part of the meseta - the high central upland plain of the Iberian Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Navaja</span> Spanish folding-blade fighting and utility knife

The navaja is a traditional Spanish folding-blade fighting and utility knife.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jordi Pigem</span>

Jordi Pigem is a Catalan philosopher and writer.

Old Catalan is the modern denomination for Romance varieties that during the Middle Ages were spoken in territories that spanned roughly the territories of the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the island of Sardinia; all of them then part of the Crown of Aragon. These varieties were part of a dialect continuum with what today is called Old Occitan that reached the Loire Valley in the north and Northern Italy in the east. Consequently, Old Catalan can be considered a dialect group of Old Occitan, or be classified as an Occitano-Romance variety side by side with Old Occitan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalan dialects</span> Varieties of the Catalan language

The Catalan dialects feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between its dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronicle of Muntaner</span>

The Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner, written by the Catalan burgher and administrator Ramon Muntaner in Xirivella, Kingdom of Valencia, in 1325–1328, is the longest in the series of four "great" Catalan-language chronicles of the 13th and 14th centuries. It narrates events relating to the history of the Crown of Aragon and to Muntaner's personal career in Iberia, Sicily, the Aegean and North Africa and spans the period from the conception of James I of Aragon in May 1207 to the coronation of Alfonso IV of Aragon in April 1328. Its character of "mirror of princes" and "mirror of citizens" has been pointed out by scholars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">El Argar</span> Culture of southern Spain, 2200–1550 BCE

El Argar is an Early Bronze Age culture developed in the southeastern end of the Iberian Peninsula. It is believed to have been active from about 2200 B.C. to 1500 B.C. The people developed sophisticated pottery and ceramic techniques that they traded with other Mediterranean tribes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dolors Bramon</span>

Maria Dolors Bramon Planes is a Spanish philologist, historian, and university professor specializing in the Muslim world.

