Church Educational System Honor Code

Last updated

The Church Educational System (CES) Honor Code is a set of standards by which students and faculty attending a school owned and operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) are required to live. The most widely known university that is part of CES that has adopted the honor code is Brigham Young University (BYU), located in Provo, Utah. The standards are largely derived from codes of conduct of the LDS Church and were not put into written form until the 1940s. Since then, they have undergone several changes. The CES Honor Code also applies for students attending other CES schools: Brigham Young University–Idaho, Brigham Young University–Hawaii, and Ensign College.

Contents

History of the Honor Code at BYU

BYU Honor Code office entrance BYU Honor Code Office.png
BYU Honor Code office entrance

Every year BYU has an "Honor Week" dedicated to celebrating the legacy of the Honor Code and to remind students of the importance of following it. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Early forms of the CES Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy (1875–1903). [9] [10] Early school president, Karl G. Maeser, created the "Domestic Organization", which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the school's moral rules. In the 1901 school catalog this guide of conduct included a prohibition on "strong drink and tobacco", "profanity and obscenity", attending parties not under the control of "responsible persons", "keeping late hours, having improper associates, and visiting places of questionable repute". [11] Maeser also, however, relied largely on individual student's honor and honesty in keeping the rules, intending faculty visits as times of counsel rather than espionage. After George H. Brimhall served as president, enforcement became somewhat more lax (there were no more faculty visits), but adherence to the same basic principles were encouraged. From 1910 to 1960 the annual student catalog would only contain a few brief sentences on student conduct and discipline, often mentioning the prohibition of tobacco, "improper associates", and "visiting places of questionable repute", [12] though the 1930s and 40s saw increased standards regarding rules related to student housing and the dress code. Women were allowed to wear slacks only on Saturdays, and men wore uniforms for a short time. [13]

In 1949 students drafted the first Honor Code enforced by an Honor Council of students and administrators, and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. [14] The Student Honor Council, created around 1949, oversaw case violations. This council met with enough success among students in alleviating cheating that in 1957 BYU president Ernest L. Wilkinson suggested the Honor Code expand to include other school standards. This led to an expansion during the 1960s which created the bulk of what the Honor Code represents today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs, and alcohol. [13] Instead of a short paragraph on university standards, [15] the undergraduate catalog began printing a more detailed set of Honor Code policies in 1968, including a clause requiring students to act when observing any violation and a list of banned drugs ("amphetamines, barbiturates, hallucinogenic drugs, psychedelic drugs, and narcotics"). [16] This change came because the administration completely took over the previously student run honor code and disbanded the student senate and student honor code committee. [17] The honor code was expanded in the 1970 catalog with a requirement to adhere to the "standards of dress" and the addition of marijuana and LSD to the list of banned drugs. [18]

In the 1960s, several rules regarding longer hairstyles in men were introduced after long hair on men became associated with the radical movements then springing up on college campuses around the country. However, long hair and beards were not completely against the rules until the mid-1970s [17] with the 1978 annual catalog being the first edition to contain any detailed dress and grooming standards code. [14] [19] The 1960s also saw changes in rules regarding women's dress, as LDS Church leaders made statements against low-cut dresses and short skirts. By this time, women were allowed to wear slacks and pant-suits, but jeans were not allowed until 1981. [20]

Standards

The CES Honor Code governs not only academic behavior but also everyday conduct on or off campus as well as dress and grooming standards of students and faculty, with the aim of providing an atmosphere consistent with LDS principles. [21] The Honor Code requires:

Specific additional restrictions on appearance have been mentioned including those deemed as "extreme fashion" including a ban on shaved heads for women, blue hair, long nails or eyeshadow for men, and any piercings besides a single pair for women. [24]

Policies on homosexuality

Ban on gay students

Before the 1960s there was little explicit mention of homosexuality by BYU administration, but by 1962 a ban on homosexual students was enacted. On 12 September 1962 Apostles Spencer W. Kimball and Mark E. Peterson and BYU President Ernest L. Wilkinson agreed on a university policy that "no one will be admitted as a student ... whom we have convincing evidence is a homosexual". They agreed to share information about individuals cases of homosexual members between general church administration and BYU administration. [25] [26] This policy was reiterated in Wilkinson's address to BYU in 1965 when he stated "we [do not] intend to admit to this campus any homosexuals. ... [I]f any of you have this tendency and have not completely abandoned it, may I suggest you leave the University immediately .... We do not want others on this campus to be contaminated by your presence." [27] [28] The 1967 version of the Honor code stated that "homosexuality will not be tolerated" along with not approving "any form of artificial birth control". [29]

The ban on any homosexually oriented students was softened a decade later by Wilkinson's successor Dallin H. Oaks in a 19 April 1973 Board of Trustees meeting. There it was decided BYU would allow students who had "repented of" homosexual acts and "forsaken" them for a "lengthy period of time". Additionally they would allow students "guilty of irregular sexual behavior" (not including fornication or adultery equivalents) who were "repentant" and "showed evidence" that the act(s) would "not be repeated" while still banning overt and active homosexuals. [30] [31]

Shock therapy

According to the Standards Office director from 1971 to 1981, all homosexual BYU students who were reported to the Standards Office (now called the Honor Code Office) were either expelled, or, for "less serious" offenses, were required to undergo therapy in order to remain at the university; in "special cases" this treatment included "electroshock and vomiting aversion therapies". [30] [32] This program of aversion therapy—which spanned from the late 1950s until at least the late 1970s—was dedicated to "curing" male homosexual students reported by bishops and BYU administrators through administering electrical shocks or vomit inducing drugs while showing "nude" pictures of men to the patient in an attempt to associate pain with homosexual visual stimulation. [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Ban on advocacy and coming out

A gay pride parody of the "Y" logo Gay BYU Logo Parody.png
A gay pride parody of the "Y" logo

