Panamax

Last updated
General characteristics Panamax
Tonnage52,500  DWT
Length289.56 m (950 ft)
Beam32.31 m (106 ft)
Height57.91 m (190 ft)
Draft12.04 m (39.5 ft)
Capacity5,000  TEU
NotesOpened 1914
General characteristics New Panamax
Tonnage120,000  DWT
Length366 m (1,201 ft)
Beam51.25 m (168 ft)
Height57.91 m (190 ft)
Draft15.2 m (50 ft)
Capacity14,000  TEU
NotesOpened 2016
Two Panamax ships seen almost touching the walls of the Miraflores Locks. Panama Canal Miraflores Locks.jpg
Two Panamax ships seen almost touching the walls of the Miraflores Locks.
Neopanamax ship passing through the new Agua Clara Locks Agua Clara Locks 09 2019 0822.jpg
Neopanamax ship passing through the new Agua Clara Locks

Panamax and New Panamax (or Neopanamax) are terms for the size limits for ships travelling through the Panama Canal. The limits and requirements are published by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) in a publication titled "Vessel Requirements". [1] These requirements also describe topics like exceptional dry seasonal limits, propulsion, communications, and detailed ship design.

Contents

The allowable size is limited by the width and length of the available lock chambers, by the depth of water in the canal, and by the height of the Bridge of the Americas since that bridge's construction, along with the clearance under the Atlantic and Centennial Bridges since their constructions in 2019 and 2004 respectively. These dimensions give clear parameters for ships destined to traverse the Panama Canal and have influenced the design of cargo ships, naval vessels, and passenger ships.

Panamax specifications have been in effect since the opening of the canal in 1914. In 2009, the ACP published the "New Panamax" specification, [2] which came into effect when the canal's third set of locks, larger than the original two, opened on 26 June 2016. Ships that do not fall within the Panamax-sizes are called post-Panamax or super-Panamax.

The increasing prevalence of vessels of the maximum size is a problem for the canal, as a Panamax ship is a tight fit that requires precise control of the vessel in the locks, possibly resulting in longer lock time, and requiring that these ships transit in daylight. Because the largest ships traveling in opposite directions cannot pass safely within the Culebra Cut, the canal effectively operates an alternating one-way system for these ships.

Ship dimensions

An officer monitors the clearance of the cruise ship MS Ryndam as she traverses the lock. Panama Canal watching clearance.jpg
An officer monitors the clearance of the cruise ship MS Ryndam as she traverses the lock.
Panamax container ship Panamax container ship.JPG
Panamax container ship
USS Missouri, one of the Iowa-class battleships, makes a very tight fit as she passes through the Miraflores Locks of the Panama Canal in October 1945. Missouri panama canal.jpg
USS Missouri, one of the Iowa-class battleships, makes a very tight fit as she passes through the Miraflores Locks of the Panama Canal in October 1945.

Panamax is determined principally by the dimensions of the canal's original lock chambers, each of which is 110 ft (33.53 m) wide, 1,050 ft (320.04 m) long, and 41.2 ft (12.56 m) deep. The usable length of each lock chamber is 1,000 ft (304.8 m). The available water depth in the lock chambers varies, but the shallowest depth is at the south sill of the Pedro Miguel Locks and is 41.2 ft (12.56 m) at a Miraflores Lake level of 54 ft 6 in (16.61 m). The clearances under the Bridge of the Americas at Balboa, the Centennial Bridge near the Culebra Cut, and the Atlantic Bridge in Colon, are the three limiting factors on a vessel's overall height for both Panamax and Neopanamax ships; the exact figure depends on the water level.

The maximum dimensions allowed for a ship transiting the canal using the original locks and the new locks (New Panamax) are: [1]

Length

Overall (including protrusions): 950 ft (289.56 m). Exceptions:

New Panamax increases the allowable length to 366 m (1,201 ft). [2]

Width (beam)

Width over outer surface of the shell plating: 106 ft (32.31 m). General exception: 107 ft (32.61 m), when draft is less than 37 ft (11.3 m) in tropical fresh water.

