Climate and Nature Bill

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Climate and Nature Bill
Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 1).svg
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title A Bill to require the Secretary of State to achieve climate and nature targets for the United Kingdom; to give the Secretary of State a duty to implement a strategy to achieve those targets; to establish a Climate and Nature Assembly to advise the Secretary of State in creating that strategy; to give duties to the Committee on Climate Change and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee regarding the strategy and targets; and for connected purposes.
Citation Bill 14 2024–25
Introduced by Roz Savage (Commons)
Territorial extent  England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland
Status: Pending
History of passage through Parliament

The Climate and Nature Bill, formerly the Climate and Ecology Bill, is a private member's bill before the Parliament of the United Kingdom aimed at tackling the climate and ecological emergencies through an integrated approach. Similar iterations of the current bill have come before Parliament multiple times previously. [1]

Contents

The bill was most recently introduced in the House of Commons by Roz Savage (Lib Dem) on 16 October 2024 who said that the bill "has the ability to make the UK a world leader in tackling the climate-nature crisis, delivering a comprehensive, joined-up plan that is finally aligned with what the science says is necessary. It can pave the way for a truly just transition and ensure that citizens have a real say in deciding a fair way forward". [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

If enacted, the bill would ensure that the UK Government:

Summary

Over the 2019-24 Parliament, the bill was presented twice by (the then Green MP) Caroline Lucas. In the 2019-21 session, the first reading of the Bill (Bill 172) took place on 2 September 2020, and it did not progress further. In the 2021-22 session, the Bill (Bill 61) had its first reading on 21 June 2021. Its second reading was scheduled for 6 May 2022, but the bill was not allocated time to proceed.

In the 2022-23 session, the Bill (HL Bill 13) was introduced in the House of Lords by (Lib Dem) Lord Redesdale via the private members' bill ballot route. [7] Its first reading was on 21 May 2022, its second reading was on 15 July 2022, committee stage was on 18 November 2022, report stage was on 25 January 2023, and its third reading was on 21 April 2023, when the bill passed Lords. Wera Hobhouse (Lib Dem) 'carried over' the bill to the Commons, but it was not allocated time to proceed.

In the same 2022-23 session, the Bill (No.2) (Bill 304) was introduced in the Commons by Olivia Blake (Labour) on 10 May 2023, and at that moment, the Labour Party offered its support for the "ambition and objectives" of the bill. [8]

In the 2023-24 session, the Bill (Bill 192) was introduced by Alex Sobel (Labour/Co-op) on 21 March 2024, and it was at the point that the bill's short title was amended to the Climate and Nature Bill.

In the current 2024-25 session, Roz Savage tabled the Bill (Bill 14) on 16 October 2024. Savage was drawn third in the private members' bill ballot, [9] and unlike earlier attempts to advance the bill, was allocated parliamentary time to make progress. The bill's second reading debate took place on 24 January 2025, but after a division in the Commons, the bill was adjourned until 11 July. [10]

The Government did not offer its support for the bill. [11] [12] [13] At the close of the debate on 24 January 2025, (the Minister for Nature) Mary Creagh assured supporting MPs, though the Government would not allow the bill to progress, that next steps would include "binding commitments" to advance the bill's objectives. [14] Following the adjourned debate, (the Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero) Ed Miliband issued via a video on the social media channel, X, in which he has promised to "set to work" on the spirit and substance of the bill, "including for legislation", in order to "make a meaningful difference for climate and nature". [15]

Objectives

The bill would "require the Secretary of State to achieve climate and nature targets for the UK [and] implement a strategy to achieve those targets; to establish a climate and nature assembly to advise in the creation that strategy; to give duties to the Committee on Climate Change and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee regarding the strategy and targets." [16] [17] [18]

It would establish a representative climate and nature assembly to suggest recommendations in line with the proposed legislation's dual targets to tackle the climate and ecological emergency. [19] The Zero Hour campaign that promotes the bill has produced a briefing note on the bill, outlining its key objectives as:

  1. Creating a joined-up plan—as the crises in climate and nature are deeply intertwined, requiring a plan that considers both together
  2. Cutting emissions in line with the UK's international 2015 Paris Agreement-aligned Nationally Determined Contributions—expanded to include international aviation and shipping
  3. Halting and reversing ecosystem decline in nature across the UK by 2030—in line with the mission of the 2022 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
  4. Taking responsibility for Britain's overseas footprints—both emissions and ecological
  5. Prioritising nature in decision-making—and end fossil fuel production and imports as rapidly as possible
  6. Ensuring no-one and no community is left behind in the nature-positive just transition needed—through its fairness provisions
  7. Involving the public—giving people a say in finding a fair way forward through a Climate and Nature Assembly.