In the late 1990s a reference to homosexual conduct was added to the code, and in 2001 Associate Dean of Students Lane Fischer over the BYU Honor Code Office stated that it was inappropriate for a BYU student to advocate for the [homosexual] lifestyle by publishing material or participating in public demonstrations as well as advertising ones same-sex preference in any public way. He also required homosexual students facing discipline to refrain from same-sex "dating, holding hands, kissing, romantic touching, showering, clubbing, ets., as well as regular association with homosexual men." [38]

Current policies

In 2007, BYU changed the honor code to read that stating one's sexual orientation was not an honor code issue while removing the phrase that "any behaviors that indicate homosexual conduct, including those not sexual in nature, are inappropriate and violate the Honor Code." The change also clarified the policy on advocacy of LGBTQ rights or romantic relationships. [39] [40] Several students, including gay and lesbian students, thought that the previous wording was confusing and unclear. While both homosexuals and heterosexuals must abide by the church's law of chastity (i.e. no sexual relations outside of marriage, and no pornography), [41] the Honor Code additionally prohibits all forms of physical intimacy that give expression to homosexual feelings (i.e. dating, kissing). There is no similar restriction against expressing heterosexual feelings. [42] The first explicit mention of homosexuality in the language of the school's code of conduct available to students was not noted until the Fall of 2009. [43] [44] Both this version and the 2010 versions contained a clause banning homosexual advocacy defined as "seeking to influence others to engage in homosexual behavior or promoting homosexual relations as being morally acceptable." [45] [46] In early 2011, BYU quietly removed the clause prohibiting advocacy. [47] [48] In February 2020, the administration removed two paragraphs from the honor code prohibiting homosexual behavior, including "all forms of physical intimacy that give expression to homosexual feelings". Together with this change they updated a bullet from "Live a chaste and virtuous life" and replaced it with "Live a chaste and virtuous life, including abstaining from any sexual relations outside a marriage between a man and a woman." [49] In 2023, it was again updated with additional clarity for same-sex behavior "Live a chaste and virtuous life, including abstaining from sexual relations outside marriage between a man and a woman. Living a chaste and virtuous life also includes abstaining from same-sex romantic behavior." [50]

Enforcement

Honor code policies and principles are promoted by BYUSA, the campus student association, and the Honor Code Office. The office handles all accusations and violations, and works in conjunction with bishops of BYU wards. If the student's bishop is thought to be able to corroborate the alleged infraction, the accused student may be required to sign a legal form waiving his or her rights to ecclesiastical privacy, which allows the school direct access to the bishop and any content discussed on the said topic, or others which may have been in violation of the Honor Code, but not yet reported. Not all students at the school are familiar with LDS standards, so students who break the code for the first time are usually only contacted by mail as a warning and clarification of standards. Later violations may cause the student to be called into the office to speak with an Honor Code officer. Severe and continued violations can merit expulsion. [51] Students may be brought to the attention of the Honor Code office by faculty, staff, or other students [52] but "no anonymous reports will be acted upon". [24] BYU Events Staff patrol school dances for Honor Code violations. [53] Cafeteria, library, athletics, and BYU Testing Center employees are asked to encourage students to follow dress and grooming standards, sometimes denying service to students not adhering to the code. [54] In 2001 it was reported that less than 2 or 3 percent of BYU students are referred to the Honor Code Office annually, though no percentage on punitive actions were given. [38] Data from 1955, however, showed that 9 students were expelled, 23 were suspended, and 72 were placed on probation. [55]

Beard exemptions

In regards to facial hair restrictions, permission to wear facial hair can be granted in three specific cases: For men with skin conditions aggravated by shaving, for theatrical performances, and (since a policy change in January 2015) for religious reasons. [56] [57] In regards to medical exemptions, students/faculty must visit a BYU Student Health Center doctor who will fax a recommendation to the Honor Code office. The student/faculty must then visit the office to fill out the requisite exemption paperwork. A new BYU ID card is issued including a symbol marked "BE" and a photograph with the facial hair. In regards to theater exemptions, students or faculty must obtain written permission from the theater or film company explaining the need for facial hair. Such exemptions are only granted for the duration of the production. Thus, in such cases a temporary exemption card issued. Religious exemptions will be coordinated through the university chaplain's office. [57]

Ecclesiastical endorsement

Students are required to sign in agreement to the Honor Code, Dress and Grooming Standards, Residential Living Guidelines, and Academic Honesty Policy yearly. [58] Additionally they must have a yearly [59] interview with a leader of their local religious congregation, or (for religious students or those without a local congregation) the non-denominational BYU chaplain and maintain this ecclesiastical endorsement [60] to attend BYU. In the past about 5% of BYU was not LDS, [61] but that number has shrunk closer to 1% in recent years. [62] [63] The chaplain or religious leader is instructed to inquire about the student's and understanding of and adherence to specific policies. These include the ban on the consumption of specific substances, viewing pornography, any extramarital heterosexual "relations", any homosexual conduct, and adherence to the Honor Code, Dress and Grooming Standards, Residential Living Guidelines, and Academic Honesty Policy on and off campus. LDS bishops and branch presidents are additionally instructed to verify that LDS students demonstrate "appropriate and consistent church activity", "abid[e] by the standards of the Church", and are in "full fellowship". [64] The chaplain or religious leader can revoke the endorsement at any time. [22] [65]

Honor code staff

As of 2017, the enforcement of the BYU's Honor Code is directed by Spencer Hawkins, [66] who is under Vice Dean of Students Casey Peterson, [67] who is under Dean of Students Vernon Heperi. [68] Over the Office of Student Life is Vice President Janet S. Scharman, [69] who reports to university president C Shane Reese who is under the BYU Board of Trustees, [70] [71] which is composed of general authorities and general officers of the LDS Church. [72]

