Colorado City Formation

Last updated
Colorado City Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Triassic
Type Formation
Unit of Dockum Group
Underliespossibly Cooper Canyon Formation
Overlies Camp Springs Formation
Lithology
Primary siltstone, sandstone
Location
Region Texas
Country United States

The Colorado City Formation is a Late Triassic geologic formation in the Dockum Group of Texas, United States. It has previously been known as the Iatan Member, Colorado City Member [1] [2] or 'Pre-Tecovas Horizon' [3] (as it is assumed to be older than the Tecovas Formation).

Contents

The Colorado City Formation is mostly restricted to Howard and Borden counties. The formation hosts the Otis Chalk fossil sites, named after a ghost town in Howard County. Despite their importance, the Otis Chalk localities have been difficult to resolve in the stratigraphy of Triassic Texas. [4] They occupy a narrow band of sediments between the slightly older Camp Springs Formation and much younger Cretaceous deposits.

The first excavations near Otis Chalk were led by UMMP paleontologists starting in 1927, discovering the holotype of the phytosaur Brachysuchus. University of Oklahoma paleontologists followed with their own expedition in 1931. The vast majority of fossils collected from the formation were recovered during a 1939–1941 state-sponsored Works Progress Administration paleontological survey. Several sites southeast of Big Spring were particularly productive. Fossils collected by these efforts were stored at the newly opened Texas Memorial Museum in Austin. Since the 1940s, collection from the Otis Chalk area has been more limited. One notable find is a pond deposit, the Schaeffer Fish Quarry, discovered in 1967 by AMNH paleontologist Bobb Schaeffer. [3]

Biochronological significance

The Otis Chalk localities that are situated in the Colorado City Formation form the basis of the Otischalkian Land Vertebrate Faunachron (LVF), which is defined by the first appearance of Parasuchus. [5]

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Reptiles

Archosaurs

Other archosaur fossils include remains of an unnamed silesaurid [6] and a partial femur of a theropod or herrerasaurian dinosaur referable to the Chindesaurus + Tawa clade. [7]

Archosaurs of the Colorado City Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
"Chatterjeea" [3] C. elegans [3] Vertebrae, hip bones, and femora [3]
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100) [3]
Postcranial bones of an unusual bipedal archosaur related to poposaurids. [3] Later determined to be synonymous with Shuvosaurus , a shuvosaurid poposauroid initially misidentified as a theropod dinosaur. [8]
Shuvosaurus BW.jpg
Coahomasuchus C. kahleorum [2] Two skeletons, one of which is nearly complete [2] while the other shows adaptations for a carnivorous diet. [9] An aetosaurine aetosaur
Crocodylomorpha [10] indet. [10] Isolated ilium [10]
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100) [10]
An unnamed basal crocodylomorph, one of the oldest from North America. [10]
Desmatosuchus?D. spurensis? Osteoderms (scutes) and vertebrae [3]
  • "near Otis Chalk" [3]
  • Borden County Site 1 (TMM 31213) [3]
Most Otis Chalk desmatosuchin aetosaur fossils have been referred to Longosuchus or Lucasuchus, but a few have been referred to Desmatosuchus (Episcoposaurus) haplocerus. [3] The modern valid combination for this species is Desmatosuchus spurensis. [11]
Desmatosuchus spurensis flipped.jpg
Dromomeron D. gregorii [12] Hindlimb bones (femora and tibiae) [12]
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100) [12]
A lagerpetid avemetatarsalian
Dromomeron BW.jpg
Lepidus [13] L. praecisio [13] Partial hindlimb (tibia, fibula, astragalus) [13]
  • near "site 7" (TMM 41936) [13]
A possible coelophysid theropod, potentially the oldest dinosaur from North America. [13]
Lepidus praecisio.jpg
Longosuchus L. meadeiSkulls, osteoderms, vertebrae, other postcrania [3] [9]
  • Site 3 (TMM 31098)
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100)
  • Quarry 3A (TMM 31185)
  • Borden County Site 1 (TMM 31213)
A desmatosuchin aetosaur previously considered a species of Typothorax .
Longosuchus BW.jpg
Lucasuchus [3] L. hunti [3] Osteoderms and other referred fossils (including a possible skull) [3] [9]
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100)
  • Quarry 3A (TMM 31185)
A desmatosuchin aetosaur similar to Longosuchus [2] but most likely a distinct valid taxon. [14]
Poposaurus P. gracilisHip and ankle bones [3]
  • "Otis Chalk"
  • Site 3 (TMM 31098)
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100)
A poposaurid poposauroid
Poposaurus gracilis (1) flipped.jpg
P. langstoni [3] Hip bones and vertebrae [3]
  • Site/Quarry 1 (TMM 31025)
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100)
A poposaurid poposauroid previously given its own genus, Lythrosuchus [3]
Postosuchus P. kirkpatrickiVertebrae and hindlimb bones [3]
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100)
  • Borden County Site 1 (TMM 31213)
A rausuchid loricatan
Postosuchus kirkpatricki flipped.jpg