New Panamax originally allowed a width of 49 m (161 ft). [2] This was expanded to 51.25 m (168.14 ft) during June 2018. [3]

Draft

The maximum allowable draft is 39.5 ft (12.04 m) in tropical freshwater (TFW). The name and definition of TFW is created by ACP using the freshwater Lake Gatún as a reference. The salinity and temperature of water affect its density, and hence how deep a ship will float in the water. The lake's water has a density of 995.4 kg/m3, at 29.1 °C (84 °F). [4] The physical limit is set by the lower (seaside) entrance of the Pedro Miguel locks. When the water level in Lake Gatún is low during an exceptionally dry season, the maximum permitted draft may be reduced. Such a restriction is published three weeks in advance, so ship loading plans can take appropriate measures.

New Panamax increases allowable draft to 15.2 m (49.9 ft); [2] however, due to low rainfall, the Canal Authority limited draft to 43 feet when the new locks opened in June 2016, increasing it to 44 feet (13.41 meters) in August, "based on the current level of Gatun Lake and the weather forecast for the following weeks." [5]

Height

Vessel height is limited to 190 ft (57.91 m) measured from the waterline to the vessel's highest point; the limit also pertains to New Panamax in order to pass under the Bridge of the Americas at Balboa harbor. [6] Exception: 205 ft (62.5 m) when passage at low water (MLWS) at Balboa is possible.[ citation needed ]

Cargo capacity

A Panamax cargo ship would typically have a DWT of 65,000–80,000 tonnes, but its maximum cargo would be about 52,500 tonnes during a transit due to draft limitations in the canal. [7] New Panamax ships can carry 120,000 DWT. [8] Panamax container ships can carry 5,000  twenty-foot equivalent units  (TEU), with 13,000  TEU for New Panamax vessels.

Records

The longest ship ever to transit the original locks was San Juan Prospector, now Marcona Prospector, an ore-bulk-oil carrier that is 973 ft (297 m) long, with a beam of 106 ft (32 m). [9] The widest ships to transit are the four battleships of both the South Dakota class and Iowa class battleships, which have a maximum beam of 108 ft 2 in (32.97 m), leaving less than 6 in (15 cm) margin of error between the ships and the walls of the locks. [10]

Routes

Major Panamax bulk trade routes include Brazil to China, Australia to China, U.S. to China, China to China, and Australia to India. [11]

Expansion

As early as the 1930s, new locks were proposed for the Panama Canal to ease congestion and to allow larger ships to pass. The project was abandoned in 1942.

On October 22, 2006, the Panama Canal Authority (with the support of the Electoral Tribunal) held a referendum for Panamanian citizens to vote on the Panama Canal expansion project. The expansion was approved by a wide margin, with support from about 78% of voters. Construction began in 2007, and after several delays, the new locks opened for commercial traffic on 26 June 2016. [12]

Neopanamax

Construction of another set of larger locks led to the creation of the "Neopanamax" or "New Panamax" ship classification, based on the new locks' dimensions of 427 m (1,401 ft) in length, 55 m (180 ft) in beam, and 18.3 m (60.0 ft) in depth. [2] Naval architects and civil engineers began taking into account these dimensions for container ships. [13] With the new locks, the Panama Canal is able to handle vessels with overall length of 366 m (1201 feet), 49 meters beam (increased by the Canal Authority effective 1 June 2018 to 51.25 meters, to accommodate ships with 20 rows of containers) and 15.2 meters draft, [2] and cargo capacity up to 14,000  twenty-foot equivalent units  (TEU); [14] previously, it could only handle vessels up to about 5,000  TEU. [15] The Neopanamax standard accommodates ships up to 120,000 DWT. [8]

Impact on world ports

United States

Navigational clearance under the Bayonne Bridge in New York harbor was increased to accommodate New Panamax ships by building a new, higher roadway inside the arch and then removing the lower roadway. Bayonne Bridge 2 deck with ship.agr.jpg
Navigational clearance under the Bayonne Bridge in New York harbor was increased to accommodate New Panamax ships by building a new, higher roadway inside the arch and then removing the lower roadway.
Bayonne Bridge with old roadway removed over the water Bayonne bridge with higher clearance DSCN3425 (35449151160).jpg
Bayonne Bridge with old roadway removed over the water

Several ports, including the ports of New York and New Jersey, Norfolk, and Baltimore, all on the East Coast of the United States, have already increased their depth to at least 50 feet (15 m) to accommodate New Panamax ships; in 2015 the Port of Miami achieved the same in a project known as the "Deep Dredge" [16] and is the closest deep-water port to the Panama Canal in the US. In 2017, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey raised the clearance of the Bayonne Bridge to 215 feet (66 m), at a cost of $1.7 billion, to allow New Panamax ships to reach container port facilities at Port Newark–Elizabeth Marine Terminal. [17] Previously, only GCT Bayonne, Global Container, could handle the New Panamax ships.