Housing accommodation

Students have the option of living in on-campus housing, with family members who reside in the local area, or in off-campus housing which must pass a school inspection for health and safety, as well as satisfactory separation of gender quarters and compliance with other standards. Students under certain conditions can apply for a housing waiver for special approval. [73] [74]

This approval is designed to ensure that students live in a safe environment that is consistent with the standards of the University. Since students are only allowed to live in BYU-approved housing, landlords in the area consider it important to meet the standard in order to gain residents. The housing standards mandate that bathrooms and bedrooms be off limits to those of the opposite sex. Members of the opposite sex are required to be out of the apartment by midnight. [75] Guns are permitted in off-campus housing only if the gun owner receives written permission from both the landlord and all residents in the apartment. [76]

In 2003, BYU announced that beginning in 2007, housing would only be approved if it was within 2 miles (3.2 km) of campus. The school did this out of concern that its Office of Residence Life was being stretched too thin and was unable to meet demands. Students feared the new boundaries might lead to a rise in apartment prices and decrease the amount of available housing. According to BYU, the effect would be minimal, as 98 percent of students already lived within the designated area. About 40 properties lost BYU approval due to the new guideline. [77]

Controversies

There has been several controversies surrounding BYU's honor code, with criticism from students, advocacy groups, local governmental institutions, and national press coverage. [78] [79] [80]

YouTube block

As part of a BYU ban on websites containing sexual content, the popular website YouTube was blocked on all BYU networks. In 2007 Fox News highlighted BYU's blocking of pornographic and other sites, including YouTube, from campus Internet connections, [81] pursuant to the code's prohibition of the viewing of pornographic material. BYU lifted the YouTube ban in 2009, again receiving nationwide press attention. [82]

Religious and academic freedom

According to BYU spokesperson Carri Jenkins, LDS BYU students who experience a transition in faith views away from church orthodoxy are "not eligible to attend BYU" and are thus not granted religious freedom by the university. [83] [84] There are many non-believing and former Mormons on campus, [85] [86] and some have been expelled for publicly expressing disagreement or doubt. [84] [87] [88] [89] In 2014, the organization FreeBYU composed of BYU alumni and students asked the BYU Board of Trustees to reform the Honor Code to allow LDS students to change their religion, [90] then subsequently challenged BYU's accreditation by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities on the basis of the honor code's suppression of academic and religious freedom. [91] In 2015, religion scholar Dr. Mark Juergensmeyer boycotted a religious freedom conference held on BYU campus in protest over its policy of expelling and terminating LDS students who lose their faith. [92] In 2015-2016, the American Bar Association reviewed formal complaints stemming from a student's allegations that the honor code violates the Association's non-discrimination standards; the student had written a book that laid out why same-sex marriage was not, according to his research, at odds with the LDS Church's teachings. [93] [94] [95] [96] Shortly after the submission of the American Bar Association complaint, BYU added an "Application for Exception" clause that would theoretically enable a formerly LDS applicant to be accepted if certain criteria are met. [97] [98]

Treatment of rape survivors

Protesters deliver 60,000 petition signatures to BYU's administration on April 20, 2016 asking them to add an immunity clause shielding these sexual assault survivors from any Honor Code investigations Rape Survivor Treatment BYU Protest.jpg
Protesters deliver 60,000 petition signatures to BYU's administration on April 20, 2016 asking them to add an immunity clause shielding these sexual assault survivors from any Honor Code investigations

Beginning in 2014 and continuing through 2016, several students have alleged that when they reported being raped, the school punished them for violating the honor code. [79] [101] [102] [103] Some students report that, after having been victimized by a rapist, they were told they were guilty of sexual sin because of past actions that came to light in connection to their sexual assaults. [80] [104] This atmosphere may prevent some students from being willing to report similar crimes to police, a situation that local law enforcement have publicly criticized. [78] [105] The Victim Services Coordinator of the Provo Police Department called for an amnesty clause to be added to the Honor Code which would excuse rape survivors for past infractions of BYU policies. [106] Hollingshead states "The victim of a sexual assault will never be referred to the Honor Code Office for being a victim of sexual assault. A report of sexual assault would always be referred to the BYU Title IX Office – not to the Honor Code office." [106] BYU launched a review of the practice which concluded in October 2016. BYU announced several changes to how it would handle sexual assault reports, including adding an amnesty clause for the victim of sexual misconduct, and ensuring under most circumstances that information is not shared between the Title IX Office and Honor Code Office without the survivor's consent. [107] According to a Spring 2017 BYU survey answered by over 40% of BYU students, 6.5% of women and 1.2% of men experienced unwanted sexual contact in the last year as BYU students. [108] : 2  Of those, 64% of these incidents were not reported to any formal organization [108] : 6  with 21% of those who did not report the crime citing a fear of Honor Code discipline or their ecclesiastical endorsement being questioned as a reason for not reporting. [108] : 8  [109]

LGBTQ policies

Controversy surrounding the BYU's honor code has grown since 2014, with criticism from students, advocacy groups, local governmental institutions, and national press coverage. [93] [106] [110] Various LGBTQ advocacy groups have protested the honor code and criticized it as being anti-gay. [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] In the fall of 2016 BYU faced national criticism when many called its Honor Code policies for LGBTQ students discriminatory while the university was being considered as an addition to the Big 12 Conference. [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] The Princeton Review has regularly ranked BYU among the most LGBTQ-unfriendly schools in the United States [122] [123] [124] and the campus currently offers no official LGBTQ-specific resources [125] after revoking permission in 2012 for the unofficial university gay-straight alliance USGA to continue meeting on campus. [126]

Other universities

In March 2008, the University of Texas at San Antonio was accused of plagiarizing a portion of BYU's honor code related to cheating and plagiarism. [127] [128] Southern Virginia University, which also espouses LDS standards, uses a similar code of conduct.