Phytosaurs

Phytosaurs of the Colorado City Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Angistorhinus A. alticephalusPartial skeleton with skull [3]
  • Roy Lamb Ranch [3]
Probable junior synonym of A. grandis.
A. grandisComplete skull and associated postcrania [15] A mystriosuchine phytosaur.
Angistorhinus grandis.jpg
Brachysuchus B. megalodonTwo nearly complete skulls and postcranial fragments
  • "near Otis Chalk" [3]
A mystriosuchine phytosaur closely related to Angistorhinus, and sometimes regarded as a species within that genus. [3]
Phytosaurus Exhibit Museum of Natural History.JPG
Paleorhinus "P." sawini [3] A skull [3]
  • Borden County Site 1 (TMM 31213) [3]
A basal (non-mystriosuchine) phytosaur from Borden County. Probably does not form a clade with other species referred to Paleorhinus or Parasuchus.
P. bransoniSeveral skulls [3]
  • Site/Quarry 1 (TMM 31025)
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100)
  • Quarry 3A (TMM 31185)
A basal (non-mystriosuchine) phytosaur, sometimes considered a species of Parasuchus .
Paleorhinus Warsaw.jpg

Other reptiles

Other reptiles of the Colorado City Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Ankylosuchus [16] A. chinlegroupensis [16] Partial skeleton with cranial and pelvic fragments, osteoderms, vertebrae, and an indeterminate limb bone [16]
  • NMMNH locality 3101 [16]
A doswelliid archosauriform.
Doswellia D. kaltenbachiVertebrae and osteoderms [3]
  • Site/Quarry 1 (TMM 31025)
  • Site 3 (TMM 31098)
A doswelliid archosauriform. [3]
Doswellia kaltenbachi life restoration.png
Malerisaurus M. langstoni [17] Disarticulated skeleton [17] [18]
  • Quarry 2 (TMM 31099) [17]
A carnivorous azendohsaurid allokotosaurian in the subfamily Malerisaurinae. Regarded as a chimera by Spielmann et al. (2006), [19] but treated as valid by other sources. [17] [18] Numerous disarticulated Malerisaurus-like fossils are also known from Quarry 1 (TMM 31025). [18]
Malerisaurus BW.jpg
Otischalkia O. elderaeHumeri, femora [3]
  • Site/Quarry 1 (TMM 31025)
  • Quarry 3A (TMM 31185)
A dubious putative rhynchosaur, likely synonymous with Malerisaurus langstoni. [18] Supposed premaxilla fossils have been reinterpreted as metoposaurid cleithra. [18] Femora and humeri previously referred to this species likely belong to Trilophosaurus [3] or Malerisaurus [18] instead.
Protecovasaurus [20] P. lucasi [20] Teeth [20]
  • Quarry 1 (NMMNH 860) [20]
A reptile of uncertain affinities known from serrated teeth similar to ornithischian dinosaurs. [20]
Trilophosaurus T. buettneriNumerous skulls, braincases, and postcranial material [3] [21]
  • Site/Quarry 1 (TMM 31025)
  • Quarry 2 (TMM 31099) [21]
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100)
  • Quarry 3A (TMM 31185) [21]
  • Borden County Site 1 (TMM 31213)
A common trilophosaurid allokotosaurian. [21]
Trilophosaurus buettneri (flipped).jpg
Triopticus [22] T. primus [22] Partial skull [22]
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100) [22]
A protopyknosian archosauriform with a reinforced skull similar to pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs. [22]