As of April 2012, a controversy between Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina, over limited federal funding for dredging/deepening projects—including both state and federal lawsuits filed by environmental groups in both states opposing the techniques planned to be used in dredging the Savannah River—also revolves around attracting the business of carriers whose fleets include New Panamax vessels. Jacksonville, Florida, is pursuing its "Mile Point" project with the prospect of deepening the St. John's River in anticipation of Post-Panamax traffic; Mobile, Alabama, has completed the deepening of its harbor to 45 feet (14 m) for the same reason; and other ports seem likely to follow suit.[ citation needed ]

The American conservative think tanks The Heritage Foundation and Cato Institute have cited the Foreign Dredge Act of 1906 as a factor in constraining American dredging capacity for expanding ports to accommodate post-Panamax ships. [18] [19] [20]

United Kingdom and Canada

Liverpool built a new container terminal, Liverpool2, where ships berth in the tidal river rather than in the enclosed docks, coinciding with the opening of the widened Panama Canal locks. In Halifax, Canada, a major expansion of the South End Container Terminal was completed in 2012, extending the pier and increasing the berth depth from 14.5 to 16 metres (48 to 52 ft). [21]

Mexico

The port of Salina Cruz, in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been expanded to obtain the capacity to receive Post Panamax ships. [22] This expansion forms part of the Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (CIIT) project which the Mexican government has been executing since 2019. This expansion, which began in January 2022, [23] consists of the creation of a new port with an access depth of 24 metres (79 ft), a 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) long breakwater and a 300 metres (980 ft) wide mouth. [24] This new port is planned to be inaugurated on February 26, 2024. [22] Between January 2020 and June 30, 2023, the government spent over 3.8 billion Mexican pesos to this expansion. [23] The project's goal is to create a land-based route alternative to the Panama Canal, which has faced complications in recent years due to intense droughts. However, the port of Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, is still 12 metres (39 ft) deep, but it has nonetheless been subjected to expansion and modernization to efficiently transport cargo. [25]

Impact on existing ships

A New Panamax ship, the CMA CGM Theodore Roosevelt, about to transit New York Harbor via the heightened Bayonne Bridge Container Ship CMA CGM Theodore Roosevelt in NY Harbor on Sept 7, 2017 (36415318053).jpg
A New Panamax ship, the CMA CGM Theodore Roosevelt, about to transit New York Harbor via the heightened Bayonne Bridge

Due to the expansion, demand for 'Old Panamax' ships has plummeted, resulting in ships being traded at scrap value. Some ships only seven years old have been sold for scrap, [26] [27] and others have been widened. [28]

Comparison of sizes

Original locksPanamaxThird locks [n 1] New-Panamax [n 1]
Length320.04 m (1,050 ft)294.13 m (965 ft)427 m (1,400 ft)366 m (1,200 ft)
Width33.53 m (110 ft)32.31 m (106 ft)55 m (180 ft)51.25 m (168.1 ft) [29]
Draft [n 2] 12.56 m (41.2 ft)12.04 m (39.5 ft)18.3 m (60 ft)15.2 m (50 ft)
TEUs5,00013,000
Tonnage52,500  DWT 120,000  DWT
  1. 1 2 New Panamax sizes are published in the metric system. [2]
  2. ↑ Draft in tropical freshwater (TF)
Comparison of bounding box of Panamax and Neopanamax with some other sizes in isometric view Ship measurements comparison.svg
Comparison of bounding box of Panamax and Neopanamax with some other sizes in isometric view