Student athletes

The Honor Code received national attention in March 2011 when the university dismissed BYU basketball player Brandon Davies from the team for violating the code, [129] [130] reportedly by having premarital sex, [131] the same day the college basketball rankings came out listing BYU as the #3 team in the nation. Davies was reinstated to the university the next school year, and returned to the basketball team, where he completed his athletic eligibility in 2013.

Racial bias

The CES Honor Code has been criticized at various times including by Darron Smith, a former BYU instructor, Marcus Whalen, a BYU football player, and Don Harwell, president of Genesis, as being applied in a racially disparate manner on many occasions. [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [138] [139] However, Vai Sikahema, a former BYU football player and native Tongan, has defended the honor code enforcement as not racist citing a number of players, of various racial backgrounds, who had positive experiences at BYU. [140]

Facial hair

BYU students led a campaign to loosen the beard restrictions in 2014, [141] [142] [143] [144] but it had the opposite effect at Church Educational System schools: some students who had previously been granted beard exceptions were found no longer to qualify, and for a brief period the LDS Business College required students with a registered exception to wear a "beard badge", which was likened to a "badge of shame". Some students also join in with shaming their fellow beard-wearing students, even those with registered exceptions. [145]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brigham Young University</span> Private university in Provo, Utah, US

Brigham Young University (BYU) is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. It was founded in 1875 by religious leader Brigham Young and is sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brigham Young University–Hawaii</span> Private LDS Church college in Laie, Hawaii, U.S.

Brigham Young University–Hawaii (BYU–Hawaii) is a private college in Laie, Hawaii, United States. It is owned and operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. BYU–Hawaii was founded in 1955 and it became a satellite campus of Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1974. In 2004, it was made a separate institution. The college's sole focus is on undergraduate education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brigham Young University–Idaho</span> Private college in Rexburg, Idaho, US

Brigham Young University–Idaho is a private college in Rexburg, Idaho. Founded 136 years ago in 1888, the college is owned and operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Previously known as Ricks College, it transitioned from a junior college to a baccalaureate institution in 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. Reuben Clark Law School</span> Law school at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah

The J. Reuben Clark Law School is the law school of Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. Founded in 1973, the school is named after J. Reuben Clark, a former U.S. Ambassador, Undersecretary of State, and general authority of the institution's sponsoring organization, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span>

The basic beliefs and traditions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have a cultural impact that distinguishes church members, practices and activities. The culture is geographically concentrated in the Mormon Corridor in the United States, and is present to a lesser extent in many places of the world where Latter-day Saints live.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span>

All homosexual sexual activity is condemned as sinful by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in its law of chastity, and the church teaches that God does not approve of same-sex marriage. Adherents who participate in same-sex sexual behavior may face church discipline. Members of the church who experience homosexual attractions, including those who self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual remain in good standing in the church if they abstain from same-sex marriage and any homosexual sexual activity or sexual relationships outside an opposite-sex marriage. However, all people, including those in same-sex relationships and marriages, are permitted to attend the weekly Sunday meetings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kevin J Worthen</span> American lawyer and educational administrator

Kevin J Worthen is an American professor who served as the 13th president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from 2014 to 2023. From 2010 to 2021, he also served as an area seventy in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Worthen served previously at BYU as the Advancement Vice President and as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCL).

Student life at Brigham Young University is heavily influenced by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The school is privately owned by the church and aims to create an atmosphere in which secular and religious principles are taught in the same classroom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Understanding Sexuality, Gender, and Allyship</span>

USGA is an organization for LGBTQ Brigham Young University students and their allies. It began meeting on BYU campus in 2010 to discuss issues relating to homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. However, by December 2012, USGA began meeting off campus at the Provo City Library and is still banned from meeting on campus as of 2018. BYU campus currently offers no official LGBT-specific resources as of 2016. The group maintains political neutrality and upholds BYU's Honor Code. It also asks all participants to be respectful of BYU and the LDS Church. The group received national attention when it released its 2012 "It Gets Better" video. The group also released a suicide prevention message in 2013. A sister organization USGA Rexburg serves the LGBT Brigham Young University–Idaho student community in Rexburg, Idaho.

Students identifying as LGBTQIA+ have a long, documented history at Brigham Young University (BYU), and have experienced a range of treatment by other students and school administrators over the decades. Large surveys of over 7,000 BYU students in 2020 and 2017 found that over 13% had marked their sexual orientation as something other than "strictly heterosexual", while the other survey showed that .2% had reported their gender identity as transgender or something other than cisgender male or female. BYU is the largest religious university in North America and is the flagship institution of the educational system of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints —Mormonism's largest denomination.

Although the historical record is often scarce, evidence points to LGBT individuals having existed in the Mormon community since its beginnings, and estimates of the number of LGBT former and current Mormons range from 4 to 10% of the total membership of the LDS Church. However, it wasn't until the late 1950s that top LDS leaders began regularly discussing LGBT people in public addresses. Since the 1970s a greater number of LGBT individuals with Mormon connections have received media coverage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FreeBYU</span>

FreeBYU is an advocacy organization dedicated to changing Brigham Young University (BYU) policies such that students can have an environment of religious and academic freedom. These policies mean that students who enroll in the university as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are not able to express a change in religious beliefs or express their lack thereof without risk of being evicted from their student homes, fired from their campus jobs, or expelled from the university. Currently BYU does not allow students who enrolled as Mormons to change their religious affiliation, and FreeBYU is advocating for university policy to apply the same standards for formerly LDS students as it does for non-LDS students, including charging a higher tuition rate.

