Composite character

Last updated November 30, 2024

In a work of media adapted from a real or fictional narrative, a composite character is a character based on more than one individual from the story.^[1]

Examples

Film

The Wizard of Oz (1939): Glinda, Good Witch of the North is based on Glinda the Good from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and on The Good Witch of the North from the same book.
The Great Escape (1963): The characters in this John Sturges film are based on real men, and in some cases are composites of several men. The main character, Capt. Virgil Hilts (Steve McQueen) a.k.a. the "Cooler King", was based on at least three pilots: Bill Ash, David M. Jones, and John Dortch Lewis.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
Bonnie and Clyde (1967): The character of C.W. Moss (portrayed by Michael J. Pollard) in director Arthur Penn's film is a composite of two Barrow Gang members: W. D. Jones and Henry Methvin. In the film, the Moss characterization relies predominantly on the basis of Jones, a juvenile devotee adept at carjacking, whom the couple take under their wing up until the climax. Then, traits of minor but catalytic member Methvin are interwoven near the end as his father, via Moss's dad, bargains with vengeful law enforcement for his son's immunity in exchange for luring the unsuspecting Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker into the fatal, bullet-ridden ambush.^[6]^[7]
Schindler's List (1993): Steven Spielberg's film contains one blended composite character. Although Ben Kingsley's character of accountant Itzhak Stern is based upon a real person and he did interact with Oskar Schindler (Liam Neeson), in the film Stern also absorbed aspects of a few other historical figures: Abraham Bankier, who planted the seed with Schindler to employ Jews for cheaper labor, thereby keeping them safe; and Mietek Pemper, who was at the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp and later worked for Amon Göth (Ralph Fiennes) as his personal secretary. He was instrumental in persuading Schindler to utilize Jews in assembling war materials. A possible fourth person in the mix is Marcel Goldberg, a corrupt Jewish cop who nonetheless aided Stern in the expansion of their lists, which kept thousands of Jews alive and safe. (In Steven Zaillian's screenplay, Goldberg and Pemper have minor roles played by other actors, but nevertheless are still considered to be part of this composite.)^[8]
Apollo 13 (1995): The character Henry Hurt (Xander Berkeley) in director Ron Howard's docudrama is portrayed as a NASA public relations employee assigned to assuaging Marilyn Lovell (Kathleen Quinlan)—the wife of astronaut Jim Lovell (Tom Hanks)—while simultaneously tasked with answering reporters' questions. This character is a composite of the NASA protocol officer Bob McMurrey, assigned to act as a buffer between the Lovell family and the press; and several Office of Public Liaison employees, whose job was to actually work with the press.^[9]
Charlotte Gray (2001): Cate Blanchett's titled character of Charlotte Gray is based on such SOE agents as Pearl Witherington, Nancy Wake, Odette Hallowes and Violette Szabo.
Catch Me If You Can (2002): In yet another Spielberg film, based on the true story of Frank Abagnale, Jr. (Leonardo DiCaprio) and his counterfeit escapades, the main character is pursued by FBI agent Carl Hanratty, played by Tom Hanks. However, his character is a mixture of several agents, primarily Joseph Shea, who didn't want his name used in any film adaptation—a request Abagnale and the film crew honored after he died.^[10]
21 (2008): Director Robert Luketic's characters were fictionalized; in some instances, with whitewashed versions of their real-life counterparts, stirring controversy. Jeff Ma, whose saga was the main focus, was accused of being a race-traitor, in allowing Jim Sturgess to be cast as his facsimile. But it's Kevin Spacey's Micky Rosa who is a composite of John Chang, Bill Kaplan, and J.P. Masser.^[11]
Dallas Buyers Club (2013): Screenwriters Craig Borten and Melisa Wallack told the true story of Ron Woodroof (Matthew McConaughey), who contracted AIDS and smuggled unapproved drugs to help alleviate symptoms of his and fellow sufferers, such as trans woman Rayon (Jared Leto). The latter character was actually a composite derived from a plethora of interviews with anonymous real-life transgender AIDS patients. Further embellishments were made in creating Dr. Eve Saks (Jennifer Garner), who was another composite comprised from several doctors—with one, Dr. Linda Laubenstein, being the main source of inspiration, for her activism against the social stigma of the disease.^[12]
Dunkirk (2017): Kenneth Branagh's character, Commander Bolton, in Christopher Nolan's World War II epic is a composite of several real-life people, including Commander James Campbell Clouston and Captain Bill Tennant.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]
Bombshell (2019): Margot Robbie's character Kayla Pospisil was an amalgamation, based on a number of conservative women who spoke to the filmmakers about harassment from Roger Ailes (John Lithgow). "We’re not revealing the people we talk to. We’re trying to protect them," director Jay Roach said of the project's sources.^[18]

