Cladophialophora bantiana

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Cladophialophora bantiana
Cladophialophora bantiana UAMH10767.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Chaetothyriales
Family: Herpotrichiellaceae
Genus: Cladophialophora
Species:
C. bantiana
Binomial name
Cladophialophora bantiana
de Hoog, Kwon-Chung & McGinnis, (1995)
Synonyms

Torula bantianaSacc., in Saccardo, (1912)
Cladosporium bantianum(Sacc.) Borelli, (1960)
Xylohypha bantiana(Sacc.) McGinnis, Borelli, Padhye & Ajello, (1986)
Cladosporium trichoides C.W. EmmonsBinford, Thompson & Gorham, (1952)
Cladosporium trichoides C.W. Emmons var. trichoidesBinford, Thompson & Gorham, (1952)
Cladosporium trichoides var. chlamydosporumKwon-Chung, (1978)

Cladophialophora bantiana (C. bantiana) is a melanin producing mold known to cause brain abscesses in humans. [1] It is one of the most common causes of systemic phaeohyphomycosis in mammals. [2] Cladophialophora bantiana is a member of the ascomycota and has been isolated from soil samples from around the world. [3]

Etymology

Cladophialophora bantiana was first isolated from a brain abscess in 1911 by Guido Banti and was described by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1912 as Torula bantiana. In 1960, the fungus was reclassified by Borelli as Cladosporium bantianum. [2] A morphologically similar species, Cladosporium trichodes was described by Emmons et al. in 1952. Cladosporium trichodes was widely believed to be a different species until 1995 when de Hoog et al. showed it to be conspecific with C. bantiana based on phylogenetic analysis. [4]

Morphology

Cladophialophora bantiana exhibits predominantly hyphal growth both in vivo and in vitro. [5] The normal morphology consists of dark coloured largely unbranched, wavy chains of conidia, individually 5–10 μm in length. [5] The dark colour is due to the presence of the dark pigment melanin. [6] Hyphae are septate, as is the case for species belonging to the phylum ascomycota. [1] In samples isolated from cerebral tissue compared to cultured samples, a predominance of unbranched conidial chains and absence of conidiophores has been reported. [5] [6] In culture, the colony is black with a velvety texture or dark grey in colour, depending on the type of agar medium it is grown on. [2] Cladophialophora bantiana has been reported to grow in culture under temperatures ranging from 14-42 °C with optimal growth around 30 °C. [2] Cladophialophora bantiana grows slowly in vitro, taking ~15 days to mature when grown at 25–30 °C. [1] Cladophialophora bantiana can be distinguished from other species of the genus Cladophialophora by the presence of the enzyme urease. [7]

Infection

Non-human

Cladophialophora bantiana can cause infection in several species of animals including cats, [8] dogs, [9] and humans. [10] However, it is very rare to find it in non-mammalian species. [10] In one case in a dog, C. bantiana was identified as the causative agent of eumycetoma. [9] It has been known to cause systemic phaeohyphomycosis in both cats and dogs. [8]

Human

Cladophialophora bantiana is known to cause a cerebral phaeohyphomycosis affecting the central nervous system in humans. [11] It is hypothesized that predilection of this species for the central nervous system is due to the presence of melanin, which may be able to cross the blood–brain barrier. [3] However, this is unlikely since fungal melanin is structurally and biochemically different from human melanin and other species of highly pigmented fungi do not show neurotropism. [3] It has also been suggested that the presence of introns in the 18S rDNA subunit of Cladophialophora may be related to the preference of C. bantiana for the CNS, however more research is required to determine the mechanism of this. [12]

In a review of 101 cases of phaeohyphomycosis by Revankar et al., C. bantiana was the causal agent responsible for 48% of cases. It most often manifests as brain abscesses in immunocompetent people, however meningitis and myelitis were observed in a limited number of cases. [3] Although the majority of the patients were immunocompetent (73%), infection is also commonly seen in immunocompromised patients. [11] Clinical symptoms of infection are varied and can include headache, seizure, arm pain, and ataxia. [1] The mortality rate is about 70%, with better outcomes observed in patients who underwent complete excision of the abscess. [11] Since infection is very rare, there is no standard therapy for treatment of C. bantiana phaeohyphomycosis, however combination of amphotericin B, flucytosine, and itraconazole has been associated with improved outcomes. Since the majority of patients infected were immunocompetent, the means of exposure to the fungi is still unclear. However, inhalation is the likely route of entrance. [7]

Cases of infection are most commonly found in subtropical regions with high average humidity although cases have also been identified in the US, Canada and the UK. [10] Cases from regions with hot, arid climate are rare. [10] It has also been suggested to occupations with high exposure to dust and dirt such as farming and gardening are associated with higher risk of infection. [10]

Related Research Articles

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Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot, is a persistent fungal infection of the skin and the tissues just under the skin, affecting most commonly the feet, although it can occur in hands and other body parts. It starts as a painless wet nodule, which may be present for years before ulceration, swelling, grainy discharge and weeping from sinuses and fistulae, followed by bone deformity.