The House of Commons Library produced a pre-second reading briefing note on the bill, which sets out that the bill's aim to ensure that "policy and action on the climate and nature crises is science-led and people-oriented", and outlines its proposed duties on the Government and other advisory and monitoring bodies to achieve climate and nature targets through the delivery of a joined up climate and nature strategy. [20]

Reactions

John Harris wrote in The Guardian that:

The bill is a neat means of doing two things. It highlights how much our politicians are defying the urgency of the moment and—by presenting clear and precise proposals to drastically reduce carbon emissions and restore biodiversity in the same typefaces and official vocabulary as the laws that define whole swathes of our lives—it makes the prospect of radical action eminently imaginable. [21]

Former Minister of State for Energy and Clean Growth and current chair of Net Zero Review (an agency of the UK Government), Chris Skidmore, wrote in LabourList that: [22]

It's time for a new generation to carry us forward. A Climate and Nature Act can deliver the bold, new, science-led framework Britain needs; and begin to restore the UK's position as a leader on climate and nature action. As the Climate Change Act did in 2008, this is the moment to offer hope. Hope that—yes—this generation of political leaders can turn the tide.

Some commentators have called for similar UK legislation to simultaneously address climate, nature and public health challenges. [23] Others, such as WWF-UK, have proposed legislation to tackle a "triple challenge" of climate, nature and food security via a similarly joined up approach. [24]

History

2019-2024 Parliament

2019-21 session

In the 2019-21 session, Caroline Lucas introduced the bill and corresponding early day motion 832 on 2 September 2020. [25] It received its first reading the same day, [26] though its scheduled second reading date of 26 March 2021 was postponed. 11 MPs co-sponsored the bill—Alan Brown (SNP), Claire Hanna (SDLP), Wera Hobhouse (Lib Dem), Clive Lewis (Labour), Liz Saville Roberts (Plaid Cymru), Stephen Farry (Alliance), Ben Lake (Plaid Cymru), Tommy Sheppard (SNP), Alex Sobel (Labour/Co-op), Zarah Sultana (Labour) and Nadia Whittome (Labour). [27] Lucas also led a debate on the objectives of the bill in the Commons on 9 February 2021. [28]

2021-22 session

In the 2021-22 session, Caroline Lucas tabled the bill on 21 June 2021 with the support of 11 co-sponsors, Alan Brown (SNP), Ed Davey (Lib Dem), Stephen Farry (Alliance), Barry Gardiner (Labour), Claire Hanna (SDLP), Ben Lake (Plaid Cymru), Clive Lewis (Labour), Brendan O'Hara (SNP), Sarah Olney (Lib Dem), Liz Saville Roberts (Plaid Cymru) and Alex Sobel (Labour/Co-op). During that session, the bill was scheduled for a second reading debate on four occasions—10 September 2021, [29] 29 October 2021, 10 December 2021 and 6 May 2022.

Ahead of tabling the bill, Lucas led on an amendment to the 2021 Queen's Speech, regretting insufficient measures in that Speech to address the climate and ecological emergencies. The amendment attracted support from Labour, SNP, SDLP and Plaid Cymru MPs, and urged the Conservative Government to make time for the bill to be debated and passed into law. [30]

2022-23 session: Bill (No. 1)

In the 2022-23 session, the bill was introduced in the House of Lords via the private members' bill ballot by Lord Redesdale (Lib Dem). [31] It was drawn 8 of 25 private member's bills. Its first reading took place on 21 May 2022 and its second reading on 15 July 2022. [32] At its second reading, a cross-party group of Peers spoke in favour, including Baroness Hooper (Conservative), Baroness Boycott (who sits on the Crossbenches), the Lord Bishop of St Albans, Baroness Bennett (Green) and (Lib Dems) Lord Teverson and Lord Oates. At the subsequent committee stage, Lord Redesdale amended the bill to focus on its apex nature objectives in light of the Global Biodiversity Framework reached at COP15 for Parties, [33] including the UK, to halt and reverse nature loss by 2030. [34] The amended bill—the Ecology Bill—passed through its remaining Lords stages successfully, [35] and was handed over to Wera Hobhouse (Lib Dem) in the Commons on 24 April 2023.