Television

Ulana Khomyuk in Chernobyl is a composite character created to represent "the many scientists who worked fearlessly and put themselves in a lot of danger to help solve the situation."^[19]
The Tudors (2007): Henry VIII's sisters Margaret Tudor and Mary Tudor, Queen of France were amalgamated into one character named Margaret. The character of Margaret's story more closely matches Mary's life. She is a known beauty who was married off by her brother to an older King to form an alliance (in real life the King of France, in the show it's Portugal), only to be quickly widowed and marry her brother's best friend Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk behind his back. However, the creators of the show decided to call the character Margaret instead of Mary to avoid confusion with their niece Mary I of England. ^[20] Margaret was played by Gabrielle Anwar.

Literature

The three Herods in the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles (Herod the Great (Luke 1:5), Herod Antipas (Luke 3:1; 9:7-9; 13:31-33; 23:5-12), and Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:1-23)) are three separate historical rulers, but are portrayed as a single character in Herod as a Composite Character in Luke-Acts, described "as an actualization of Satan’s desire to impede the spread of the good news though his ["Herod’s"] rejection of the gospel message and through political persecution".^[21]
The Senator: My Ten Years with Ted Kennedy, a memoir by Richard E. Burke allegedly exposing various activities of U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy featured several composite characters associated with Kennedy's alleged drug use and sexual dalliances; the inclusion of such became a point of criticism for the book.^[22]^[23]

Journalism

A series of 1944 The New Yorker articles by Joseph Mitchell on New York's Fulton Fish Market which were presented as journalism. Once the stories were published in 1948 as the book Old Mr. Flood Mitchell disclosed that "Mr. Flood is not one man; combined in him are aspects of several old men who work or hang out in Fulton Fish Market, or who did in the past."^[24] Mitchell assigned his composite character his own birthday and his own love for the Bible and certain authors.^[25] In his introduction to Mr. Flood, Mitchell wrote, "I wanted these stories to be truthful rather than factual, but they are solidly based on facts."^[26]
John Hersey is said to have created a composite character in a Life magazine story, as did Alastair Reid for The New Yorker.^[26]
Vivian Gornick in 2003 said that she used composite characters in some of her articles for the Village Voice .^[27]

Related Research Articles

Oskar Schindler was a German industrialist, humanitarian, and member of the Nazi Party who is credited with saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories in occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He is the subject of the 1982 novel Schindler's Ark and its 1993 film adaptation, Schindler's List, which reflect his life as an opportunist initially motivated by profit who came to show extraordinary initiative, tenacity, courage, and dedication in saving his Jewish employees' lives.

<i>Schindlers List</i> 1993 film by Steven Spielberg

Schindler's List is a 1993 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg and written by Steven Zaillian. It is based on the historical novel Schindler's Ark (1982) by Thomas Keneally. The film follows Oskar Schindler, a German industrialist who saved more than a thousand mostly Polish–Jewish refugees from the Holocaust by employing them in his factories during World War II. It stars Liam Neeson as Schindler, Ralph Fiennes as SS officer Amon Göth, and Ben Kingsley as Schindler's Jewish accountant Itzhak Stern.

Bonnie Elizabeth Parker and Clyde Chestnut "Champion" Barrow were American bandits and spree killers who traveled the Central United States with their gang during the Great Depression. The couple were known for their bank robberies and multiple murders, although they preferred to rob small stores or rural funeral homes. Their exploits captured the attention of the American press and its readership during what is occasionally referred to as the "public enemy era" between 1931 and 1934. They were ambushed by police and shot dead in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. They are believed to have murdered at least nine police officers and four civilians.