Post-Panamax and Post-Neopanamax ships

Post-Panamax or over-Panamax denote ships larger than Panamax that do not fit in the original canal locks, such as supertankers and the largest modern container and passenger ships. The first post-Panamax ship was the RMS Queen Mary, launched in 1934, built with a 118-foot beam as she was intended solely for North Atlantic passenger runs. When she was moved to Long Beach, California, as a tourist attraction in 1967, a lengthy voyage around Cape Horn was necessary. [30] The first post-Panamax warships were the Japanese Yamato-class battleships, launched in 1940. [31] Until World War II, the United States Navy required that all of their warships be capable of transiting the Panama Canal. The first US Navy warship design to exceed Panamax limits was the Montana-class battleship, designed circa 1940 but never built. The limit was specifically removed by the Secretary of the Navy on 12 February 1940, with the (never-realized) prospect of a new set of 140-foot wide locks to be built for the Canal. [32] The Essex-class aircraft carriers were designed with a folding deck-edge elevator to meet Panamax limits; the limit did not apply to subsequent US aircraft carriers. [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panama Canal</span> Shipping route across Central America

The Panama Canal is an artificial 82-kilometer (51-mile) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, cutting across the Isthmus of Panama, and is a conduit for maritime trade. Locks at each end lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial fresh water lake 26 meters (85 ft) above sea level, created by damming up the Chagres River and Lake Alajuela to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal. Locks then lower the ships at the other end. An average of 200,000,000 L (52,000,000 US gal) of fresh water is used in a single passing of a ship. The canal is threatened by low water levels during droughts.

Container ship Ship that carries cargo in intermodal containers

A container ship is a cargo ship that carries all of its load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. Container ships are a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Welland Canal</span> Ship canal in Ontario, Canada, connecting Lake Ontario and Lake Erie

The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Ontario, Canada, and part of the St. Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway. The canal traverses the Niagara Peninsula between Port Weller on Lake Ontario, and Port Colborne on Lake Erie, and was erected because the Niagara River—the only natural waterway connecting the lakes—was unnavigable due to Niagara Falls. The Welland Canal enables ships to ascend and descend the Niagara Escarpment, and has followed four different routes since it opened.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intermodal freight transport</span> Cargo transport using multiple containers

Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation, without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes. The method reduces cargo handling, and so improves security, reduces damage and loss, and allows freight to be transported faster. Reduced costs over road trucking is the key benefit for inter-continental use. This may be offset by reduced timings for road transport over shorter distances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cargo ship</span> Ship or vessel that carries goods and materials

A cargo ship or freighter is a merchant ship that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year, handling the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built of welded steel, and with some exceptions generally have a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years before being scrapped.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gladstone Dock</span> Dock in Liverpool, England

Gladstone Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the northern dock system in Bootle. The dock is connected to Seaforth Dock to the north and what remains of Hornby Dock to the south. Part of Liverpool Freeport, Gladstone Dock is operated by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Boston</span> Seaport district in Boston, Massachusetts

The Port of Boston is a major seaport located in Boston Harbor and adjacent to the City of Boston. It is the largest port in Massachusetts and one of the principal ports on the East Coast of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capesize</span> Class of dry cargo ships too large to transit the Panama or Suez Canals

Capesize ships are the largest dry cargo ships with ball mark dimension: about 170,000 DWT capacity, 290 m long, 45 m beam (wide), 18m draught. They are too large to transit the Suez Canal or Panama Canal, and so have to pass either Cape Agulhas or Cape Horn to traverse between oceans.

Suezmax Largest ships that can transit the Suez Canal

"Suezmax" is a naval architecture term for the largest ship measurements capable of transiting the Suez Canal in a laden condition, and is almost exclusively used in reference to tankers. The limiting factors are beam, draft, height, and length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panama Canal locks</span> Devices to raise and lower ships as they pass between oceans

The Panama Canal locks are a lock system that lifts ships up 85 feet to the main elevation of the Panama Canal and down again. The original canal had a total of six steps for a ship's passage. The total length of the lock structures, including the approach walls, is over 1.9 miles (3 km). The locks were one of the greatest engineering works ever to be undertaken when they opened in 1914. No other concrete construction of comparable size was undertaken until the Hoover Dam, in the 1930s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Carolina International Port</span>