References

  1. ↑ Assyrian sword.
  2. ↑ Herodotus Halicarnasseus; George Rawlinson, John Gardner Wilkinson (sir); Henry Creswicke Rawlinson (sir) (1862). History of Herodotus. J. Murray. pp.  150–. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  3. ↑ Niharranjan Ray; Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1 January 2000). A sourcebook of Indian civilization. Orient Blackswan. pp. 81–. ISBN   9788125018711 . Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  4. ↑ James H. Swank (1 January 1965). History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages. Ayer Publishing. pp. 8–. ISBN   9780833734631 . Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  5. ↑ Terence Wise; Richard Hook (25 March 1982). Armies of the Carthaginian Wars, 265-146 BC. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–. ISBN   9780850454307 . Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  6. ↑ Alfred S. Bradford (2001). With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 181–. ISBN   978-0-275-95259-4.
  7. ↑ Peter E. Knox; J. C. McKeown (31 October 2013). The Oxford Anthology of Roman Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 160–. ISBN   978-0-19-991072-4.
  8. ↑ Nic Fields (26 January 2017). Lake Trasimene 217 BC: Ambush and annihilation of a Roman army. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 24–. ISBN   978-1-4728-1633-7.
  9. ↑ Revue archéologique. Ernest Leroux. 1864. pp. 348–.
  10. ↑ Polybius; Robin Waterfield; Brian McGing (5 November 2010). The Histories. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN   9780199534708 . Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  11. ↑ Polybius; James Hampton (1809). The general history of Polybius. pp. 184–. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  12. ↑ "Diodor de Sicília. Espases dels celtíbers". Archived from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
  13. ↑ Patricia Shaw Fairman (2000). Obra reunida de Patricia Shaw. Universidad de Oviedo. pp. 134–. ISBN   9788483172049 . Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  14. ↑ Le Tour du monde. 1868. pp. 1–. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  15. ↑ James Vincent Ricci (1949). The development of gynæcological surgery and instruments. Norman Publishing. pp. 6–. ISBN   9780930405281 . Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  16. ↑ Arthur Aikin (1841). Illustrations of Arts and Manufactures. John Van Voorst. pp.  248–. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  17. ↑ John William Humphrey; John Peter Oleson; Andrew Neil Sherwood (1998). Greek and Roman technology: a sourcebook : annotated translations of Greek and Latin texts and documents. Routledge. pp. 218–. ISBN   9780415061377 . Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  18. ↑ "Plini el Vell. Diferents tipus de ferro". Archived from the original on 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  19. ↑ Julius Sillig; Pliny (the Elder.) (1837). Dictionary of the artists of antiquity: architects, carvers, engravers, modellers, painters, sculptors, statuaries, and workers in bronze, gold, ivory, and silver, with three chronological tables. Black and Armstrong. pp. 19–. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  20. ↑ Gocha Tsetskhladze (June 2005). Ancient West & East. BRILL. pp. 381–. ISBN   9789004139756 . Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  21. ↑ Libro tercero de la geografia de Estrabón, que comprende un tratado sobre España antigua. Hibarra hijos & cía. 1787. pp. 212–.
  22. ↑ John M. Yumoto (1958). The Samurai Sword: A Handbook. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 26–. ISBN   978-0-8048-0509-4.
  23. ↑ England Under Anglo-Saxon Kings. Bell. 1845. pp. 232–.
  24. ↑ George Sale; George Psalmanazar, George Shelvocke; Archibald Bower; John Campbell, John Swinton (1759). An universal history: from the earliest accounts to the present time. Printed for C. Bathurst. pp.  349–.
  25. ↑ Arabian Nights, in 16 volumes: Volume II. Cosimo, Inc. 1 December 2008. pp. 127–. ISBN   978-1-60520-581-6.
  26. ↑ al-Kindí
  27. ↑ John M. Yumoto (15 December 1989). The samurai sword: a handbook. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 28–. ISBN   9780804805094 . Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  28. ↑ Marta Sancho i Planas (1999). Homes, fargues, ferro i foc: arqueología i documentació per a l'estudi de la producció de ferro en època medieval : les fargues dels segles IX-XIII al sud del Pirineu català. Marcombo. pp. 49–. ISBN   9788426712219 . Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  29. ↑ Markus Sesko (30 September 2014). Encyclopedia of Japanese Swords (Paperback). Lulu.com. pp. 311–. ISBN   978-1-312-56368-1.
  30. ↑ Ferran Soldevila; Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol; Jordi Bruguera (2007). Les quatre grans croniques: Llibre dels feits del rei En Jaume. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. pp. 258–. ISBN   9788472839014 . Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  31. ↑ Joaquim Miret i Sans; Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol; Institut d'Estudis Catalans (2004). Itinerari de Jaume I "el Conqueridor". Institut d'Estudis Catalans. pp. 104–. ISBN   9788472837515 . Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  32. ↑ Sociedad Española de Excursiones (1942). Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Excursiones. Sociedad Española de Excursiones.
  33. ↑ Johan I D'Arago. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. 1929. pp. 380–. GGKEY:8CXSF5T5A0D. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  34. ↑ ʻAlī ibn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn Hudhayl (1977). Gala de caballeros, blasón de paladines. Editora Nacional. ISBN   9788427604087 . Retrieved 23 April 2011.Pàg. 185
  35. ↑ Manuscritos (Capítulos y privilegios del Gremi dels Armers de la ciudad de Valencia) (1462-1518) - Gremi dels Armers (Valencia). Capítulos referidos a los oficios de "armers, cuyracers, sellers, speroners, llancers, spasers, lloriguers i brodadors"