Bonnie and Clyde is a 1967 American biographical neo-noir crime film directed by Arthur Penn and starring Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway as the title characters Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. The film also features Michael J. Pollard, Gene Hackman, and Estelle Parsons. The screenplay is by David Newman and Robert Benton. Robert Towne and Beatty provided uncredited contributions to the script; Beatty produced the film. The music is by Charles Strouse.

Michael J. Pollard was an American character actor. With his distinctive bulbous nose, dimpled chin and smirk, he gained a cult following, usually portraying quirky, off-beat, simplistic but likeable supporting characters. He was best known for his role as C.W. Moss, in the film Bonnie and Clyde (1967), which earned him critical acclaim along with nominations for an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and two Golden Globe Awards. Other notable appearances include The Wild Angels (1966), Hannibal Brooks (1969), Little Fauss and Big Halsy (1970), Dirty Little Billy (1972), Roxanne (1987), American Gothic (1988), and Tango & Cash (1989).

The Schindlerjuden, literally translated from German as "Schindler Jews", were a group of roughly 1,200 Jews saved by Oskar Schindler during the Holocaust. They survived the years of the Nazi regime primarily through the intervention of Schindler, who afforded them protected status as industrial workers at his enamelware factory in Kraków, capital of the General Government, and after 1944, in an armaments factory in occupied Czechoslovakia. There, they avoided being sent to death camps and survived the genocide. Schindler expended his personal fortune made as an industrialist to save the Schindlerjuden.

Itzhak Stern was a Polish Jew and a Holocaust survivor, who worked for Sudeten-German industrialist Oskar Schindler and assisted him in his rescue activities during the Holocaust. After World War II, Stern moved to Israel.

Francis Augustus Hamer was an American lawman and Texas Ranger who led the 1934 posse that tracked down and killed criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow. Renowned for his toughness, marksmanship, and investigative skill, he acquired status in the Southwest as the archetypal Texas Ranger. He was inducted into the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame. His professional record and reputation are controversial, particularly with regard to his willingness to use extrajudicial killing even in an increasingly modernized society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">W. D. Jones</span> Member of the Bonnie and Clyde Barrow Gang

William Daniel Jones was a member of the Barrow Gang, whose crime spree throughout the southern Midwest in the early years of the Great Depression became part of American criminal folklore. Jones ran with Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker for eight and a half months, from Christmas Eve 1932 to early September 1933. He and another gang member named Henry Methvin were consolidated into the "C.W. Moss" character in the film Bonnie and Clyde (1967). Of the character C.W. Moss in the movie, Jones said: "Moss was a dumb kid who run errands and done what Clyde told him. That was me, all right."

Ted Cass Hinton was a Dallas County, Texas, deputy sheriff, the youngest of the posse that ambushed and killed Bonnie and Clyde near Gibsland, Louisiana, on May 23, 1934.

The Barrow Gang was an American gang active between 1932 and 1934. They were well known outlaws, robbers, murderers, and criminals who, as a gang, traveled the Central United States during the Great Depression. Their exploits were known all over the nation. They captured the attention of the American press and its readership during what is sometimes referred to as the 'public enemy era'. Though the gang was notorious for the bank robberies they committed, they preferred to rob small stores or gas stations over banks. The gang was believed to have killed at least nine police officers, among several other murders.

<i>Catch Me If You Can</i> (book) Book by Frank Abagnale Jr.

Catch Me If You Can is a semi-autobiographical book about criminal exploits allegedly engaged in by Frank Abagnale Jr., an American onetime con artist. Abagnale claims that, as a young man, he cashed $2.5 million worth of bad checks while impersonating a Pan Am pilot, a doctor, a teacher, and an attorney. The book is acknowledged to have been partly fictionalized, and the factual basis for the events contained in the book has been challenged. Co-written by Abagnale and Stan Redding, Catch Me If You Can was adapted into a film of the same name by director Steven Spielberg in 2002. In the film, Abagnale was portrayed by actor Leonardo DiCaprio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Methvin</span> Member of the Barrow Gang

Henry Methvin was an American criminal, a bank robber, and a Depression-era outlaw. He is best remembered as the final member of Bonnie and Clyde's gang. His role in the gang has often been misattributed to teenage gang member W.D. Jones as both men were portrayed as composite character "C.W. Moss" in the film Bonnie and Clyde (1967).

Mieczysław "Mietek" Pemper was a Polish-born German Holocaust survivor. Pemper helped compile and type Oskar Schindler's now-famous list, which saved 1,200 people from being killed in the Holocaust during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linda Laubenstein</span> American medical researcher (born 1947)

Linda Jane Laubenstein was an American physician and early HIV/AIDS researcher. She was among the first doctors in the United States to recognize the AIDS epidemic of the early 1980s; she co-authored the first article linking AIDS with Kaposi's sarcoma.

<i>The Bonnie Parker Story</i> 1958 film

The Bonnie Parker Story is a 1958 crime film directed by William Witney. The movie is loosely based on the life of Bonnie Parker, a well-known outlaw of the 1930s. The film stars Dorothy Provine as Parker; Parker's actual historical partner, Clyde Barrow, is renamed Guy Darrow for the film's story, and played by Jack Hogan. The film was released by American International Pictures as a double feature with Machine Gun Kelly starring Charles Bronson in his first leading role.

Rob the Mob is a 2014 American romantic crime film directed by Raymond De Felitta and written by Jonathan Fernandez. The film stars Michael Pitt, Nina Arianda, Andy García, Ray Romano, Aida Turturro, Frank Whaley, Michael Rispoli and Joseph R. Gannascoli, and is based on a true story. It was released on March 21, 2014.

<i>Bonnie & Clyde</i> (miniseries) 2013 American TV series or program

Bonnie & Clyde is a revisionist 2013 miniseries about Great Depression-era outlaws Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow starring Emile Hirsch as Clyde Barrow and Holliday Grainger as Bonnie Parker. The two-part series aired on consecutive nights, December 8 and 9, 2013, simultaneously on A&E, History, and Lifetime. The first previews were released on September 23, 2013. The series was widely criticized for its historical inaccuracies, particularly as it was aired on History.

Abraham Bankier was a Polish businessman and Holocaust survivor who assisted Oskar Schindler in his rescue activities and worked as his factory manager.

<i>The Highwaymen</i> (film) 2019 film directed by John Lee Hancock

The Highwaymen is a 2019 American period crime thriller film directed by John Lee Hancock and written by John Fusco. The film stars Kevin Costner and Woody Harrelson as Frank Hamer and Maney Gault, two former Texas Rangers who attempt to track down and apprehend notorious criminals Bonnie and Clyde in the 1930s. Kathy Bates, John Carroll Lynch, Kim Dickens, Thomas Mann and William Sadler also star.

