In 1942, convoys west of 26° West came under the command of the US Vice-Admiral Arthur Bristol along with the escort forces in the western North Atlantic as Task Force 24. The Canadian Western Local Escort Force (WLEF, also Task Group 24.18) was under the tactical command of the Commanding Officer Atlantic Coast, Rear-Admiral Leonard Murray at Halifax, Nova Scotia, comprising 25 Canadian and 13 British destroyers and corvettes that escorted convoys from Halifax to the Western Ocean Meeting Point (WOMP) at 49° West when SC convoys began sailing from Halifax.[1]
The Mid-Ocean Escort Force (MOEF) was based at St John's Newfoundland and Londonderry and Liverpool in the British Isles and became Task Group 24.1, with seven British, four Canadian and one US Navy escort groups. The MOEF escorted HX, SC, ON and ONS convoys to the Eastern Ocean Meeting Point (EASTOMP) at about 20° West where the convoy was handed over to the Eastern local Escort Groups. Ships to Iceland the base for Task Group 24.6 with two US escort groups, detached at about 25° West (ICOMP). The mainly old coastguard ships escorting convoys on the Sydney to Greenland leg came under Task Force 24 as Task Group 24.9.[1]
When the US established the Interlocking Convoy System along the east coast and the Caribbean, the northern termination was at New York and from September 1942 the port became the departure point for transatlantic convoys. The Western Atlantic escort forces were insufficient for the leg from New York to the WOMP and a new Halifax Ocean Meeting Point (HOMP) was created around 61° West, where the eventual twelve WLEF groups (Task Group 24.18) were relieved. After April 1942 an attempt had been made to keep the Ocean Escort Groups together to reap the benefits of teamwork and experience and in the summer of 1942 led to EASTOMP being moved west to accommodate British escorts being sent to the Caribbean. The British escort groups B1 to B7 became based permanently in Britain and the Canadian groups C1 to C4, with the US group A3, at St John's. to the west of 26° West, the Change of Operational Control (CHOP) line, operational control of convoys was vested in the Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet, through the commander of Task force 24 and east of that line control devolved to the British Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches based in Liverpool.[2]
Convoys in 1943
After Convoy RA 53 in March, Arctic convoys were suspended for the summer and destroyers on the Arctic run were transferred to Support Groups in the North Atlantic. The 20th Escort Group with eight aged destroyers and Hunt-class destroyers with the 22nd, 23rd and 34th Escort Groups, each of four corvettes were scheduled for refurbishment. Convoy cycles in the North Atlantic were shortened in March to accommodate more traffic, an HX and a SC convoy departing New York each week, that required 12 ocean escort groups were needed, each of three destroyers, a frigate and six corvettes.[3]
The U-boat arm
By the spring of 1943, had expanded to the size advocated by the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU, Commander of U-Boats) Rear-Admiral Karl Dönitz in 1939. In March, 400 U-boats were in service, 47 were close to completion, 245 were under construction and seven U-boats were being converted. Of the 400 boats, 52 (13 per cent) were training submarines, 119 (29.8 per cent) were working up, seven (1.7 per cent) were prototypes and 222 (55.5 per cent) were operational front-line submarines. Eighteen boats weer in the Arctic, 19 in the Mediterranean and three in the Black Sea, leaving 182 for operations in the Atlantic. Of the Atlantic boats, on 1 March, 114 (62.6 per cent) were at sea and 68 (37.4 per cent) were in French harbours. Of the U-boats at sea, 44 were in transit (24.2 per cent) and 70 (38.4 per cent) were on patrol in operational areas, 45 in the North Atlantic, 13 in the Central Atlantic, five in the Western Atlantic and seven in the South Atlantic.[4]
Prelude
Convoy HX 231 departed New York on 25 March with 61 merchant ships in an 8nmi (15km; 9.2mi)-wide series of columns but the convoy lost cohesion in fog off the Grand Banks, an underwater plateau to the south-west of Newfoundland. The convoy rendezvoused with Escort Group B7 (Commander Peter Gretton) of the Mid-Ocean Escort Force at the MOMP to the south of Iceland, in the vicinity of 58° North and 35° West. The convoy had been sent northwards into cold and stormy weather. The wind in these high latitudes (closer to the North Pole) comes from the north and west, blowing freezing spray onto ship decks that has to be chipped off with picks and shovels. On the cargo-liner Shillong, the lifeboats along the port side got so icy that the davits bent and the lifeboats were disconnected and tied to the ship, to float free if the ship sank. Life rafts had been swept away along with the main mast that got so brittle in the cold that it snapped. The captain, J. H. Hollow, had to move out of position in the convoy to jettison the wreckage.[5]
Jordan, Roger W. (2006) [1999]. The World's Merchant Fleets 1939: The Particulars and Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships (2nded.). London: Chatham/Lionel Leventhal. ISBN978-1-86176-293-1.
Mitchell, W. H.; Sawyer, L. A. (1990). The Empire Ships (2nded.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. ISBN1-85044-275-4.
Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev.ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN978-1-86176-257-3.
Woodman, Richard (2004). The Real Cruel Sea: The Merchant Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1943. London: John Murray. ISBN0-7195-6403-4.
Further reading
Blair, Clay (2000) [1999]. Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945 (pbk. repr. Casselled.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN0-304-35261-6.
Gretton, Peter (2021) [1974]. Crisis Convoy: The Story of HX 231 a turning point in the Battle of the Atlantic. Leeds: Sapere Books. ISBN978-1-80055-276-0.
Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Chatham. ISBN1-86176-147-3.
Niestlé, Axel (2014). German U-Boat Losses during World War II: Details of Destruction. Barnsley: Frontline Books. ISBN978-1-84832-210-3.
External links
Hague, Arnold. "Convoy HX.231". HX Convoy Series. Don Kindell, Convoyweb.
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