In early 2006 the North Carolina State Ports Authority (NCSPA) conceived its proposal for a North Carolina International Terminal to be created on property that it purchased just north of the town of Southport, NC between the Progress Energy Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant and the Sunny Point Military Ammunitions Port. The NCSPA purchased the property in early 2006 for $30 million from Pfizer. Having met substantial public and political resistance in ensuing years, this proposal will not likely move forward in the foreseeable future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panama Canal expansion project</span> 2007–16 construction of larger locks on Panama Canal

The Panama Canal expansion project, also called the Third Set of Locks Project, doubled the capacity of the Panama Canal by adding a new traffic lane, enabling more ships to transit the waterway, and increasing the width and depth of the lanes and locks, allowing larger ships to pass. The new ships, called New Panamax, are about one and a half times the previous Panamax size and can carry over twice as much cargo. The expanded canal began commercial operation on 26 June 2016.

Malaccamax Largest ships that can transit the Strait of Malacca

Malaccamax is a naval architecture term for the largest tonnage of ship capable of fitting through the 25-metre-deep (82 ft) Strait of Malacca. Bulk carriers and supertankers have been built to this tonnage, and the term is chosen for very large crude carriers (VLCC). They can transport oil from Arabia to China. A typical Malaccamax tanker can have a maximum length of 333 m (1,093 ft), beam of 60 m (197 ft), draught of 20.5 m (67.3 ft), and tonnage of 300,000 DWT.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air draft</span> Distance from water to the highest point on a vessel or lowest point on a bridge span

Air draft is the distance from the surface of the water to the highest point on a vessel. This is similar to the deep draft of a vessel which is measured from the surface of the water to the deepest part of the hull below the surface. However, air draft is expressed as a height, while deep draft is expressed as a depth.

Chinamax Ship size class

Chinamax is a standard of ship measurements that allow conforming ships to use various harbours when fully laden, the maximum size of such a ship being 24 m (79 ft) draft, 65 m (213 ft) beam and 360 m (1,180 ft) length overall. An example of ships of this size is the Valemax bulk carriers.

Triple E-class container ship Class of large container ships

The Triple E class is a family of very large container ships with a capacity of more than 18,000 TEUs, which are owned and operated by Maersk Line.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Charleston</span> Port in United States

The Port of Charleston is a seaport located in South Carolina in the Southeastern United States. The port's facilities span three municipalities—Charleston, North Charleston, and Mount Pleasant—with six public terminals owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority (SCPA). These facilities handle containers, motor vehicles and other rolling stock, non-containerized goods and project cargo, as well as Charleston's cruise ship operation. Additional facilities in the port are privately owned and operated, handling bulk commodities like petroleum, coal and steel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liverpool2</span> Container terminal on the River Mersey, England

Liverpool2 is a container terminal extension adjoining the River Mersey in Seaforth, Merseyside. The extension, built by Peel Ports, officially opened on 4 November 2016 and is an expansion of the Seaforth Dock container terminal.

<i>MSC Maya</i> Container ship built in 2015

MSC Maya is one of the world's largest container ships, built in 2015. The cargo ship has the capacity for 19,224 TEU.