2022-23 session: Bill (No. 2)

In the same session, the Labour MP for Sheffield Hallam, Olivia Blake, introduced the Bill in the Commons on 10 May 2023. [36] The bill's co-sponsors were (Conservatives) Derek Thomas and Peter Bottomley, plus Geraint Davies (Independent, but formerly Labour/Co-op), Alan Brown (SNP), Brendan O'Hara (SNP), Ed Davey (Lib Dem), Wera Hobhouse (Lib Dem), Liz Saville-Roberts (Plaid Cymru), Colum Eastwood (SDLP), Caroline Lucas (Green) and Stephen Farry (Alliance).

2023-24 session

In the 2023-24 session, Alex Sobel tabled an amendment to Charles III's first King's Speech, regretting the lack of the bill in that Speech. The amendment was supported by MPs from across the parties, including Caroline Lucas (Green), Daisy Cooper (Lib Dem), Liz Saville Roberts (Plaid Cymru), Stephen Farry (Alliance), Colum Eastwood (SDLP) and George Howarth (Labour).

In the same session, Alex Sobel (Labour/Co-op) introduced the bill on 21 March 2024. [37] [38] The bill's co-sponsors were Caroline Lucas (Green), Ed Davey (Lib Dem), Colum Eastwood (SDLP) Brendan O'Hara (SNP), Olivia Blake (Labour), Peter Bottomley (Conservative), Daisy Cooper (Lib Dem), Clive Lewis (Labour), Stephen Farry (Alliance), Alison Thewliss (SNP) and Derek Thomas (Conservative). [39]

2024-2029 Parliament

In the current 2024-29 Parliament, Roz Savage (Lib Dem) tabled the bill on 16 October 2024. [40] The bill's co-sponsors are Carla Denyer (Green), Clive Lewis (Labour), Simon Opher (Labour), Nadia Whittome (Labour), Olivia Blake (Labour), Alex Sobel (Labour/Co-op), Roger Gale (Conservative), Simon Hoare (Conservative), [41] Pippa Heylings (Lib Dem), Kirsty Blackman (SNP) and Llinos Medi (Plaid Cymru). [42] [43]

Savage was drawn third in the 2024 private members' bill ballot, [9] [44] and unlike earlier presentations of the bill, was allocated parliamentary time for the bill to progress in the current 2024-25 session. [45] Its second reading began on 24 January 2025, but was adjourned for further debate until 11 July 2025, following a division in the Commons.

The MPs who voted against the motion to adjourn the debate, and effectively end the progression of the bill in the current 2024-25 session, [46] [47] included Shockat Adam (Independent), Siân Berry (Green), Carla Denyer (Green), Rosie Duffield (Independent), Iqbal Mohamed (Independent), Adrian Ramsay (Green), [48] Ellie Chowns (Green) and Jeremy Corbyn (Independent).

Following the delayed second reading of the bill, some MPs, media outlets, and members of the public were disappointed by, and criticised, the decision not to push the bill to a vote. [49] [50] As the Government did not offer MPs a free vote on the bill, [51] [52] [53] [54] or offer its support for the bill, [55] [56] [57] [58] Roz Savage and Labour MPs—in avoiding a division on the bill [59] [60] [61] [62] —instead committed to working with Ministers on the intended outcomes of the bill, and to supporting wider cross-party collaboration on climate and nature. [63]