<i>Cochliobolus lunatus</i> Fungal plant pathogen

Cochliobolus lunatus is a fungal plant pathogen that can cause disease in humans and other animals. The anamorph of this fungus is known as Curvularia lunata, while C. lunatus denotes the teleomorph or sexual stage. They are, however, the same biological entity. C. lunatus is the most commonly reported species in clinical cases of reported Cochliobolus infection.

<i>Setosphaeria rostrata</i> Pathogenic fungus

Setosphaeria rostrata is a heat tolerant fungus with an asexual reproductive form (anamorph) known as Exserohilum rostratum. This fungus is a common plant pathogen, causing leaf spots as well as crown rot and root rot in grasses. It is also found in soils and on textiles in subtropical and tropical regions. Exserohilum rostratum is one of the 35 Exserohilum species implicated uncommonly as opportunistic pathogens of humans where it is an etiologic agent of sinusitis, keratitis, skin lesions and an often fatal meningoencephalitis. Infections caused by this species are most often seen in regions with hot climates like Israel, India and the southern USA.

Exophiala jeanselmei is a saprotrophic fungus in the family Herpotrichiellaceae. Four varieties have been discovered: Exophiala jeanselmei var. heteromorpha, E. jeanselmei var. lecanii-corni, E. jeanselmei var. jeanselmei, and E. jeanselmei var. castellanii. Other species in the genus Exophiala such as E. dermatitidis and E. spinifera have been reported to have similar annellidic conidiogenesis and may therefore be difficult to differentiate.

<i>Pseudallescheria boydii</i> Species of fungus

Pseudallescheria boydii is a species of fungus classified in the Ascomycota. It is associated with some forms of eumycetoma/maduromycosis and is the causative agent of pseudallescheriasis. Typically found in stagnant and polluted water, it has been implicated in the infection of immunocompromised and near-drowned pneumonia patients. Treatment of infections with P. boydii is complicated by resistance to many of the standard antifungal agents normally used to treat infections by filamentous fungi.

<i>Exophiala dermatitidis</i> Species of fungus

Exophiala dermatitidis is a thermophilic black yeast, and a member of the Herpotrichiellaceae. While the species is only found at low abundance in nature, metabolically active strains are commonly isolated in saunas, steam baths, and dish washers. Exophiala dermatitidis only rarely causes infection in humans, however cases have been reported around the world. In East Asia, the species has caused lethal brain infections in young and otherwise healthy individuals. The fungus has been known to cause cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, and as a lung colonist in people with cystic fibrosis in Europe. In 2002, an outbreak of systemic E. dermatitidis infection occurred in women who had received contaminated steroid injections at North Carolina hospitals.

<i>Ochroconis gallopava</i> Species of fungus

Ochroconis gallopava, also called Dactylaria gallopava or Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava, is a member of genus Dactylaria. Ochroconis gallopava is a thermotolerant, darkly pigmented fungus that causes various infections in fowls, turkeys, poults, and immunocompromised humans first reported in 1986. Since then, the fungus has been increasingly reported as an agent of human disease especially in recipients of solid organ transplants. Ochroconis gallopava infection has a long onset and can involve a variety of body sites. Treatment of infection often involves a combination of antifungal drug therapy and surgical excision.

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Thielavia subthermophila is a ubiquitous, filamentous fungus that is a member of the phylum Ascomycota and order Sordariales. Known to be found on plants of arid environments, it is an endophyte with thermophilic properties, and possesses dense, pigmented mycelium. Thielavia subthermophila has rarely been identified as a human pathogen, with a small number of clinical cases including ocular and brain infections. For treatment, antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B have been used topically or intravenously, depending upon the condition.

