Halifax Harbour

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Halifax Harbour
Map of Halifax Harbour
Nautical chart of Halifax Harbour in the 1880s IMRAY(1884) p0749 HALIFAX.jpg
Nautical chart of Halifax Harbour in the 1880s

Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality. Halifax largely owes its existence to the harbour, being one of the largest and deepest ice-free natural harbours in the world. Before Confederation it was one of the most important commercial ports on the Atlantic seaboard. In 1917, it was the site of the world's largest man-made accidental explosion, when the SS Mont-Blanc blew up in the Halifax Explosion of December 6.

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The harbour was formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise after glaciation. The Sackville River now empties into the upper end of the harbour in Bedford Basin. The harbour also includes the Northwest Arm and The Narrows, a constricted passage to Bedford Basin

Halifax Harbour has been polluted as a result of two centuries of direct raw sewage discharge into its waters. Health concerns in the 1990s caused the shut-down of all harbour beaches. The Harbour Solutions project, initiated in the year 2000, was a CA$400 million project which attempted to remediate the area, with limited success.

Harbour description

The Mi'kmaq First Nation, long the occupants of this territory, called the harbour Kjipuktuk in their language. It was transliterated in English as "Chebucto". It runs in a northwest–southeast direction.

Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is strategically located approximately one hour's sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard and Europe. As such, it is the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections.

The harbour is largely formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. The Sackville River now empties into the upper end of the harbour in Bedford Basin; however, its original river bed has been charted by the Canadian Hydrographic Service throughout the length of the harbour and beyond.

The harbour includes the following geographic areas:

Islands

The harbour is home to several small islands.

The harbour limit is formed by the northern end of its largest island - McNabs Island. The largest island entirely within the harbour limits is Georges Island, a glacial drumlin similar to its dryland counterpart at Citadel Hill. Several small islands are located in the Bedford Basin near Bedford and Burnside.

In the Northwest Arm is a small peninsula known as Deadman's Island, named for being the burial location of War of 1812 prisoners of war. [1] Just 200 m west of Deadman's Island is the equally small Melville Island, which is connected to the mainland by road. Melville Island forms the eastern boundary of Melville Cove and is also the location of the Armdale Yacht Club. An adjacent residential community named itself after the cove.

Although outside the defined harbour limits, Lawlor Island and Devils Island are also frequently included in descriptions of Halifax Harbour and the surrounding area.

Entrance to Halifax Harbour.jpg
Entrance to Halifax Harbour as seen from Georges Island
SambroIsland.jpg
Sambro Island from the northwest
Acadie Sails Halifax 2004.jpg
The barque Europa beside Georges Island in Halifax Harbour in 2004
Halifaxharbour06a.jpg
Facing mouth of Harbour, Georges Island on left, McNabs Island in centre, and cruise ship Sea Princess moored on right.

Halifax's official harbour limit for navigational purposes is delineated by a line running from Herring Cove on the west side of the main channel, to the northern end of McNabs Island, then from McNabs Island across the Eastern Passage to the actual community of Eastern Passage on the east side of the island. The harbour is marked by an extensive network of buoys and lighthouses, starting with Sambro Island Lighthouse at the harbour approaches, the oldest operating lighthouse in North America.

Deep draught vessels must use the main channel into the harbour, which runs on the west side of McNabs Island. The west entrance point marking the beginning of the inner approach using this channel is located near Chebucto Head, approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south of the limit.

Shallow draught vessels (less than 2.5 metres, 8.2 ft) may use the Eastern Passage, which runs on the east side of McNabs Island; however, continuous silting makes charted depths unreliable.

Large vessels have compulsory pilotage, with harbour pilots boarding at the pilot station off Chebucto Head. Vessels wishing to transit The Narrows between the outer harbour and Bedford Basin must travel one at a time; this rule was established after the disastrous Halifax Explosion of December 6, 1917 when a collision between the French munitions ship Mont-Blanc and the Norwegian ship Imo destroyed part of Halifax and Dartmouth.

The Royal Canadian Navy maintains a large base housing Maritime Forces Atlantic along the western side of The Narrows, as well as an ammunition depot on the northeastern shore of Bedford Basin, CFAD Bedford. There are strict security regulations relating to vessels navigating near Navy facilities and anchorages.