After the 24 January debate, Savage said that "the Government has committed to a significant number of measures, specifically around the restoration of nature, accounting for emissions and nature impacts overseas, public engagement, and closer collaboration between the Climate Change Committee and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. They have also pledged closer collaboration between the two key ministries that are responsible for our environment (DEFRA and DESNZ) [and] this will include the Secretaries of State presenting an annual statement on progress made on climate and nature." [64]

Following written parliamentary questions by Labour MPs, Mary Creagh has set out that the Government will:

Zero Hour campaign

Zero Hour is a c. 70,000 person-strong non-profit grassroots campaign working to build cross-party support for the bill by persuading MPs, Peers, mayors, councillors, local authorities, electoral candidates and political parties—as well as businesses, students unions, trade unions, community groups, NGOs, charities, farming and food groups, [68] cooperatives, Olympians [69] and celebrities—to endorse the proposed legislation.

Allies

Some 1,200 scientists, including Venki Ramakrishnan, David King, Partha Dasgupta, John O'Keefe, John E. Walker, Michael Levitt, Richard J. Roberts and E. J. Milner Gulland, Nathalie Pettorelli, Paul Behrens and Charlie Gardner have called on the Government and MPs to support the bill. [70] [71]

The bill is also supported by a wide variety organisations, including Faith for the Climate, Wildlife Trusts, National Trust, [72] Climate Coalition, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, CPRE: The Countryside Charity, Greenpeace UK, Friends of the Earth, Surfers Against Sewage and Nature Friendly Farming Network.

Zero Hour's other c. 900 partners include The Co-operative Bank, [73] Ecotricity, [74] [75] Greener Jobs Alliance, [76] Patagonia, Natura, SUEZ UK, UK Youth for Nature, [77] The Women's Institute, [78] UK Youth Climate Coalition, Oxfam GB, A Rocha, [79] The Body Shop, Lush, Triodos Bank, [80] Ecosia [81] and Extinction Rebellion. [82] [83]

17 trade union leaders publicly support the bill, including Zero Hour allies, the National Education Union and Bakers, Food & Allied Workers Union, plus the Public and Commercial Services Union, British Medical Association, University and College Union, [84] Equity, Artists Union of England, National Union of Students, General Federation of Trade Unions, Pharmacists' Defence Association Union, Association of Educational Psychologists, National House Building Council Staff Association, Social Workers' Union, National Association of Probation Officers and Prison Officers Association. [85]

Leaders representing the UK's main faith denominations have called on the Government and MPs to support the bill, [86] [87] including Graham Usher (Anglican), Rowan Williams (Church in Wales), [88] Jonathan Wittenberg (Judaism), Kamran Shezad (Muslim), John Arnold (Catholic), Olivia Graham (Anglican), Adwoa Burnley (Quaker), [89] Elizabeth Slade (Unitarian), Olivia Fuchs (Buddhist), Trupti Patel (Hindu) and Richard Murray (Scottish Episcopal). [90] [91] [92] [93]

Political supporters

According to the Zero Hour campaign, which coordinates the Climate and Nature Bill campaign, 192 MPs (from 12 groups in the Commons), 75 peers, 385 local authorities and the London Assembly are backing the bill; [94] plus metro mayors, Sadiq Khan, Tracy Brabin, Andy Burnham and David Skaith. [95]

The Alliance Party, Green Party, Liberal Democrats, [96] Plaid Cymru, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Yorkshire Party, Welsh Greens, True and Fair Party, Volt UK and Mebyon Kernow officially support the proposed legislation, [97] and all those sitting as Alliance, Green Party, Liberal Democrat, Plaid Cymru and SDLP in the Commons support the bill. In addition, 89 Labour and Labour/Co-op MPs, 2 Conservative MPs, 7 SNP MPs, 1 DUP MP and 4 Independent Alliance MPs are listed as supporters.

In the House of Lords, 75 peers have pledged their support for the bill, including Lord Knight of Weymouth (Labour), Lord Goldsmith of Richmond Park (Conservative), Baroness Boycott (Crossbench), Baroness Parminter (Lib Dem), the Lord Bishop of Norwich, Baroness Bennett of Manor Castle (Green) and Baroness Smith of Llanfaes (Plaid Cymru).