References

↑ Gutkind, Lee; Fletcher, Hattie (2008). Keep It Real: Everything You Need to Know About Researching and Writing Creative Nonfiction (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 39. ISBN 978-0393065619.
↑ Kaufman, Michael T. (13 August 1999). "John D. Lewis, 84, Pilot in 'The Great Escape'". The New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
↑ Bishop, Patrick (30 August 2015). "William Ash: The cooler king". BBC Online . Retrieved 30 August 2015.
↑ Foley, Brendan (29 April 2014). "Bill Ash obituary". The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 August 2015.
↑ "William Ash - obituary". The Daily Telegraph . London. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
↑ "Riding with Bonnie & Clyde". Playboy Magazine . November 1968. That C. W. Moss in the movie was me, up to the end, when he let his old man turn in Clyde and Bonnie.. It was Henry Methvin that done that, not me I was in jail when that happened. The papers was right when they said Moss was a composite of me and Methvin.
↑ "Death Comes in the Sun: Trading one life for two; mistrust". BabyFace Nelson ~ Journal. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2023. After months of constant tracking, Hamer was finally ready to make his move. For some time, he had been meeting with Methvin's family, which was trying to broker a deal that would not only keep Methvin out of the electric chair, but possibly even out of prison. In exchange, they would hand over Barrow and Parker.
↑ Sartore, Melissa (29 September 2022). "12 Figures From Historical Movies Who Are Actually Composites Of Multiple People". Ranker . Retrieved 2 September 2023. While there was a real Stern, and he did work with Schindler, the movie character represented the collective activities of no fewer than four men.
↑ Lovell, Jim; Kluger, Jeffrey (1994). Apollo 13 . New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 118, 209–210, 387. ISBN 0671534645.
↑ Pagnotti, Sean (28 February 2023). "Catch Me if You Can: The "True" Story of Frank Abignale Jr. Explained". Collider . Retrieved 3 September 2023. Speaking of the FBI, Carl Hanratty is actually a composite of several agents who were assigned Frank's case, the main one being Joe Shea. Joe has since passed on but didn't want his name used in the movie when he was alive.
↑ "House of Cards". Boston.com . 6 April 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2013.(subscription required)
↑ Thapa, Shaurya (14 May 2023). "Dallas Buyers Club True Story: 7 Things The Movie Changed From Real-Life". Screen Rant . Retrieved 3 September 2023. [Ravon] was supposed to represent the judgmental behavior and stereotypical assumptions that many trans people living with AIDS faced during that time.…\\….Saks also bears similarities with the late physician Dr. Linda Laubenstein, one of the first American doctors to spread awareness of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s.
↑ Alexander, Bryan (20 July 2017). "Dunkirk: How historically accurate is Christopher Nolan's WWII battle film?". USA Today . Retrieved 22 January 2018.
↑ Bruemmer, René (2 August 2017). "Inspiration for summer blockbuster Dunkirk an unsung Montreal hero". Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 2 August 2017.
↑ "Unsung hero of Dunkirk evacuation a former McGill student". McGill Reporter. McGill University. 7 August 2017. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
↑ "This war hero was forgotten in Canada and portrayed as a Brit in Dunkirk. Now he's finally getting his due". Washington Post. 21 September 2017.
↑ Broich, John (20 July 2017). "What's Fact and What's Fiction in Dunkirk". Slate . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
↑ Epstein, Rachel (12 December 2019). "Spoiler Alert: Margot Robbie's Bombshell Character Isn't Real". Marie Claire . Retrieved 8 December 2020.
↑ "Emily Watson on her new TV drama, Chernobyl". The Scotsman . Retrieved 4 June 2019.
↑ Gates, Anita (23 March 2008). "The Royal Life (Some Facts Altered)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 4 August 2024.
↑ Dicken, Frank (2014). Herod as a Composite Character in Luke-Acts. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. p. 7. ISBN 978-3161532542.
↑ "Ex-aide's Book Alleges Kennedy Used Drugs The Senator Called Allegations About Orgies, Drugs And Alcohol "Bizarre And Untrue"". The Inquirer. 27 September 1992. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
↑ Isaak, Sharon (30 October 1992). "Tales of Ted Kennedy". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
↑ Shafer, Jack (12 June 2003). "The fabulous fabulists". Slate. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
↑ Carduff, Christopher (3 November 1992). "Fish-eating, whiskey, death & rebirth". New Criterion. Archived from the original on 6 March 2001. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
1 2 O'Rourke, Meghan (29 July 2003). "Literary license". Slate. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
↑ "Unethical writers love the power of creative non-fiction -". WTOP.com. 13 January 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

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[1] Gutkind, Lee; Fletcher, Hattie (2008). Keep It Real: Everything You Need to Know About Researching and Writing Creative Nonfiction (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. p. 39. ISBN 978-0393065619.

[2] Kaufman, Michael T. (13 August 1999). "John D. Lewis, 84, Pilot in 'The Great Escape'". The New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2015.

[3] Bishop, Patrick (30 August 2015). "William Ash: The cooler king". BBC Online . Retrieved 30 August 2015.

[4] Foley, Brendan (29 April 2014). "Bill Ash obituary". The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 August 2015.

[5] "William Ash - obituary". The Daily Telegraph . London. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2015.