This is a timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 2020s, part of a series of timelines consisting of events, publications, and speeches about LGBTQ+ individuals, topics around sexual orientation and gender minorities, and the community of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual orientation change efforts and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span>

Because of its ban against same-sex sexual activity and same-sex marriage the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a long history of teaching that its adherents who are attracted to the same sex can and should attempt to alter their feelings through righteous striving and sexual orientation change efforts. Reparative therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change an individual's sexual orientation from homosexual or bisexual to heterosexual, or their gender identity from transgender to cisgender using psychological, physical, or spiritual interventions. There is no reliable evidence that such practices can alter sexual orientation or gender identity, and many medical institutions warn that conversion therapy is ineffective and potentially harmful.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span>

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has been involved with many pieces of legislation relating to LGBT people and their rights. These include playing an important role in defeating same-sex marriage legalization in Hawaii, Alaska, Nebraska, Nevada, California, and Utah. The topic of same-sex marriage has been one of the church's foremost public concerns since 1993. Leaders have stated that it will become involved in political matters if it perceives that there is a moral issue at stake and wields considerable influence on a national level. Over a dozen members of the US congress had membership in the church in the early 2000s. About 80% of Utah state lawmakers identied as Mormon at that time as well. The church's political involvement around LGBT rights has long been a source of controversy both within and outside the church. It's also been a significant cause of disagreement and disaffection by members.

This is a timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 1960s, part of a series of timelines consisting of events, publications, and speeches about LGBTQ+ individuals, topics around sexual orientation and gender minorities, and the community of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Although the historical record is often scarce, evidence points to queer individuals having existed in the Mormon community since its beginnings. However, top LDS leaders only started regularly addressing queer topics in public in the late 1950s. Since 1970, the LDS Church has had at least one official publication or speech from a high-ranking leader referencing LGBT topics every year, and a greater number of LGBT Mormon and former Mormon individuals have received media coverage.

This is a timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 1970s, part of a series of timelines consisting of events, publications, and speeches about LGBTQ+ individuals, topics around sexual orientation and gender minorities, and the community of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Although the historical record is often scarce, evidence points to queer individuals having existed in the Mormon community since its beginnings. However, top LDS leaders only started regularly addressing queer topics in public in the late 1950s. Since 1970, the LDS Church has had at least one official publication or speech from a high-ranking leader referencing LGBT topics every year, and a greater number of LGBT Mormon and former Mormon individuals have received media coverage.

This is a timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 1990s, part of a series of timelines consisting of events, publications, and speeches about LGBTQ+ individuals, topics around sexual orientation and gender minorities, and the community of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Although the historical record is often scarce, evidence points to queer individuals having existed in the Mormon community since its beginnings. However, top LDS leaders only started regularly addressing queer topics in public in the late 1950s. Since 1970, the LDS Church has had at least one official publication or speech from a high-ranking leader referencing LGBT topics every year, and a greater number of LGBT Mormon and former Mormon individuals have received media coverage.

This is a timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 2010s, part of a series of timelines consisting of events, publications, and speeches about LGBTQ+ individuals, topics around sexual orientation and gender minorities, and the community of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Below is a timeline of major events, media, and people at the intersection of LGBT topics and Brigham Young University (BYU). BYU is the largest university of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Before 1959 there was little explicit mention of homosexuality by BYU administration.