There are a few supporters of the bill in the Scottish and Welsh Parliaments, where the issue of tackling the climate-nature crisis has received some attention, [98] [99] including the Scottish Green MSPs, several Plaid Cymru MSs and Jane Dodds (Welsh Lib Dem). [100]

The youth wings of several political parties are behind the bill, including Alliance Youth, Plaid Ifanc, Young Greens and Young Welsh Greens. [97]

Labour politicians

The Labour Party, in Opposition over the 2019-24 Parliament, supported Olivia Blake's introduction of the bill in May 2023, [101] where the Party announced its support for the bill's "ambition and objectives" and (the then Shadow Net Zero Secretary) Ed Miliband said that "we need ambitious and urgent action to tackle the climate and environmental emergencies together; and cut bills, give us energy security, and create good jobs in the process".

At Labour's 2023 annual conference, a motion forwarded by CLPs calling on the Party to officially support the bill (entitled, 'Climate Change and Ecology') received 72,289 votes from voting delegates, but was not selected for further discussion or debate. [102] [103] At the 2024 conference, Labour donor, Dale Vince and former Conservative energy minister and net zero, Chris Skidmore, endorsed the bill as "the Climate Change Act 2 [the UK] needs".

Also, whilst in Opposition, Labour sought to amend the Environment Act to ensure the UK began to reverse the decline in the state of nature in England no later than 2030, [104] and the (failed) Offshore Petroleum Licensing Bill to recognise the importance of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. [105] Each of these Labour-led or -supported amendments aligns with the apex climate and nature targets of the Climate and Nature Bill. [106]

In its 2024 manifesto, the Labour Party pledged to "deliver for nature [and] to work in partnership with civil society, communities and business to restore and protect our natural world"; to mandate "UK-regulated financial institutions and FTSE 100 companies to implement credible transition plans that align with the 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement"; [107] and also recognised that "the climate and nature crisis is the greatest, long-term, global challenge that we face". [108]

According to Zero Hour, 89 Labour and Labour/Co-op MPs support the bill, including Satvir Kaur, Rachel Hopkins, Navendu Mishra, Emma Hardy, Ashley Dalton, Fleur Anderson and Ian Murray; alongside Andrew Cooper, [109] Steve Witherden, [110] Scott Arthur, [111] Julia Buckley, [112]

The 17 Labour supporters in the Lords include (Peers for the Planet director) Lord Whitty, Baroness Lawrence, Baroness Bakewell, Lord Hain, Lord Hendy and Lord Smith of Finsbury.

Of 385 supporting local councils, 24 Labour-led local authorities have passed motions in support of the bill, including Birmingham, Camden, Ealing, Exeter, Hackney, High Peak, Islington, Lewisham, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Nottingham, Oldham, Oxford, Salisbury and Westminster. In addition, the official Labour environment campaign, SERA, supports the bill. [113]

Conservative politicians

In the 2019-24 Parliament, Conservative supporters in the Commons included (former MPs) Peter Bottomley and Derek Thomas, and (current co-sponsor) Roger Gale. Former MP, Laurence Robertson, stated that he "[supported] the aims and principles of the bill" on 15 June 2022. [114] The former Scottish Conservatives' leader, Douglas Ross, said he would have considered "signing the bill when it [came] to the Commons for a vote". [115]

In the Lords, senior Conservative peers, Lord Goldsmith, Baroness Verma and Baroness Hooper support the bill, as does (Theresa May's former environment adviser) Lord Randall. [116]

UK regions

On 2 December 2021, the London Assembly passed a cross-party motion to back the bill proposed by Zack Polanski (Green) and Leonie Cooper (Labour/Co-op). [117] The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, subsequently confirmed his support on 15 July 2022. [118] Other metro-mayors such as Andy Burnham also support the Bill. [95] 385 local councils are also supporting the bill, including Cornwall, Birmingham, Manchester and Westminster. [119]

Nature and Climate Declaration

Over 2022, Zero Hour organised a UK-wide, all-party initiative—a Nature and Climate Declaration—to attract the support of councillors, mayors, and devolved legislators in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland to the key principles of the bill. [120] It was supported by c. 2,000 politicians [121] across the UK when the declaration was launched and debated in the Commons in November 2022. [122] [123]

See also

References

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