Cinnamon-breasted bunting | |
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At Pilanesberg National Park | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Emberizidae |
Genus: | Emberiza |
Species: | E. tahapisi |
Binomial name | |
Emberiza tahapisi Smith, 1836 | |
native range | |
Synonyms | |
Fringillaria tahapisi |
The cinnamon-breasted bunting (Emberiza tahapisi) or cinnamon-breasted rock-bunting is a species of bird in the family Emberizidae. It is widespread in Africa south of the Sahara.
The cinnamon-breasted bunting was formally described in 1836 by the Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith under the current binomial name Emberiza tahapisi. His description was based on specimens found near the source of the Vaal River in South Africa. [2] The specific epithet tahapisi is from the Tswana word "Thagapitse" that is used for various finches in the family Emberizidae. [3]
The species is also known as the cinnamon-breasted rock bunting or African rock bunting. [4] They are small passerines in the genus Emberiza , which consists of other Old World buntings. [5] [6] There have been some discrepancies regarding the relation to other species and subspecies. Six subspecies of the cinnamon-breasted bunting have been recognized, including E. t. goslingi, E. t. septemstriata, E. t. arabica, E. t. insularis, E. t. tahapisi, and E. t. nivenorum. [4] [5] However, recent mitochondrial analyses of African buntings suggest that the Gosling's bunting (Emberiza goslingi) should be treated as a separate species. [7] E. t. septemstriata is also believed to be a hybrid between the nominate species and Gosling's bunting. [4] Alternate scientific naming includes Fringillaria tahapisi. [6]
They weigh between 11.6 and 21 grams with a length of 13-15 centimeters. [4] Although plumage differs between juveniles, males, and females, [4] [6] [8] cinnamon-breasted buntings can be identified by their striped head and cinnamon brown underparts. [8] Males have black and white stripes whereas the female stripes are less dark and browner in color. [4] [8] The throat patch is uniformly black on males but smaller, grayish, and densely blotched on females. [8] Juveniles are similar to females but with buffier head stripes and a paler, browner throat. [4] [8] After the breeding season, juveniles moult partially and adults moult completely so all primaries and secondaries are the same age. [8]
Cinnamon-breasted bunting songs are composed of short, high-pitched, rapid trills. [4] [8] Males are known to have eight distinct songs with 40 discrete syllables. [9] Song similarity decreases with distance between local populations but all end with a characteristic final whistle syllable. [9] Individuals perform songs from elevated positions such as from trees, bushes, or rocks. [8] [9]
Having a very widespread distribution, cinnamon-breasted buntings are found across most of mainland sub-Saharan Africa [4] [6] [8] [10] but avoiding deserts, equatorial forest, and the high altitudes of mountains. [7] [8] They can be found in rocky, lightly wooded hillsides with sparse vegetation and bare soil but can sometimes be found in woodlands. [4] [6] [8] [10] There is some degree of partial migration with certain populations moving north during the rainy season and south during the dry season as well as moving to lower elevations during winter. [4] [10]
Breeding time varies depending on the rainy season of the region. [8] In arid regions with light rainfall, the breeding season will occur throughout the rainy season but in regions with heavier rainfall, the breeding season occurs at the end of the rainy season. [8] They are monogamous but solitary nesters. [4] The nest is built from twigs and grass and typically placed on the ground in a shaded area. [4] [8] Incubation and care for young is performed by both males and females. [4] [8] Incubation lasts 12–14 days and offspring fledge 14–16 days post-hatch [8] but continue to feed in parental territory for three weeks. [4] The clutch size is 2-4 and the eggs are greenish- or bluish-white with dark brown or reddish-brown speckles. [8]
Cinnamon-breasted buntings are ground gleaners that primarily eat seeds but have also been known to eat insects, especially in captivity. [4] [7] They will also sometimes jump to pull seeds. [4] Chicks are fed seeds and insects by parents. [4]
They are commonly spotted alone or in pairs but also flock in groups of 3–4, and even 6-8 but less frequently so. [4] [10] However, migrating birds can be found in flocks of 40. [4] Tail flicks are a common behavior that defines Emberiza and is used while hopping on the ground to make them more conspicuous to mates and other birds. [11] Courtship behavior includes males chasing the female through the air, [4] males bringing nest materials to nest and making “nest shaping movements”, [12] and females quivering their wings while making a special repeating eep sound. [12] Aggressive behavior includes a head forward position with bill snapping or gaping, with bill snapping occurring more frequently when fear is stronger than aggression. [12] When fighting, special chaa, eee, and chu chatter sounds are made. [12] Fear responses include freezing and observing when the perceived threat level is low, fleeing, and making alarm calls. Higher intensity behavior includes mobbing. [13]
Cinnamon-breasted buntings may occasionally enter towns [8] and in some countries they are caught for cagebird trade but adapt well in captivity. [4]
According to the IUCN, they are categorized as least concern. [1] However, their range has expanded since 1985 due to climate change and habitat fragmentation. [4]
The buntings are a group of Old World passerine birds forming the genus Emberiza, the only genus in the family Emberizidae. The family contains 44 species. They are seed-eating birds with stubby, conical bills.
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The yellowhammer is a passerine bird in the bunting family that is native to Eurasia and has been introduced to New Zealand and Australia. Most European birds remain in the breeding range year-round, but the eastern subspecies is partially migratory, with much of the population wintering further south. The male yellowhammer has a bright yellow head, streaked brown back, chestnut rump, and yellow under parts. Other plumages are duller versions of the same pattern. The yellowhammer is common in open areas with some shrubs or trees, and forms small flocks in winter. Its song has a rhythm like "A little bit of bread and no cheese". The song is very similar to that of its closest relative, the pine bunting, with which it interbreeds.
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The yellow-breasted bunting is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae that is found across the Boreal and East Palearctic. The genus name Emberiza is from Old German Embritz, a bunting. The specific aureola is Latin for "golden". The bird's call is a distinctive zick, and the song is a clear tru-tru, tri-tri.
The yellow-browed bunting is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a group now separated by most modern taxonomists from the finches (Fringillidae). The genus name Emberiza is from Old German Embritz, a bunting. The specific chrysophrys is from Ancient Greek khrusophrus, "golden-browed".
The black-headed bunting is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae. It breeds in south-east Europe east to Iran and migrates in winter mainly to India, with some individuals moving further into south-east Asia. Like others in its family, it is found in open grassland habitats where they fly in flocks in search of grains and seed. Adult males are well marked with yellow underparts, chestnut back and a black head. Adult females in breeding plumage look like duller males. In other plumages, they can be hard to separate from the closely related red-headed bunting and natural hybridization occurs between the two species in the zone of overlap of their breeding ranges in northern Iran.
The rock bunting is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches, Fringillidae.
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Gosling's bunting, also known as the grey-throated bunting, is a species of bird in the family Emberizidae. It is found in Africa from Mauritania and Senegal to south-western Sudan and north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Its natural habitats are dry savannah, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland.