Convoy ON 166

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Convoy ON 166
Part of Battle of the Atlantic
Mk VII depth charge.jpg
A depth charge being loaded onto a depth-charge thrower aboard the corvette HMS Dianthus
Date20–25 February 1943
Location
Result German tactical victory
Belligerents
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg  United States
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg  Canada
Flag of Poland (1928-1980).svg Poland
War ensign of Germany (1938-1945).svg  Germany
Commanders and leaders
CAPT W E B Magee RN
CAPT P.R. Heineman USN
Admiral Karl Dönitz
Strength
63 freighters
1 destroyer
2 cutters
5 corvettes
18 submarines
Casualties and losses
14 freighters sunk (87,994 GRT)
262 killed/drowned
3 submarines sunk
128 killed/drowned
11 captured

Convoy ON 166 was the 166th of the numbered ON series of merchant ship convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America. Sixty-three ships departed Liverpool 11 February 1943 and were met the following day by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group A-3 consisting of the Treasury-class cutters Campbell and Spencer and the Flower-class corvettes Dianthus, Chilliwack, Rosthern, Trillium and Dauphin. The convoy suffered losses before arriving at New York City, US.

Contents

Background

As western Atlantic coastal convoys brought an end to the Germans' "second happy time", Admiral Karl Dönitz, the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU) or commander in chief of U-Boats, shifted focus to the mid-Atlantic to avoid aircraft patrols. Although convoy routing was less predictable in the mid-ocean, Dönitz anticipated that the increased numbers of U-boats being produced would be able to effectively search for convoys with the advantage of intelligence gained through B-Dienst decryption of British Naval Cypher Number 3. [1] However, only 20 percent of the 180 trans-Atlantic convoys sailing from the end of July 1942 until the end of April 1943 lost ships to U-boat attack. [2]

21 February

On 20 February U-604 sighted the convoy scattered by sailing eight days in a northwesterly gale. U-332 torpedoed the straggling Norwegian Stigstad on the morning of 21 February. U-623 was sunk by a No. 120 Squadron RAF B-24 Liberator that afternoon, and Campbell sank a U-boat that evening. Postwar analysis concluded that Campbell sank U-225, [3] but later re-evaluation indicated that the attack may have destroyed U-529. [4]

U-92 torpedoed the British Empire Trader at 2032 and the Norwegian NT Nielsen Alonso at 0153 on the night of February 21–22. Both ships were hit by a single torpedo on the port side, flooding the forward hold, and boiler room, respectively. [5] ORP Burza from the following convoy ONS 167 was ordered to reinforce the convoy escort.

22 February

U-606 torpedoed the British Empire Redshank and American Chattanooga City and Expositor after sunset 22 February, but was damaged by depth charges from the recently arrived Burza. Campbell was disabled in a collision with U-606. Twelve men were rescued from the crew of the sinking U-boat. Burza left the convoy to tow Campbell back to port. The convoy rescue ship Stockport was sunk by U-604 while returning to the convoy after rescuing men from the three ships torpedoed by U-606. [6]

23 February

U-628 torpedoed the Panamanian Winkler at 0420 and Norwegian Glittre at 0425. U-186 torpedoed the American Hastings about 0430 and British Eulima at 0458 on 23 February. [5] Spencer, Rosthern and Chilliwack remained with the convoy and Dianthus left to refuel. [7]

24 February

U-600 torpedoed the Norwegian Ingria at 0520 before dawn on 24 February. [5] U-653 torpedoed the straggling American Liberty ship Jonathan Sturges.

25 February

U-628 hit the British Manchester Merchant with two torpedoes on the starboard side at 0527 before dawn 25 February. [5] [8]

Aftermath

The U-boats discontinued the attack on 26 February. The surviving ships in the convoy were joined by Empire Cavalier from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 28 February with escorts New Westminster, Blairmore and Rimouski. [9] They reached New York City on 3 March 1943. [10]