[6] "Riding with Bonnie & Clyde". Playboy Magazine . November 1968. That C. W. Moss in the movie was me, up to the end, when he let his old man turn in Clyde and Bonnie.. It was Henry Methvin that done that, not me I was in jail when that happened. The papers was right when they said Moss was a composite of me and Methvin.

[7] "Death Comes in the Sun: Trading one life for two; mistrust". BabyFace Nelson ~ Journal. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2023. After months of constant tracking, Hamer was finally ready to make his move. For some time, he had been meeting with Methvin's family, which was trying to broker a deal that would not only keep Methvin out of the electric chair, but possibly even out of prison. In exchange, they would hand over Barrow and Parker.

[8] Sartore, Melissa (29 September 2022). "12 Figures From Historical Movies Who Are Actually Composites Of Multiple People". Ranker . Retrieved 2 September 2023. While there was a real Stern, and he did work with Schindler, the movie character represented the collective activities of no fewer than four men.

[9] Lovell, Jim; Kluger, Jeffrey (1994). Apollo 13 . New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 118, 209–210, 387. ISBN 0671534645.

[10] Pagnotti, Sean (28 February 2023). "Catch Me if You Can: The "True" Story of Frank Abignale Jr. Explained". Collider . Retrieved 3 September 2023. Speaking of the FBI, Carl Hanratty is actually a composite of several agents who were assigned Frank's case, the main one being Joe Shea. Joe has since passed on but didn't want his name used in the movie when he was alive.

[11] "House of Cards". Boston.com . 6 April 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2013.(subscription required)

[12] Thapa, Shaurya (14 May 2023). "Dallas Buyers Club True Story: 7 Things The Movie Changed From Real-Life". Screen Rant . Retrieved 3 September 2023. [Ravon] was supposed to represent the judgmental behavior and stereotypical assumptions that many trans people living with AIDS faced during that time.…\\….Saks also bears similarities with the late physician Dr. Linda Laubenstein, one of the first American doctors to spread awareness of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s.

[13] Alexander, Bryan (20 July 2017). "Dunkirk: How historically accurate is Christopher Nolan's WWII battle film?". USA Today . Retrieved 22 January 2018.

[montrealgazette-14] Bruemmer, René (2 August 2017). "Inspiration for summer blockbuster Dunkirk an unsung Montreal hero". Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 2 August 2017.

[15] "Unsung hero of Dunkirk evacuation a former McGill student". McGill Reporter. McGill University. 7 August 2017. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.

[16] "This war hero was forgotten in Canada and portrayed as a Brit in Dunkirk. Now he's finally getting his due". Washington Post. 21 September 2017.

[17] Broich, John (20 July 2017). "What's Fact and What's Fiction in Dunkirk". Slate . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.

[18] Epstein, Rachel (12 December 2019). "Spoiler Alert: Margot Robbie's Bombshell Character Isn't Real". Marie Claire . Retrieved 8 December 2020.

[19] "Emily Watson on her new TV drama, Chernobyl". The Scotsman . Retrieved 4 June 2019.

[20] Gates, Anita (23 March 2008). "The Royal Life (Some Facts Altered)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 4 August 2024.

[21] Dicken, Frank (2014). Herod as a Composite Character in Luke-Acts. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. p. 7. ISBN 978-3161532542.

[22] "Ex-aide's Book Alleges Kennedy Used Drugs The Senator Called Allegations About Orgies, Drugs And Alcohol "Bizarre And Untrue"". The Inquirer. 27 September 1992. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015.

[23] Isaak, Sharon (30 October 1992). "Tales of Ted Kennedy". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 October 2015.

[24] Shafer, Jack (12 June 2003). "The fabulous fabulists". Slate. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

[TNC-25] Carduff, Christopher (3 November 1992). "Fish-eating, whiskey, death & rebirth". New Criterion. Archived from the original on 6 March 2001. Retrieved 12 May 2016.

[Slate2-26] 1 2 O'Rourke, Meghan (29 July 2003). "Literary license". Slate. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

[27] "Unethical writers love the power of creative non-fiction -". WTOP.com. 13 January 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

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