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Colorado City Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Anaschisma A. browniNumerous skulls, interclavicles, clavicles, vertebrae, and other postcranial bones [3]
  • Site/Quarry 1 (TMM 31025)
  • Site 3 (TMM 31098)
  • Quarry 2 (TMM 31099)
  • Quarry 3 (TMM 31100)
  • Quarry 3A (TMM 31185)
  • Borden County Site 3 (TMM 41921)
A common metoposaurid temnospondyl, previously named under the genus Koskinonodon or Buettneria [3]
Buettneria.jpg
Latiscopus [23] L. disjunctus [23] A skull [23]
  • Site/Quarry 1 (TMM 31025) [23]
A latiscopid temnospondyl [23]

Fish

Fish fossils from Quarry 1 (NMMNH 860 / TMM 31025) include lungfish teeth ( Arganodus ?), coelacanth scales, "palaeoniscid" scales (aff. Turseodus ), and hybodont shark teeth and spines ( Lissodus ? or Lonchidion ?). [20]

Fish of the Colorado City Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesMaterialLocationNotesImages
Cionichthys C. greeni [24] Articulated skulls and postcrania [24]
  • Schaeffer Fish Quarry [24]
A redfieldiiform actinopterygian (ray-finned fish)
Lasalichthys L. hillsiSkull, scale, and postcranial fragments [24] [25] A redfieldiiform actinopterygian
L. otischalkensis [25] Numerous articulated skulls and postcrania [25]
  • Schaeffer Fish Quarry [25]
A redfieldiiform actinopterygian. [25] Some specimens were previously referred to Lasalichthys (= Synorichthys) stewarti. [25]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Lucas, Spencer G.; Anderson, Orin J.; Hunt, Adrian P. (1994). "Triassic stratigraphy and correlations, southern High Plains of New Mexico—Texas" (PDF). New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Bulletin. 150: 105–126.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Heckert, Andrew B.; Lucas, Spencer G. (1999-03-15). "A new aetosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Texas and the phylogeny of aetosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (1): 50–68. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011122. ISSN   0272-4634.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Long, Robert A.; Murry, Phillip A. (1995). "Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) Tetrapods from the Southwestern United States". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 4.
  4. ↑ Lehman, Thomas M. (1994). "The saga of the Dockum Group and the case of the Texas/New Mexico boundary fault" (PDF). New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Bulletin. 150: 37–51.
  5. ↑ Lucas, S. G., Hunt, A. P., Heckert, A. B., and Spielmann, J. A., (2007) Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology: 2007 status: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, v. 41 (The Global Triassic), p. 229- 240.
  6. ↑ Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Sidor, Christian A.; Irmis, Randall B.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Tsuji, Linda A. (2010). "Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira". Nature. 464 (7285): 95–98. doi:10.1038/nature08718. ISSN   1476-4687.
  7. ↑ Marsh, Adam D.; Parker, William G.; Langer, Max C.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (2019-05-04). "Redescription of the holotype specimen of Chindesaurus bryansmalli Long and Murry, 1995 (Dinosauria, Theropoda), from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (3): e1645682. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1645682. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   202865005.
  8. ↑ Nesbitt, S. (2007). "The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 302: 84 pp. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/5840
  9. 1 2 3 4 Parker, William G. (2016-01-21). "Revised phylogenetic analysis of the Aetosauria (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia); assessing the effects of incongruent morphological character sets". PeerJ. 4: e1583. doi:10.7717/peerj.1583. ISSN   2167-8359.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 To, Khanh H. T.; Nesbitt, Sterling; Stocker, Michelle R. (2021-10-01). "An early-diverging crocodylomorph from the early Norian (Late Triassic) of Texas demonstrates a wide distribution of early members across low-latitude Pangea". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (6). doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2075752. ISSN   0272-4634.
  11. ↑ Parker, William G. (2012). "Redescription and taxonomic status of specimens of Episcoposaurus and Typothorax , the earliest known aetosaurs (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Upper Triassic of western North America, and the problem of proxy "holotypes"". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 103 (3–4): 313–338. doi:10.1017/S1755691013000212. ISSN   1755-6910.
