Copper-64

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Copper-64
General
Symbol 64Cu
Names copper-64
Protons (Z)29
Neutrons (N)35
Nuclide data
Half-life (t1/2)12.700 h [1]
Isotope mass 63.929764 [2] Da
Decay products 64Ni
64Zn
Decay modes
Decay mode Decay energy (MeV)
Beta-minus0.580 [3]
Beta-plus (positron emission)0.653 [4]
Electron capture1.675 [3]
Isotopes of copper
Complete table of nuclides

Copper-64 (64Cu) is a positron and beta emitting isotope of copper (ehibiting both forms of beta decay), with applications in molecular radiotherapy and positron emission tomography. Its unusually long half-life (12.7 hours) for a positron-emitting isotope makes it increasingly useful when attached to various ligands for PET and PET-CT scanning.

Contents

Properties

64Cu has a half-life of 12.70 hours and decays 61.5% of the time to 64Ni, of which 17.5% is positron emission and 44% by electron capture, and 38.5% by beta decay to 64Zn. [3] The electron-capture branch emits a 1.346-MeV gamma ray in 0.472% of all decays, which could be used for tracing the isotope.

Production

Copper-64 can be produced by several different methods with the most common methods using either a reactor or a particle accelerator. Thermal neutrons can produce 64Cu in low specific activity (the number of decays per second per amount of substance) and low yield through the 63Cu(n,γ)64Cu reaction. At the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center (MURR) 64Cu was produced using high-energy neutrons via the 64Zn(n,p)64Cu nuclear reaction in high specific activity but low yield. Using a biomedical cyclotron the 64Ni(p,n)64Cu nuclear reaction can produce large quantities of the nuclide with high specific activity. [5]

Applications

As a positron emitter, 64Cu has been used to produce experimental and clinical radiopharmaceuticals for the imaging of a range of conditions. Its beta emissions also raise the possibility of therapeutic applications. Compared to typical PET radionuclides it has a relatively long half-life, which can be advantageous for therapy, and for imaging certain physiological processes. [6] [7] [8]

PET imaging

Bone metastases

Experimental preclinical work has shown that 64Cu linked to methanephosphonate functional groups has potential as a bone imaging agent. [9]

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are localised clinically using a range of DOTA based radiopharmaceuticals. For PET imaging these are typically Gallium-68 based. A commercial 64Cu-DOTA-TATE product has been FDA approved for localization of somatostatin receptor positive NETs since 2020. [10] [11]

Prostate cancer

The Bombesin peptide has been shown to be overexpressed in BB2 receptors in prostate cancer. CB-TE2A a stable chelation system for 64Cu was incorporated with Bombesin analogs for in vitro and in vivo studies of prostate cancer. PET-CT imagining studies showed that it underwent uptake into prostate tumor xenografts selectively with decreased uptake into non target tissues. Other preclinical studies have shown that by targeting the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor pancreatic and breast cancer can also be detected. [12]

Renal perfusion

Ethylglyoxal bis(thiosemicarbazone) (ETS) has potential utility as a PET radiopharmaceutical with the various isotopes of copper. 64Cu-ETS has been used for experimental preclinical myocardial, cerebral and tumor perfusion evaluations, with a linear relationship between the renal uptake and blood flow. Renal perfusion can also be evaluated with CT or MRI instead of PET, but with drawbacks: CT requires administration of potentially allergenic contrast agents. MRI avoids use of ionising radiation but is difficult to implement, and often suffers from motion artefacts. PET with 64Cu can offer quantitative measurements of renal perfusion. [13] [14]

Wilson’s disease

Wilson disease is a rare condition in which copper is retained excessively in the body. Toxic levels of copper can lead to organ failure and premature death. 64Cu has been used experimentally to study whole body retention of copper in subjects with this disease. The technique can also separate heterozygous carriers and homozygous normals. [15]

Cancer therapy

Cu-ATSM - copper(II) (diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)) - is being studied as a possible cancer therapy. Copper-ATSM-3D-spacefill.png
Cu-ATSM – copper(II) (diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)) – is being studied as a possible cancer therapy.