There are two large suspension bridges crossing The Narrows:

Port facilities

Halifax Harbour from the air looking South. Bedford is seen in the foreground, the Halifax Peninsula on the right, and Dartmouth on the left. Halifax from the air.jpg
Halifax Harbour from the air looking South. Bedford is seen in the foreground, the Halifax Peninsula on the right, and Dartmouth on the left.

After Confederation in 1867, boosters of Halifax expected federal help to make the city's natural harbour Canada's official winter port and a gateway for trade with Europe. Halifax's advantages included its location just off the Great Circle route made it the closest to Europe of any mainland North American port. But the new Intercolonial Railway (ICR) took an indirect, southerly route for military and political reasons, and the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canada's winter port. Ignoring appeals to nationalism and the ICR's own attempts to promote traffic to Halifax, most Canadian exporters sent their wares by train though Boston or Portland. Harbour promoters fought an uphill battle to finance the large-scale port facilities Halifax lacked, succeeding just before the First World War with the start of construction of the large docking facilities at Ocean Terminals in Halifax's South End. The war at last boosted Halifax's harbour into prominence on the North Atlantic. [2]

The Halifax Port Authority is a federally appointed agency which administers and operates various port properties on the harbour. Previously run by the National Harbours Board, the HPA is now a locally run organization.

HPA facilities include:

All HPA facilities are serviced by CN. It provides on-dock daily train service to Montreal, Toronto, Detroit and Chicago. The railway also operates the Halifax Intermodal Terminal (HIT) adjacent to the Richmond Terminals.

In addition to HPA facilities, the following users have port facilities:

Pollution

Fog creeping into the Halifax Harbour on a sunny day. Fog&sunHFX2011.jpg
Fog creeping into the Halifax Harbour on a sunny day.

Halifax Harbour has long been polluted as a result of two centuries of direct raw sewage discharge into its waters. The harbour's deep water, tidal dispersal of surface wastes and a relatively small population of the city of Halifax resulted in the harbour's presenting few health concerns until the late 20th century when sewage build-up caused the shut-down of all harbour beaches.

The Harbour Solutions project, initiated in the year 2000, was the culmination of three decades of discussion and planning regarding how the urban area would solve the expensive problem of sewage treatment and disposal. The CA$400 million project was expected to be completed in late 2008 when the final of three new treatment plants was opened.

Testing of harbour waters in July 2008, with two of the three sewage treatment plants on-line, indicated that they are safe for swimming. Municipal public beaches at Black Rock Beach in Point Pleasant Park and at the Dingle Beach in Sir Sandford Fleming Park were officially re-opened on Saturday, August 2, 2008 (Natal Day weekend) after a 30-year closure due to sewage contamination in the water. Lifeguards are now providing supervision during regular hours through to Labour Day weekend. However repeated breakdowns in the new system have resulted in swimming bans being regularly re-imposed and periodic resumption of raw sewage discharge. From early 2009 on swimming was no longer allowed in the harbour because the plant flooded and stopped working. [3] On the weekend of July 4, 2010 some beaches (like Black Rock Beach) reopened. [4]

Shipwrecks

Halifax Explosion blast cloud Halifax Explosion blast cloud.jpg
Halifax Explosion blast cloud

Halifax Harbour is noted for many shipwrecks both in the inner and outer harbour. A few ships were sunk at the edge of the harbour approaches during World War II by German U-boats but the vast majority were claimed by harbour accidents. Mapping of the harbour revealed about 45 shipwrecks in the harbour. Near the mouth of the harbour, over 50 magnetic anomalies have been discovered, most of which also represent shipwrecks with many others buried underneath the muddy sediments. All historic shipwrecks in Halifax Harbour are protected by Nova Scotia's Special Places Act which makes it illegal to remove artifacts without a permit. Noteworthy wrecks are listed chronologically (with sinking dates):

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halifax Explosion</span> 1917 maritime disaster in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

On the morning of 6 December 1917, the French cargo ship SS Mont-Blanc collided with the Norwegian vessel SS Imo in the harbour of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The Mont-Blanc, laden with high explosives, caught fire and exploded, devastating the Richmond district of Halifax. At least 1,782 people were killed, largely in Halifax and Dartmouth, by the blast, debris, fires, or collapsed buildings, and an estimated 9,000 others were injured. The blast was the largest human-made explosion at the time. It released the equivalent energy of roughly 2.9 kilotons of TNT (12 TJ).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halifax, Nova Scotia</span> Capital and most populous municipality of Nova Scotia, Canada

Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of 2022, it is estimated that the population of the Halifax CMA was 480,582, with 348,634 people in its urban area. The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996: Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and Halifax County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bedford Basin</span> Bay in Nova Scotia, Canada

Bedford Basin is a large enclosed bay, forming the northwestern end of Halifax Harbour on Canada's Atlantic coast. It is named in honour of John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halifax Peninsula</span> Place in Nova Scotia, Canada

The Halifax Peninsula is a peninsula within the urban area of the Municipality of Halifax, Nova Scotia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia</span> Community in Nova Scotia, Canada

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">CFB Halifax</span> Naval base in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Halifax</span> Canadian seaport

The Port of Halifax comprises various port facilities in Halifax Harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It covers 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) of land, and looks after 150 km2 (58 sq mi) of water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Shore (Nova Scotia)</span> Region of Nova Scotia

The Eastern Shore is a region of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is the Atlantic coast running northeast from Halifax Harbour to the eastern end of the peninsula at the Strait of Canso.

The Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) in Nova Scotia, Canada has a widely varied geography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Halifax, Nova Scotia</span> Aspect of history

The community of Halifax, Nova Scotia was created on 1 April 1996, when the City of Dartmouth, the City of Halifax, the Town of Bedford, and the County of Halifax amalgamated and formed the Halifax Regional Municipality. The former City of Halifax was dissolved, and transformed into the Community of Halifax within the municipality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burnside, Nova Scotia</span> Neighbourhood in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbour Solutions</span> Canadian public infrastructure project

Harbour Solutions is a Canadian public infrastructure project in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

SS <i>Mont-Blanc</i> French cargo ship

SSMont-Blanc was a cargo steamship that was built in Middlesbrough, England in 1899 for a French shipping company. On Thursday morning, December 6, 1917, she entered Halifax Harbour in Nova Scotia, Canada laden with a full cargo of highly volatile explosives. As she made her way through the Narrows towards Bedford Basin, she was involved in a collision with Imo, a Norwegian ship. A fire aboard the French ship ignited her cargo of wet and dry 2,300 tons of picric acid, 500 tons of TNT, and 10 tons of guncotton. The resultant Halifax Explosion killed approximately 2,000 people and injured about 9,000.

Wright's Cove is a cove on the Dartmouth side of Bedford Basin in Halifax Harbour Nova Scotia Canada within the Halifax Regional Municipality. Located in the cove is the Dartmouth Yacht Club, an Ultramar wharf, a Gypsum loading facility operated by National Gypsum Company and a Canadian Forces armament depot . The cove is sheltered from Bedford Basin by Navy Island and Sheppard's Island. It is the birthplace of George Henry Wright.

Erg was a vessel built and owned by Halifax Steamship Ltd. in 1915. She was used to ferry workers across the harbour to vessels under repair during the Second World War. Erg was sunk in the Halifax Harbour three times and is currently located in the Bedford Basin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halifax–Dartmouth Ferry Service</span>

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sydney Harbour (Nova Scotia)</span> Inlet near Sydney, Nova Scotia Canada

Sydney Harbour is the 10-mile long Y-shaped inlet of the Atlantic, oriented southwest-northeast on the northeast shore of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. At its upper reaches, the harbour forks to form two arms: the Northwest Arm and the South Arm. The South Arm is fed upstream by the Sydney River.

References

  1. ↑ Deadman's Island. Ns1763.ca. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
  2. ↑ Frost, James D. (2005). "Halifax: The Wharf of the Dominion, 1867–1914". The Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society. 8: 35–48.
  3. ↑ "Trucks pump sewage out of new treatment plant". CBC News. January 19, 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  4. ↑ Taplin, Jennifer (July 5, 2010). "Quiet weekend for reopened beaches". Halifax: Metro Halifax. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  5. ↑ "Description of Shipwrecks". Natural Resources Canada. 20 February 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Kaaparen". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  7. ↑ "Erg". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. Archived from the original on 31 December 2005. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  8. ↑ Natural Resources Canada: Description of Shipwrecks (Halifax) - Governor Cornwallis Archived 2009-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "Athelviking". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  10. ↑ Rainault, Jared. "S.S. British Freedom". Darryls Diving Services On-Line Magazine. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
  11. ↑ "Gertrude De Costa". Shipwrecks of Nova Scotia. Retrieved 16 July 2010.

44°37′N63°33′W / 44.617°N 63.550°W / 44.617; -63.550 (Halifax Harbour)

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