Scedosporiosis is the general name for any mycosis – i.e., fungal infection – caused by a fungus from the genus Scedosporium. Current population-based studies suggest Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum to be among the most common infecting agents from the genus, although infections caused by other members thereof are not unheard of. The latter is an asexual form (anamorph) of another fungus, Pseudallescheria boydii. The former is a "black yeast", currently not characterized as well, although both of them have been described as saprophytes.

<i>Exophiala phaeomuriformis</i> Species of fungus

Exophiala phaeomuriformis is thermophilic fungus belonging to the genus Exophiala and the family Herpotrichiellaceae. it is a member of the group of fungi known as black yeasts, and is typically found in hot and humid locations, such as saunas, bathrooms, and dishwashers. This species can cause skin infections and is typically classified as a Biosafety Risk Group 2 agent.

<i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i> Species of fungus

Cladosporium cladosporioides is a darkly pigmented mold that occurs world-wide on a wide range of materials both outdoors and indoors. It is one of the most common fungi in outdoor air where its spores are important in seasonal allergic disease. While this species rarely causes invasive disease in animals, it is an important agent of plant disease, attacking both the leaves and fruits of many plants. This species produces asexual spores in delicate, branched chains that break apart readily and drift in the air. It is able to grow under low water conditions and at very low temperatures.

<i>Fonsecaea compacta</i> Species of fungus

Fonsecaea compacta is a saprophytic fungal species found in the family Herpotrichiellaceae. It is a rare etiological agent of chromoblastomycosis, with low rates of correspondence observed from reports. The main active components of F. compacta are glycolipids, yet very little is known about its composition. F. compacta is widely regarded as a dysplastic variety of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, its morphological precursor. The genus Fonsecaea presently contains two species, F. pedrosoi and F. compacta. Over 100 strains of F. pedrosoi have been isolated but only two of F. compacta.

<i>Rhinocladiella mackenziei</i> Species of fungus

Rhinocladiella mackenziei is a deeply pigmented mold that is a common cause of human cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. Rhinocladiella mackenziei was believed to be endemic solely to the Middle East, due to the first cases of infection being limited to the region. However, cases of R. mackenziei infection are increasingly reported from regions outside the Middle East. This pathogen is unique in that the majority of cases have been reported from immunologically normal people.

<i>Cladophialophora carrionii</i> Species of fungus

Cladophialophora carrionii is a melanized fungus in the genus Cladophialophora that is associated with decaying plant material like cacti and wood. It is one of the most frequent species of Cladophialophora implicated in human disease. Cladophialophora carrionii is a causative agent of chromoblastomycosis, a subcutaneous infection that occurs in sub-tropical areas such as Madagascar, Australia and northwestern Venezuela. Transmission occurs through traumatic implantation of plant material colonized by C. carrionii, mainly infecting rural workers. When C. carrionii infects its host, it transforms from a mycelial state to a muriform state to better tolerate the extreme conditions in the host's body.

<i>Cladosporium sphaerospermum</i> Species of fungus

Cladosporium sphaerospermum is a radiotrophic fungus belonging to the genus Cladosporium and was described in 1886 by Albert Julius Otto Penzig from the decaying leaves and branches of Citrus. It is a dematiaceous (darkly-pigmented) fungus characterized by slow growth and largely asexual reproduction. Cladosporium sphaerospermum consists of a complex of poorly morphologically differentiated, "cryptic" species that share many physiological and ecological attributes. In older literature, all of these sibling species were classified as C. sphaerospermum despite their unique nature. Accordingly, there is confusion in older literature reports on the physiological and habitat regularities of C. sphaerospermum in the strict sense. This fungus is most phylogenetically similar to C. fusiforme. According to modern phylogenetic analyses, the previously synonymized species, Cladosporium langeroni, is a distinct species.

Cladosporium oxysporum is an airborne fungus that is commonly found outdoors and is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical region, it is mostly located In Asia and Africa. It spreads through airborne spores and is often extremely abundant in outdoor air during the spring and summer seasons. It mainly feeds on decomposing organic matter in warmer climates, but can also be parasitic and feed on living plants. The airborne spores can occasionally cause cutaneous infections in humans, and the high prevalence of C. oxysporum in outdoor air during warm seasons contributes to its importance as an etiological agent of allergic disease and possibly human cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in tropical regions.

Curvularia pallescens is a soil fungus, that commonly grows on crops found in tropical regions. The conidia of the fungus are distinguishable from those of related species due to their lack of curvature. C. pallescens has been reported to cause infection in plants, and in immunocompetent individuals. This species is the anamorph of Cochliobolus pallescens.