  36. ↑ Antonio Capmany y de Montpalau; Real Junta y Consulado de Comercio de Barcelona (1779). Memorias históricas sobre la marina, comercio y artes de la antigua ciudad de Barcelona ... En la Imprenta de Sancha. pp. 2–. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  37. ↑ Llibre gremial dels espasers, 1433-1713 (Manuscritp)
  38. ↑ Antonio Martínez (1854). Catalogo de la Real Armeria mandado reimprimir por S. M.: (Verfaßt von Antonio Martinez del Romero). Por Aguado. pp. 97–.
  39. ↑ Fèlix Torres Amat (1836). Memorias para ayudar a formar un diccionario crítico de escritores catalanes. J.Verdaguer. pp.  489–. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  40. ↑ Luís PACHECO de NARVAEZ (1635). Engaño y desengaño de los errores que se han querido introducir en la destreza de las armas... Imprenta del Reyno. pp. 5–.
  41. ↑ Escorial. Real Biblioteca; Eusebio-Julián Zarco-Bacas y Cuevas (1932). Catálogo de los manuscritos catalanes, valencianos, gallegos y portugueses de la biblioteca de El Escorial (PDF). Tip. de Archivos.
  42. ↑ [1]
  43. ↑ Espases de Saragossa obsequiades a Henry VIII d'Anglaterra. (in Spanish)
  44. ↑ Michael A. Bellesiles (19 November 2003). Arming America: the origins of a national gun culture. Soft Skull Press. pp. 46–. ISBN   9781932360073 . Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  45. ↑ José Fernando González (1867). Crónica de la provincia de Zaragoza. Editorial MAXTOR. pp. 74–. ISBN   9788497610674 . Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  46. ↑ Vannoccio Biringuccio (1 January 1990). The pirotechnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio: the classic sixteenth-century treatise on metals and metallurgy. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 61–. ISBN   9780486261348 . Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  47. ↑ Catálogo histórico-descriptivo de la Real Armería de Madrid. Editorial MAXTOR. 17 July 2008. pp. 216–. ISBN   978-84-9761-453-5.
  48. ↑ Sabre d'Enric VIII d'Anglaterra.
  49. ↑ Georgius Agricola (10 June 2004). De Natura Fossilium (Textbook of Mineralogy). Courier Dover Publications. pp. 183–. ISBN   9780486495910 . Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  50. ↑ Josep Romeu i Figueras (2000). Recerques d'etnologia i folklore. L'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 35–. ISBN   9788484152415 . Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  51. ↑ Cruilles (marqués de.) (1883). Los gremios de Valencia: memoria sobre su origen, vicisitudes y organizacion. Impr. de la Casa de beneficencia. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  52. ↑ Mercurio de España. Imprenta Real. 1826. pp. 177–.
  53. ↑ Espasa de Solingen.
  54. ↑ Harold L. Peterson (27 March 2001). Daggers and Fighting Knives of the Western World: From the Stone Age Till 1900. Courier Corporation. pp. 32–. ISBN   978-0-486-41743-1.
  55. ↑ John Florio (1611). Queen Anna's New world of words: or Dictionaire of the Italien and English Longues.
  56. ↑ Jacques Savary des Bruslons; Philémon-Louis Savary (1742). Dictionnaire Universel De Commerce: Contenant Tout Ce Qui Concerne Le Commerce Qui Se Fait Dans Les Quatre Parties Du Monde, par terre, par mer, de proche en proche, & par des voyages de long cours ... : [Divisé en III Volumes et en IV Parties]. D - O. Cramer. pp. 118–. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  57. ↑ Sebastian de Miñano (1827). Diccionario geographico-estudistico de España y Portugal. Pierart-Peralta. pp. 80–. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  58. ↑ José Amador de los Ríos (1845). Toledo pintoresca, o descripción de sus más célebres monumentos. Editorial MAXTOR. pp. 209–. ISBN   9788497613071 . Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  59. ↑ Mark Barton; John McGrath (3 July 2013). British Naval Swords and Swordsmanship: _. Seaforth Publishing. pp. 112–. ISBN   978-1-84832-135-9.
  60. ↑ Reglamento e instrucción para los presidios que se han de formar en la línea de frontera de la Nueva España : resuelto por el Rey ... en cédula de 10 de septiembre de 1772.
  61. ↑ Max L. Moorhead (1991). The Presidio: Bastion of the Spanish Borderlands. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 190–. ISBN   978-0-8061-2317-2.
  62. ↑ Richard S. Whitehead; Donald C. Cutter; Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation (1996). Citadel on the Channel: The Royal Presidio of Santa Barbara, Its Founding and Construction, 1768-1798. Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation. ISBN   978-1-879208-02-5.
  63. ↑ Arms and Armament.Presidios of California. Michael R. Hardwick.
  64. ↑ William Bowles (1782). Introducción a la historia natural y á la geografía física de España. Imprenta real. pp. 295–. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  65. ↑ Miquel Coll i Alentorn (1992). Història. L'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 240–. ISBN   9788478262991 . Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  66. ↑ Ignacio Jordán de Assó y del Río (1798). Historia de la economía política de Aragón. por Francisco Magallon. pp. 219–. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  67. ↑ Michael Springman (31 December 1990). Sharpshooter in the Crimea: The Letters of the Captain Gerald Goodlake VC 1854-56. Pen and Sword. pp. 218–. ISBN   978-1-4738-1809-5.
  68. ↑ Michael Springman (31 December 1990). Sharpshooter in the Crimea: The Letters of the Captain Gerald Goodlake VC 1854-56. Pen and Sword. pp. 218–. ISBN   978-1-4738-1809-5.
  69. ↑ Manuel Saurí; José Matas (2004). Manual histórico-topográfico estadístico y administrativo ó sea Guía general de Barcelona. Editorial MAXTOR. pp. 177–. ISBN   9788497611411 . Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  70. ↑ Great Exhibition; Robert Ellis (F.L.S.); Great Britain. Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 (1851). Official descriptive and illustrated catalogue. Spicer brothers. pp.  1346–. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  71. ↑ Librería Española (1856). Diccionario de artes y manufacturas, de agricultura, de minas, etc: A. Establecimiento Tipográfico de Mellado. pp. 2–. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  72. ↑ Henry George O'Shea (1865). A guide to Spain. Longmans, Green. pp. 278–. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.