Ships in convoy

Name [11] Flag [11] Dead [7] Tonnage [11] Cargo [7] Notes [11]
Amastra (1935) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 8,031 gross register tons (GRT)
Aruba (1929) Flag of the Netherlands.svg 3,979 GRTgeneral cargo
Beauregard (1920) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 5,976 GRTreturned to England
Brasil (1935) Flag of Norway.svg 8,130 GRT
Charles H Cramp (1920) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 6,220 GRTstraggled 1 March [5]
Chattanooga City (1921) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 05,687 GRT(in ballast)sunk by U-606 22 Feb
City of Canberra (1927) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 7,484 GRTcarried convoy commodore Capt W E B Magee DSO RN
Delilian (1923) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 6,423 GRT
Edward Rutledge (1942) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 7,177 GRT16 passengers Liberty ship; returned to England
El Almirante (1917) Flag of Panama.svg 5,248 GRTreturned to England
El Coston (1924) Flag of Panama.svg 7,286 GRTjoined from Iceland 16 Feb but returned to Iceland when leaking condenser caused water shortage [5]
El Oceano (1925) Flag of Panama.svg 6,767 GRT
Empire Cato (1942) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 7,039 GRTreturned to England
Empire Cavalier (1942) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 9,891 GRTjoined Halifax to New York; survived this convoy and convoy HX 229
Empire Chivalry (1937) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 6,007 GRT
Empire Confidence (1935) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 5,023 GRT
Empire Redshank (1919) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 06,615 GRT(in ballast)torpedoed by U-606 & scuttled by escort 22 Feb
Empire Trader (1908) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 09,990 GRT985 tons chemicalsveteran of convoy HX 79; torpedoed by U-92 & scuttled by escort 23 Feb
Empire Wordsworth (1942) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 9,891 GRT
Eulima (1937) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 636,207 GRT(in ballast)sunk by U-186 23 February
Exilona (1919) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 4,971 GRT
Expositor (1919) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 64,959 GRT(in ballast)sunk by U-606 & U-303
Fort Thompson (1942) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 7,134 GRTcoal
Fort Vermillion (1942) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 7,133 GRT
Franz Klasen (1932) Flag of Panama.svg 1,194 GRT
Gateway City (1920) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 5,432 GRTveteran of convoy PQ 18
George W McKnight (1933) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 2,502 GRT
Glittre (1928) Flag of Norway.svg 36,402 GRT(in ballast)veteran of convoy ON 67; acting as escort oiler; sunk by U-628 & U-603 23 Feb
Gyda (1934) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 1,695 GRTgeneral cargostraggled and lost following 24 Feb collision with Fort Thompson [5]
Hastings (1920) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 95,401 GRT(in ballast)sunk by U-186 23 Feb
Ingria (1931) Flag of Norway.svg 04,391 GRT(in ballast)sunk by U-600 & U-628 24 Feb
Jonathan Sturges (1942) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 567,176 GRT(in ballast) Liberty ship straggled & sunk by U-653 24 Feb [5]
Kaipaki (1939) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 5,862 GRT
Lechistan (1929) Flag of Poland.svg 1,937 GRTgeneral cargostraggled 20 Feb [5]
Lochmonar (1924) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 9,412 GRT28 passengersship's master was convoy vice commodore
Madoera (1922) Flag of the Netherlands.svg 9,382 GRTstraggled 24 Feb & damaged by U-653 [5]
Manchester Merchant (1940) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 367,264 GRT(in ballast)sunk by U-628 25 Feb
Mark Twain (1942) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 7,176 GRT Liberty ship straggled with steering failure
Markay (1942) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 10,342 GRTjoined from Iceland 16 Feb; romped 23 Feb
Molda (1937) Flag of Norway.svg 5,137 GRTgeneral cargo
N T Nielsen-Alonso (1900) Flag of Norway.svg 39,348 GRT(in ballast)sunk by U-92 & U-753 22 Feb
Pacific Exporter (1928) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 6,734 GRT
Pacific Grove (1928) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 7,117 GRT
Pan-Maine (1936) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 7,237 GRT
Pan-Maryland (1938) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 7,701 GRT
Samuel Chase (1942) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 7,191 GRT Liberty ship veteran of convoy PQ 17
Skandinavia (1940) Flag of Norway.svg 10,044 GRTveteran of convoy ON 67
Stigstad (1927) Flag of Norway.svg 35,964 GRT(in ballast)straggled & sunk by U-332 & U-603 21 Feb [5]
Stockport (1911) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 631,683 GRT(rescued crewmen of sunken ships)rescue ship; sunk by U-604 while rescuing survivors
Tai Shan (1929) Flag of Norway.svg 6,962 GRT12 passengers
Thomas B Robertson (1942) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 7,176 GRT Liberty ship romped & arrived New York 28 Feb
Thomas Hooker (1942) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 7,176 GRT Liberty ship returned to England
Tortuguero (1921) Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg 5,285 GRT
Tropic Star (1926) Flag of Norway.svg 5,088 GRT
Wind Rush (1918) Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg 5,586 GRT
Winkler (1930) Flag of Panama.svg 206,907 GRT(in ballast)sunk by U-628 & U-223 23 Feb

See also

References

  1. Tarrant p.108
  2. Hague pp.132, 137-138,161-162,164&181
  3. Morison 1975 p.338
  4. Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.194
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Convoy ON 166". Warsailors.com. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  6. Hague 2000 pp.92&162
  7. 1 2 3 Hague 2000 pp.161-162
  8. Hague 2000 p.162
  9. "CONVOY ON 166". Warsailors. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  10. Hague 2000 p.159
  11. 1 2 3 4 "ON convoys". Andrew Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 24 May 2011.

Bibliography