64Cu-ATSM (diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)) has been shown to increase the survival time of tumor-bearing animals. Areas of low oxygen retention have been shown to be resistant to external beam radiotherapy because hypoxia reduces the lethal effects of ionizing radiation. 64Cu was believed to kill these cells because of its unique decay properties. In animal models having colorectal tumors with and without induced hypoxia, Cu-ATSM was preferentially taken up by hypoxic cells over normoxic cells. The results demonstrated that this compound increased survival of the tumor bearing hamsters compared with controls. [16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ↑ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  3. 1 2 3 National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  4. ↑ Less than the actual decay energy by that released in annihilation.
  5. ↑ Welch, Michael; Redvanly, Carol S. (2003). Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals : radiochemistry and applications. New York: Wiley. doi:10.1002/0470846380. ISBN   9780471495604. S2CID   94079329.
  6. ↑ IAEA (2016). Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Emerging Positron Emitters for Medical Applications: 64Cu and 124I. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. ISBN   978-92-0-109615-9.
  7. ↑ Gutfilen, Bianca; Souza, Sergio AL; Valentini, Gianluca (2 October 2018). "Copper-64: a real theranostic agent". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 12: 3235–3245. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S170879 . PMC   6173185 . PMID   30323557.
  8. ↑ Zhou, Yeye; Li, Jihui; Xu, Xin; Zhao, Man; Zhang, Bin; Deng, Shengming; Wu, Yiwei (1 January 2019). "64 Cu-based Radiopharmaceuticals in Molecular Imaging". Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment. 18: 153303381983075. doi: 10.1177/1533033819830758 . PMC   6378420 . PMID   30764737.
  9. ↑ Sun, Xiankai; Wuest, Melinda; Kovacs, Zoltan; Sherry, Dean; Motekaitis, Ramunas; Wang, Zheng; Martell, Arthur; Welch, Michael; Anderson, Carolyn (1 January 2003). "In vivo behavior of copper-64-labeled methanephosphonate tetraaza macrocyclic ligands". Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 8 (1–2): 217–225. doi:10.1007/s00775-002-0408-5. PMID   12459917. S2CID   22225650.
  10. ↑ "DETECTNET". Drugs@FDA. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  11. ↑ Eychenne, Romain; Bouvry, Christelle; Bourgeois, Mickael; Loyer, Pascal; Benoist, Eric; Lepareur, Nicolas (2 September 2020). "Overview of Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogs for Cancer Imaging and Therapy". Molecules. 25 (17): 4012. doi: 10.3390/molecules25174012 . PMC   7504749 . PMID   32887456.
  12. ↑ Parry, Jesse J.; Andrews, Rebecca; Rogers, Buck E. (13 July 2006). "MicroPET Imaging of Breast Cancer Using Radiolabeled Bombesin Analogs Targeting the Gastrin-releasing Peptide Receptor". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 101 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9287-8. PMID   16838112. S2CID   25579379.
  13. ↑ Green, Mark A.; Mathias, Carla J.; Willis, Lynn R.; Handa, Rajash K.; Lacy, Jeffrey L.; Miller, Michael A.; Hutchins, Gary D. (April 2007). "Assessment of Cu-ETS2 as a PET radiopharmaceutical for evaluation of regional renal perfusion". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 34 (3): 247–255. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.01.002. PMID   17383574.
  14. ↑ Welch, Michael J.; Redvanly, Carol S. (2003). Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 407. ISBN   978-0-471-49560-4.
  15. ↑ Reed, Emily; Lutsenko, Svetlana; Bandmann, Oliver (2018). "Animal models of Wilson disease". Journal of Neurochemistry. 146 (4): 356–373. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14323 . PMC   6107386 . PMID   29473169.
  16. ↑ Lewis, J. S.; Laforest, R.; Buettner, T. L.; Song, S.-K.; Fujibayashi, Y.; Connett, J. M.; Welch, M. J. (30 January 2001). "Copper-64-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone): An agent for radiotherapy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (3): 1206–1211. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.1206L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.98.3.1206 . PMC   14733 . PMID   11158618.
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