References

  1. ↑ Cable, Jessica (13 Feb 2017). "BYU celebrates student standards through annual Honor Week". BYU. Daily Universe. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  2. ↑ Da Silva, Carla (14 Feb 2013). "Preparations being made for Honor Week activities". BYU. Daily Universe. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  3. ↑ Ternieden, John (25 Jan 2012). "Honor Code celebrated in Student Honor Week". BYU. The Daily Universe. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  4. ↑ Tillotson, Carolina (29 Nov 2005). "Honor Week offers prizes and a chance to remember". BYU. The Daily Universe. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  5. ↑ Anderson, Elisa (7 April 2003). "Honor week finds missionaries on campus". BYU. The Daily Universe. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  6. ↑ McCann, Summer (27 Nov 2001). ""Honor Week" reminds students of commitments". BYU. The Daily Universe. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  7. ↑ Fife, Erin (2 Apr 2001). "Honor Week to be celebrated through performance". BYU. The Daily Universe. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  8. ↑ Orozco, Jessica (28 Nov 1999). "Honor Week to honor Christmas". BYU. The Daily Universe. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  9. ↑ "Brigham Young High School History: 1869 to 1903 - The Founding Years". Brigham Young High School. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  10. ↑ "From 1903 to 1920 ~ A High School Within a University". Brigham Young High School History. Brigham Young High School. 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  11. ↑ 1901-1902 Catalogue (sic). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young Academy. 1901. pp. 10–11.
  12. ↑ 1960-1961 Annual Catalog. Provo, Utah: BYU. Fall 1960.
  13. 1 2 Bergera, Gary James; Priddis, Ronald (1985). "Chapter 3: Standards & the Honor Code". Brigham Young University: A House of Faith. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN   0-941214-34-6. OCLC   12963965.
  14. 1 2 Piper, Matthew (29 Oct 2016). "The history of BYU's Honor Code: From 'an institution practically without rules' to one that exterminates 'beetles, beatniks or buzzards,' and beyond". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  15. ↑ Annual Catalog Issue 1966-1968. Provo, Utah: BYU. Fall 1966. p. 41.
  16. ↑ Campbell, L. Howard (Fall 1968). BYU Annual Catalog Issue 1968-1970. Provo, Utah: BYU. pp. 39–40.
  17. 1 2 Bitterman, Sara (8 April 2014). "A history of the BYU Honor Code". BYU. The Daily Universe.
  18. ↑ Campbell, L. Howard (Fall 1970). BYU Annual Catalog Issue 1970-1972. Provo, Utah: BYU. pp. 37–38.
  19. ↑ 1978-1979 General Catalog of Courses. Provo, Utah: BYU. January 1978.
  20. ↑ Randle, Jenna (4 Nov 2014). "70s BYU student undressed to take a test". BYU. Daily Universe.
  21. ↑ "Church Educational System Honor Code", 2014-2015 Undergraduate Catalog, Brigham Young University, archived from the original on 2014-11-25, retrieved 2015-07-30
  22. 1 2 "Church Educational System Honor Code". byu.edu. BYU. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  23. ↑ Johnson, David (February 28, 2006), "Concealed Weapons Prohibited at BYU", The Universe, BYU
  24. 1 2 "Honor Code Faculty Information". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  25. ↑ Anderson, Seth (8 December 2013). "Timeline of Mormon Thinking About Homosexuality". NoMoreStrangers.org. No More Strangers: LGBT Mormon Forum. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  26. ↑ Wilkinson, Ernest L. (12 September 1962). BYU Diary. BYU Library Special Collections UA 1000 Box 101 Folder 1: Brigham Young University. Retrieved 16 November 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  27. ↑ Wilkinson, Ernest (23 Sep 1965). Make Honor Your Standard. Brigham Young University. p. 8.
  28. ↑ Wilkinson, Ernest (13 Nov 1965). "Make Honor Your Standard". Deseret News: Church News: 11.
  29. ↑ Wilkinon, Ernest L. (18 August 1967). Presidential Files, Memorandum: Conference Held with First Presidency. Provo, UT, BYU HBLL Special Collections UA 1000 Box 271 Folder 22: BYU. p. 2. Retrieved 20 November 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  30. 1 2 BYU Board Meeting Minutes. BYU Library Special Collections: BYU. 19 April 1973. pp. 6–7.
  31. ↑ O'Donovan, Connell. "Private Pain, Public Purges: A History of Homosexuality at Brigham Young University" . Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  32. ↑ Corcoran, Brent; O'Donovan, Rocky (1994). Multiply and Replenish: Mormon Essays on Sex and Family. Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books. p. 155. ISBN   1560850507 . Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  33. ↑ Quinn, D. Michael (1996). Same-Sex Dynamics among Ninceteenth-Century Americans. University of Illinois Press. pp. 377, 379. ISBN   978-0252022050.
  34. ↑ McBride, Ford (Aug 1976). Effects of Visual Stimuli in Electric Aversion Therapy. Provo, UT, USA: BYU Department of Psychology. p. 43. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  35. ↑ Harryman, Don D., With All Thy Getting, Get Understanding, Affirmation: Gay & Lesbian Mormons, archived from the original on October 21, 2013, retrieved August 19, 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  36. ↑ Weakland, Sean. "Legacies". Yale University Library. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  37. ↑ "Question #27629", The 100 Hour Board, BYU, August 12, 2006, retrieved August 26, 2011
  38. 1 2 Stewart, Kirsten (29 March 2001). "BYU Brass Suspend Two Gays". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  39. ↑ Lyon, Julia (17 April 2007). "BYU changes honor code text about gay students". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  40. ↑ Walch, Tad (18 April 2007). "BYU clarifies Honor Code about gay orientation". LDS Church. Deseret News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  41. ↑ Morrison, Jenna (April 17, 2007), "BYU Clarifies Honor Code", The Universe , BYU
  42. ↑ "Church Educational System Honor Code", 2009-2010 Undergraduate Catalog, BYU, archived from the original on 2011-09-03
  43. ↑ "2008 Church Educational System Honor Code". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2014-06-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  44. ↑ "2009 Church Educational System Honor Code". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  45. ↑ "2009 Church Educational System Honor Code". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  46. ↑ "2010 Church Educational System Honor Code". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2010-08-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  47. ↑ "BYU removes pro-gay advocacy from its honor code", QSaltLake , QSaltLake, February 2, 2011
  48. ↑ "2010 Church Educational System Honor Code". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2011-04-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  49. ↑ "Church Educational System Honor Code". policy.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  50. ↑ "Church Educational System Honor Code". policy.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  51. ↑ Miller, Nicole (January 18, 2007), "Honor Code Exists to Uphold Gospel Principles, Create Environment", The Universe, BYU, archived from the original on April 13, 2014, retrieved April 10, 2014