  12. 1 2 3 Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Parker, William G.; Smith, Nathan D.; Turner, Alan H.; Rowe, Timothy (2009). "Hindlimb osteology and distribution of basal dinosauromorphs from the Late Triassic of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 498–516. doi:10.1671/039.029.0218. S2CID   34205449.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Ezcurra, Martin D. (13 July 2015). "The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica . 60. doi: 10.4202/app.00143.2014 .
  14. ↑ Parker, William G.; Martz, Jeffrey W. (2010-07-14). "Using positional homology in aetosaur (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) osteoderms to evaluate the taxonomic status of Lucasuchus hunti". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (4): 1100–1108. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483536. ISSN   0272-4634.
  15. 1 2 S. G. Lucas; A. B. Heckert & R. Kahle (2002). A. B. Heckert & S. G. Lucas (eds.). "Postcranial anatomy of Angistorhinus, a Late Triassic phytosaur from West Texas". Upper Triassic Stratigraphy and Paleontology, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 21: 157–164.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Lucas, S.G.; Spielmann, J.A.; Hunt, A.P. (2013). "A new doswelliid archosauromorph from the Upper Triassic of West Texas". In Tanner, L.H.; Spielmann, J.A.; Lucas, S.G. (eds.). The Triassic System. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 61. pp. 382–388.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Chatterjee, Sankar (1986-12-24). "Malerisaurus langstoni , a new diapsid reptile from the Triassic of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 6 (4): 297–312. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011627. ISSN   0272-4634.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Heckert, Andrew B.; Parker, William G.; Mueller, Bill; Sengupta, Saradee; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Pritchard, Adam C.; Marsh, Adam D. (2022). Field, Daniel (ed.). "Widespread azendohsaurids (Archosauromorpha, Allokotosauria) from the Late Triassic of western USA and India". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (1). doi:10.1002/spp2.1413. ISSN   2056-2799.
  19. ↑ Spielmann, Justin A.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Hunt, Adrian P.; Heckert, Andrew B. (2006). "Reinterpretation of the holotype of Malerisaurus langstoni, a diapsid reptile from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group of West Texas". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 37: 543–547.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Heckert, Andrew B. (2004). "Late Triassic microvertebrates from the lower Chinle Group (Otischalkian-Adamanian: Carnian), southwestern U.S.A." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 27: 1–170.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Heckert, A.B.; Lucas, S.G.; Rinehart, L.F.; Spielmann, J.A.; Hunt, A.P.; Kahle, R. (2006). "Revision of the archosauromorph reptile Trilophosaurus, with a description of the first skull of Trilophosaurus jacobsi, from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group, West Texas, USA" (PDF). Palaeontology. 49 (3): 621–640. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00556.x .
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Stocker, M.R.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Criswell, K.E.; Parker, W.G.; Witmer, L.M.; Rowe, T.B.; Ridgely, R.; Brown, M.A. (2016). "A Dome-Headed Stem Archosaur Exemplifies Convergence among Dinosaurs and Their Distant Relatives". Current Biology. 26 (19): 2674–2680. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.066 . PMID   27666971.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, John Andrew (1948). "A Small Amphibian from the Triassic of Howard County, Texas". Journal of Paleontology. 22 (3): 359–361. JSTOR   1299405.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Schaeffer, Bobb (1967). "Late Triassic fishes from the Western United States". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 135 (6): 285–342.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gibson, Sarah Z. (2018-09-03). "A new species of Lasalichthys (Actinopterygii, Redfieldiiformes) from the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Howard County, Texas, with revisions to the genera Lasalichthys and Synorichthys". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (5): e1513009. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1513009. ISSN   0272-4634.


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