References

  1. 1 2 "Vessel Requirements" (PDF). Panama Canal Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2005-05-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Manuel E. Benítez, ACP (2009-01-19). "Dimensions for Future Lock Chambers and "New Panamax" Vessels" (PDF). ACP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  3. ↑ "Watch: Largest Vessel In Dimension To Pass Through Expanded Panama Canal". Marine Insight. 16 May 2019. As of June 2018, the Canal increased the beam from 49 meters to 51.25 meters due to the training and experience acquired by the team during the operation of the neopanamax locks in almost three years.
  4. ↑ "Regulation on navigation in Panama Canal Waters" (PDF). The Panama Canal Authority. 1999-06-03. p. 10. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  5. ↑ Canal adds foot to maximum draft of neo-Panamax locks, Joseph Bonney, joc.com, Aug 08, 2016, Accessed December 11, 2016
  6. ↑ OP NOTICE TO SHIPPING No. N-1-2010, Rev. 1 To: Steamship Agents, Owners and Operators Subject: Vessel Requirements Archived 2021-12-04 at the Wayback Machine page 4. 16 April 2010 www.pancanal.com, accessed 10 April 2021
  7. ↑ Modern ship size definitions (PDF), Lloyd's register, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-24.
  8. 1 2 "The New Panamax; 13,200-TEU Containership, 120,000 dwt Bulk Carrier". 12 September 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  9. ↑ Background of the Panama Canal, Montclair State University, archived from the original on 2009-04-21, retrieved 2006-02-08
  10. ↑ "BB-61 Iowa-class" . Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  11. ↑ "Top Five Panamax Bulk Trades". 7 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  12. ↑ "Panama Canal Opens $5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes". The New York Times . Associated Press. 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
  13. ↑ Propulsion Trends in Container Vessels (PDF), MAN B&W Two-stroke Engines, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-17, retrieved 2009-04-30.
  14. ↑ "Panama canal expansion, reordering maritime trade". CMA CGA. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  15. ↑ "'Maersk Djibouti' 5,000 TEU container ship" (PDF), Fleet, Rickmers Maritime, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-15.
  16. ↑ "Bill Johnson, Director of the Port of Miami, presented on the Port of Miami's Deep Dredge Project to the Miami Beach Chamber of Commerce's…". Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  17. ↑ "Navigational Clearance Project - Bayonne Bridge - The Port Authority of NY & NJ". www.panynj.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
  18. ↑ Loris, Nicolas. "This 113-Year-Old Law Is Hurting American Ports". Heritage.org. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  19. ↑ Grabow, Colin (2022-04-29). "To New Critics of the Foreign Dredge Act: Welcome Aboard!". Cato.org. Cato Institute. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  20. ↑ Tosi, Gregory (2021-03-19). "How to Make US Ports Competitive Again | RealClearPolicy". www.realclearpolicy.com. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  21. ↑ Power, Bill (13 February 2012). "$35m port terminal project nearing completion". Halifax Chronicle-Herald.
  22. 1 2 Sabanero, Axel (13 February 2024). "Tren del Istmo: estos son los buques masivos que llegarán al puerto de Salina Cruz". Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  23. 1 2 Silva Alanis, Pedro (2 September 2023). "Tren interoceánico, al 90%; muelle de Salina Cruz, al 30%". El Imparcial de Oaxaca (in Spanish). Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  24. ↑ Pamplona, Fabian (October 17, 2023). "Corredor Interoceánico: Semar informa sobre avances en los puertos de Coatzacoalcos, Salina Cruz, Chiapas y Dos Bocas" [Interoceanic Corridor: the Secretariat of the Navy reports on progress on the ports of Coatzacoalcos, Salina Cruz, Chiapas and Dos Bocas]. Diario del Istmo (in Spanish). Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  25. ↑ Ríos, Jose (February 13, 2024). "Corredor Interoceánico: ¿cómo son los buques que llegarán a Salina Cruz?" [Interoceanic Corridor: what are the characteristics of the ships which will arrive at Salina Cruz?]. Diario del Istmo (in Spanish). Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  26. ↑ Robertson, Jamie (1 March 2017). "Why a ship worth $60m was sold as scrap". BBC News.
  27. ↑ "Maersk scrapping eight Panamax ships". www.joc.com. 19 December 2016.
  28. ↑ Lutz Müller, Olaf Doerk: Verbreiterung von Panamax-Containerschiffen. In: Schiff & Hafen, Vol. 8/2017, pp. 12–17
  29. ↑ Increase in Maximum Beam for Vessels in the Neopanamax Locks (ADVISORY TO SHIPPING No. A-11-2018) Archived 2018-04-27 at the Wayback Machine 14 April 2018 www.pancanal.com, accessed 10 April 2021
  30. ↑ Tramp to Queen: The Autobiography of Captain John Treasure Jones. The History Press. 2008. ISBN   978-0752446257.
  31. ↑ "Yamato Class Battleship – Japan (Pacific 1940)" . Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  32. ↑ Friedman, Norman (1985). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History . Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p.  332. ISBN   978-0-87021-715-9.
  33. ↑ "70 years of schemes to improve and enlarge the Panama Canal", p. 1 (Essex-class aircraft carriers were the "last fleet carriers capable of passing through the canal’s original locks"). The paper is linked from Dr. Roger's website, Panama Canal, web.mst.edu, accessed 10 April 2021
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.