Cladophialophora arxii is a black yeast shaped dematiaceous fungus that is able to cause serious phaeohyphomycotic infections. C. arxii was first discovered in 1995 in Germany from a 22-year-old female patient suffering multiple granulomatous tracheal tumours. It is a clinical strain that is typically found in humans and is also capable of acting as an opportunistic fungus of other vertebrates Human cases caused by C. arxii have been reported from all parts of the world such as Germany and Australia.

<i>Cladophialophora</i> Genus of fungi

Cladophialophora is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae. It has 35 species. The genus contains black yeast-like fungi, some of which are species of important medical significance. Cladophialophora bantiana causes the rare brain disease cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. Cladophialophora carrionii is a common cause of chromoblastomycosis in semi-arid climates. Some of the species are endophytes–associating with plants. For example, Cladophialophora yegresii is a cactus endophyte, which is sometimes introduced into humans via cactus spines.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Levin, T. P.; Baty, D. E.; Fekete, T.; Truant, A. L.; Suh, B. (2004). "Cladophialophora bantiana Brain Abscess in a Solid-Organ Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42 (9): 4374–4378. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.9.4374-4378.2004. PMC   516289 . PMID   15365048.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Kwon-Chung, K.J.; Bennett, John E. (1992). Medical mycology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. ISBN   0-8121-1463-9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Revankar, S. G.; Sutton, D. A.; Rinaldi, M. G. (2004). "Primary Central Nervous System Phaeohyphomycosis: A Review of 101 Cases". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 38 (2): 206–216. doi: 10.1086/380635 . PMID   14699452.
  4. ↑ De Hoog, G. S.; Guého, E.; Masclaux, F.; Gerrits Van Den Ende, A. H. G.; Kwon-Chung, K. J.; McGinnis, M. R. (1995). "Nutritional physiology and taxonomy of human-pathogenic Cladosporium-Xylohypha species". Medical Mycology. 33 (5): 339. doi:10.1080/02681219580000661.
  5. 1 2 3 Emmons, Chester W. (1977). Medical mycology (3. ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. ISBN   0-8121-0566-4.
  6. 1 2 Butler, M. J.; Day, A. W. (1998). "Fungal melanins: A review". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 44 (12): 1115. doi:10.1139/cjm-44-12-1115.
  7. 1 2 "Doctor Fungus: Cladophialophora spp". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  8. 1 2 Elies, L.; Balandraud, V.; Boulouha, L.; Crespeau, F.; Guillot, J. (February 2003). "Fatal Systemic Phaeohyphomycosis in a Cat due to Cladophialophora bantiana". Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A. 50 (1): 50–53. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00501.x. PMID   12650510.
  9. 1 2 Guillot, J.; Garcia-Hermoso, D.; Degorce, F.; Deville, M.; Calvie, C.; Dickele, G.; Delisle, F.; Chermette, R. (7 October 2004). "Eumycetoma Caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a Dog". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 42 (10): 4901–4903. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.10.4901-4903.2004. PMC   522343 . PMID   15472377.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Kantarcioglu, A. S.; Hoog, G. S. (February 2004). "Infections of the central nervous system by melanized fungi: a review of cases presented between 1999 and 2004. Infektionen des Zentralnervensystems durch melanisierte Pilze: Eine Ubersicht von Fallen prasentiert zwischen 1999 und 2004". Mycoses. 47 (1–2): 4–13. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00956.x. PMID   14998393. S2CID   1878026.
  11. 1 2 3 Garzoni, C.; Markham, L.; Bijlenga, P.; Garbino, J. (2008). "Cladophialophora bantiana: A rare cause of fungal brain abscess. Clinical aspects and new therapeutic options" (PDF). Medical Mycology. 46 (5): 481–486. doi: 10.1080/13693780801914906 . PMID   18608882.
  12. ↑ De Hoog, G. S.; Queiroz-Telles, F.; Haase, G.; Fernandez-Zeppenfeldt, G.; Angelis, D. Attili; Van Den Ende, A. H. Gerrits; Matos, T.; Peltroche-Llacsahuanga, H.; Pizzirani-Kleiner, A. A.; Rainer, J.; Richard-Yegres, N.; Vicente, V.; Yegres, F. (2000). "Black fungi: clinical and pathogenic approaches". Medical Mycology. 38 (Suppl 1): 243–50. doi: 10.1080/mmy.38.s1.243.250 . PMID   11204152.
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