  52. ↑ Stuart, Elizabeth (May 26, 2006), "Universities use social networks to find misbehaving students", The Universe, BYU
  53. ↑ Westenskow, Rosalie (January 17, 2006), "BYU Dances Keeping it Clean", The Universe, BYU
  54. ↑ Payne, Sara Elizabeth (September 13, 2005), "HBLL reviews Honor Code enforcement", The Universe, BYU
  55. ↑ Wilkinson, Ernest (1957). Seven Year Report of the President of BYU (1950 to 1957). BYU L. Tom Perry Special Collections UA 1000 Box 77: BYU. p. 205.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  56. ↑ Knox, Annie (14 Jan 2015). "BYU clarifies beard policy; spells out exceptions". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  57. 1 2 Phillip, Abby (January 14, 2015), "Brigham Young University adjusts anti-beard policies amid student protests", The Washington Post
  58. ↑ "Ecclesiastical Endorsement Instructions for Students Attending BYU Provo". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  59. ↑ "BYU OneStop". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  60. ↑ "Church Educational System". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2017-03-10. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  61. ↑ Call, Jeff (21 Nov 1999). "Religious freedom: What's BYU life like for non-LDS professors, students?". Deseret News. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014.
  62. ↑ "Religions represented at BYU, 2002-2014". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
  63. ↑ Chommel-Bailey, Lorraine (14 Oct 2015). "International, non-LDS students at BYU". BYU. The Daily Universe.
  64. ↑ "Ecclesiastical Endorsement Instructions for Church Leaders". byu.edu. BYU.
  65. ↑ "Rising BYU star thrown out". LDS Church. Deseret News. 5 Feb 2008. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017.
  66. ↑ "Department Directory". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  67. ↑ "Campus Life Organizational Chart". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  68. ↑ "Staff". byu.edu. BYU. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  69. ↑ "Department Directory". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  70. ↑ "Church Educational System Administration". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  71. ↑ "Administration". byu.edu. BYU. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  72. ↑ "BYU Administration". byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  73. ↑ "BYU Contracted Housing", BYU Off Campus Housing, BYU, archived from the original on 2014-04-13, retrieved 2014-04-10
  74. ↑ "Off-Campus Housing", 2009-2010 Undergraduate Catalog, BYU, archived from the original on 2012-07-13, retrieved 2010-04-10
  75. ↑ Shippen, Rebecca (June 12, 2006), "Honor code influence helps and hampers student housing", The Universe, BYU
  76. ↑ Forschler, Leaa (June 2, 2005), "BYU housing office prohibits firearms in apartments", The Universe, BYU
  77. ↑ Larson, Lesley (June 12, 2006), "Students resistant to and confused by new housing boundaries", The Daily Universe, BYU
  78. 1 2 "Police criticize BYU investigations into sex assault victims". The Olympian. Retrieved 2016-05-01.[ permanent dead link ]
  79. 1 2 Schouten, Lucy (2016-04-30). "BYU rape controversy: Could honor code 'amnesty' be a solution?". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN   0882-7729 . Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  80. 1 2 Hern, Maria L. La Ganga Dan; ez (2016-04-30). "'You're a sinner': how a Mormon university shames rape victims". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  81. ↑ "Brigham Young University Bans YouTube Access for Students". Fox News. AP. 2007-02-17. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  82. ↑ "Brigham Young University Lifts YouTube Ban". Huffington Post. 27 June 2009.
  83. ↑ Zavadski, Katie (31 March 2015). "Lose Your Faith, Get Expelled at BYU". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  84. 1 2 Knox, Annie (12 Mar 2017). "BYU graduates complain to accrediting board over school's treatment of lapsed-Mormon students". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  85. ↑ Andrews, Emily (15 Sep 2011). "The Group: Utah County's covert secular community". The Daily Utah Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  86. ↑ "BYU Students". iamanexmormon.com. I Am An Exmoron.
  87. ↑ Hollingshead, Todd (14 Jun 2006). "BYU fires teacher over op-ed stance". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  88. ↑ "Group of BYU grads says school shouldn't expel ex-Mormon students". BYU. The Daily Universe. 24 Mar 2015.
  89. ↑ Miet, Hannah (30 Jan 2014). "When the Saints Go Marching Out". IBT Media. Newsweek.
  90. ↑ Chamberlain, Caleb, "Letter to the BYU Board of Trustees", FreeBYU blog, FreeBYU, retrieved May 21, 2016
  91. ↑ Knox, Annie, "BYU graduates complain to accrediting board over school's treatment of lapsed-Mormon students", News, Salt Lake Tribune, retrieved May 21, 2016
  92. ↑ "Why I Boycotted a Conference at Brigham Young University", Religion Dispatches Blog, Religion Dispatches, 7 October 2015, retrieved May 21, 2016
  93. 1 2 "Law Student Says He Was Almost Expelled for Writing in Favor of Gay Marriage". Fusion. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  94. ↑ Tribune, Annie Knox The Salt Lake. "National bar group looking into discrimination claim at BYU law school". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  95. ↑ "ABA Section of Legal Ed considers complaint over BYU Law's policy of expulsion of ex-Mormons". ABA Journal. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  96. ↑ "Inquiry Into BYU Law School's Expulsion of Ex-Mormons Proceeds". National Law Journal. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
  97. ↑ "Church Educational System Honor Code". [BYU]. November 9, 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
  98. ↑ Wells, David (17 Aug 2016). "BYU adjusts Honor Code requirements after religious discrimination complaint". Tribune Company. KSTU Fox 13 News.
  99. ↑ Stuckey, Alex; Piper, Matthew (20 April 2016). "'I thought I was the only one': BYU protesters say they've been shamed by Honor Code practices, demand change". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  100. ↑ Dodson, Braley (20 April 2016). "Protesters decry BYU Honor Code investigations for sexual assault survivors". The Daily Herald. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  101. ↑ Lithwick, Dahlia (27 April 2016). "Repeated Violations: BYU is violating the spirit of Title IX, harming sexual assault survivors, and making rape more likely with its absurd honor code enforcement". Slate. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  102. ↑ "Punished after reporting rape at Brigham Young University". www.13abc.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  103. ↑ Schulzke, Tad Walch, Eric (2016-04-30). "Would BYU honor code be better with an amnesty clause like Southern Virginia's?". DeseretNews.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  104. ↑ "Petition aims to shield sex abuse victims from punishment over Mormon college's 'honor code'". UPI. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  105. ↑ "BYU's 'honor code' is making victims of sexual assault afraid to tell police". Business Insider. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  106. 1 2 3 "Utah Police Official Condemns BYU Honor Code in Wake of Sexual Assault Protests: 'It Keeps Victims from Coming Forward'". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  107. ↑ Neugebauer, Cimaron (October 26, 2016). "BYU changes how it reports sexual assaults on campus, effective immediately". KUTV. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  108. 1 2 3 "Report on the Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault" (PDF). news.byu.edu. BYU. November 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
  109. ↑ Vaifanua, Tamara (16 November 2017). "Survey reveals some BYU students are not reporting sexual assaults due to fear of honor code violations". Fox13. Tribune Broadcasting. KSTU. According to the survey, 64% of students who experienced unwanted sexual contact said they did not report it. "It's heartbreaking that we have unwanted sexual contact on our campus and we would like to have less of that," said Ben Ogles, chairman of BYU's survey committee. He says more than half of students didn't think their experience was serious enough to report, and 21% of students were worried about honor code related discipline.
  110. 1 2 "BYU Continues the Legacy of Anti-Gay Policies" Archived 2010-09-16 at the Wayback Machine , HeartStrong.
  111. ↑ "Brigham Young University Pages" Archived 2009-06-28 at the Wayback Machine , Affirmation: Gay and Lesbian Mormons.
  112. ↑ "The 2006 Equality Ride Route: Brigham Young University" Archived 2007-12-30 at the Wayback Machine , Soulforce.
  113. ↑ Kneefel, Brandon (April 17, 2007), "Brigham Young University Revises Policy on Sexuality; Discriminatory Policy Revisited After Soulforce Equality Riders Visit", archives.soulforce.org, Soulforce, archived from the original on April 13, 2014, retrieved April 10, 2014
  114. ↑ Jon Adams (August 7, 2007), "The Case Against Brigham Young University", Unscrewing The Inscrutable (blog), Brent Rasmussen, archived from the original on October 21, 2013, retrieved April 10, 2014
  115. ↑ Trotter, Jake (8 August 2016). "LGBTQ groups: Admitting BYU would be 'inconsistent' with Big 12 values". ABC News. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  116. ↑ Trotter, Jake (22 September 2016). "The latest developments in Big 12 expansion". ESPN. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  117. ↑ Drew, Jay (17 October 2016). "BYU athletics: Big 12 presidents say no to expansion, leaving Cougars outside looking in". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  118. ↑ Mandel, Stewart (15 November 2016). "25 LGBTQ groups send letter to Big 12 urging it to shun BYU". Fox News. Fox Sports. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  119. ↑ Judd, Brandon (8 August 2016). "In letter, LGBTQ groups say Big 12 shouldn't add BYU". LDS Church. Deseret News. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  120. ↑ Mayne, Mitch (10 August 2016). "'Groundhog Day' For Mormon Bigotry: BYU's Exclusion From Big 12 Highlights Discriminatory Church Policies On LGBTQ". Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  121. ↑ "LGBTQ groups urge Big 12 to pass on adding BYU to conference". Fox News. Associated Press. 9 August 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.[ dead link ]
  122. ↑ "Ranking Categories: Demographics - LGBTQ-Unfriendly", Princeton Review College Ranking, The Princeton Review, retrieved April 9, 2012
  123. ↑ Knox, Annie (11 August 2015). "BYU, other Christian schools ranked among the least LGBTQ-friendly campuses". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  124. ↑ Lee, Ashley (14 September 2016). "BYU added to LGBTQ organization's 'Shame List'". The Daily Universe. Retrieved 16 November 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  125. ↑ Gleeson, Scott (10 August 2016). "Could BYU's LGBTQ policies really deter Big 12 move?". USA Today. USA Today. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  126. ↑ 05.13.148:45 AM ET (13 May 2014). "Mormon U. Forces Gays to Be Celibate". The Daily Beast. Retrieved November 7, 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  127. ↑ Haurwitz, Ralph K.M. (March 31, 2008). "The lowdown on higher education". statesman.com. Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  128. ↑ "UTSA students apparently plagiarized honor code". Houston Chronicle . AP. March 30, 2008. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  129. ↑ Forde, Pat (March 2, 2011). "BYU puts principle over performance". ESPN . Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  130. ↑ Kavanagh, Jim (March 3, 2011). "No. 3 BYU loses after dismissing player for honor code violation". CNN. Archived from the original on March 6, 2011. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  131. ↑ Drew, Jay (March 2, 2011). "BYU's Brandon Davies apologizes to teammates". Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  132. ↑ Hyde, Jesse (16 Nov 2004). "Blacks say they face some bias at BYU". LDS Church. Deseret News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017.
  133. ↑ Luke O'Brien; Darron Smith (April 13, 2011), "The Truth About Race, Religion, And The Honor Code At BYU", deadspin.com, Deadspin
  134. ↑ O'Brien, Luke (13 April 2011). "Two Decades Of Honor Code Violations". Deadspin. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  135. ↑ Maffly, Brian (24 Apr 2011). "BYU Honor Code enforcers are tougher on blacks, critics say". Salt Lake Tribune.
  136. ↑ Crocker, Lizzie (2 Aug 2011). "Mormons Wrestle With a Racist Past". The Daily Beast.
  137. ↑ Smith, Darron T. (2 May 2011). "BYU's troubling honor code pattern". Chicago Tribune.
  138. ↑ Smith, Darron T. (7 Jun 2013). "Has Lifting the LDS Priesthood Ban in 1978 Engendered Blacks Athletes to Attend BYU?". Huffington Post.
  139. ↑ Zerkle, Josh (4 Mar 2011). "Brandon Davies Has A White Girlfriend". Uproxx.
  140. ↑ Vai Sikahema (April 22, 2011), "Vai's View: On the honor code and accountability", Deseret News , archived from the original on April 26, 2011
  141. ↑ Evans, Whitney (September 27, 2014), "Students rally for beard 'revolution' in Provo", Deseret News , archived from the original on October 2, 2014
  142. ↑ Knox, Annie (September 26, 2014), "BYU student asks school to chop beard ban", The Salt Lake Tribune , archived from the original on November 25, 2014, retrieved November 2, 2014
  143. ↑ Evans, Whitney (September 27, 2014), Students protest BYU beard restriction, KSL 5 News
  144. ↑ Cutler, Annie (September 26, 2014), 'Bike for Beards' event part of BYU students' fight for facial hair freedom, Fox 13 News (KSTU)
  145. ↑ Knox, Annie (November 24, 2014), "Beard ban at Mormon schools getting stricter, students say", The Salt Lake Tribune

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.