Cortinarius archeri

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Cortinarius archeri
Cortinarius archeri.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Cortinariaceae
Genus: Cortinarius
Species:
C. archeri
Binomial name
Cortinarius archeri
Berk. (1860)
Synonyms [1]

Gomphos archeri (Berk.) Kuntze (1891)
Myxacium archeri(Berk.) Y.S.Chang & Kantvilas (1993)

Contents

Cortinarius archeri is a species of mushroom in the genus Cortinarius native to Australia. The distinctive mushrooms have bright purple caps that glisten with slime, and appear in autumn in eucalypt forests.

Taxonomy

English clergyman Miles Joseph Berkeley described Cortinarius archeri in 1860 from a specimen collected in Cheshunt, Tasmania in April 1856. [2] The species name honours the collector—naturalist William Archer, who was the secretary of the Royal Society of Tasmania. [3]

In 1891, the German botanist Otto Kuntze published Revisio generum plantarum , his response to what he perceived as poor method in existing nomenclatural practice. [4] He called the species Gomphos archeri, citing the genus Gomphos as described by Giovanni Antonio Battarra in 1755 taking precedence over Cortinarius. [5] However, Kuntze's revisionary programme was not accepted by the majority of botanists. [4]

Within the genus, Cortinarius archeri belongs to the subgenus Myxacium, whose mushroom caps and stipes are covered with a layer of glutinous slime. Moser and Horak made it the type species of Cortinarius (Myx.) section Archeriani in 1975. [6] In 1990, Austrian mycologist Egon Horak placed it in group D of the subgenus, several species with mushrooms that are purple or blue when young. [7] In 2007, Italian mycologist Bruno Gasparini placed C. archeri and the Archeriani (which he reclassified as a subsection) into the subgenus Phlegmacium, which have sticky or glutinous caps but not stipes. He conceded the subgenera as classically understood were likely to be untenable and require overhauling. [8] In 2004, Peintner and colleagues placed the Archeri group in a clade they named /Delibuti, which was related to the Phlegmacium clade, though C. archeri was not itself sampled in this genetic study. [9] A 2005 molecular study of the genus by Sigisfredo Garnica and colleagues was unable to place C. archeri in a clade with confidence, though showed its affinity with C. sinapicolor . [10]

Australian naturalist John Burton Cleland described Cortinarius subarcheri in 1928 from a collection under brown stringybark ( Eucalyptus baxteri ) in Bundaleer State Forest in the Mount Lofty Ranges. He distinguished it from C. archeri by its smaller spores (9–10 x 4.5–5.5 μm) and mushrooms. [11] This taxon is poorly known and it is unclear whether it is distinct from C. archeri. [7]

Description

The cap is up to 10 cm (4 in) broad, initially convex with strongly incurved margins before flattening out with age. The centre of the cap may have a central boss. [12] The cap colour is deep violet at first and then becomes violet-brown with age, glutinous, and smooth. The flesh is thick and tinted lavender. The gills are brown and tinted lilac-violet. The stipe is 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 in) long, cylindrical, often swollen at the base, pale lilac above the cortina and deep violet below it. The spores are brown and fruit bodies will produce a brown spore print. The species has no odor, [13] and a mild taste. [7] When C. archeri is young, they have a cortina, but it is flimsy and tears apart as the cap expands which is why there are few traces of it on fully mature specimens.

Distribution and habitat

The purple colour fades to brownish over time CortinariusarcheriNNP4.jpg
The purple colour fades to brownish over time

One of the commonest webcaps of southern Australia, [8] Cortinarius archeri is distributed from Queensland, through to South Australia and Western Australia. [7] Around Sydney it has been found in Oatley, Howes Valley and Tari Creek in Windsor, [7] as well as Boronia Park. [14] It is regularly seen in the Lane Cove National Park, especially around North Ryde.[ citation needed ] In Victoria, the species is at Morwell National Park. [15] This is the only Cortinarius species that was found in the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria's first fungi foray to Coranderrk Bush Sanctuary. [16] It is found in the Mount Lofty Ranges east of Adelaide in South Australia. [3] It has been found at Mundaring in Western Australia. [7] In Tasmania, it has been recorded from the wet forests, dry forests and cleared areas, [17] from Mount Wellington and Mount Field National Parks, as well as Bruny Island. [8]

The species was found during the 15th New Zealand Fungal Foray at the New Zealand Fungal Herbarium. [18]

The species is common in eucalypt or mixed forests and is mycorrhizal, forms a close relationship with the roots of eucalypts or closely related trees. Although considered solitary, the mushroom can commonly be found in groups of two or three, [13] often poking up through bark and leaf litter on the ground. [19] It can thrive in recently burnt forests and can also be found in suburban lawns. [20]

Edibility

The edibility of Cortinarius archeri is unknown. Cortinarius is a large and potentially confusing genus with a number of dangerously poisonous species, so they are generally not regarded as safe edible mushrooms.

Related Research Articles

<i>Cortinarius</i> Genus of mushrooms

Cortinarius is a globally distributed genus of mushrooms in the family Cortinariaceae. It is suspected to be the largest genus of agarics, containing over 2,000 widespread species. A common feature among all species in the genus Cortinarius is that young specimens have a cortina (veil) between the cap and the stem, hence the name, meaning curtained. Most of the fibres of the cortina are ephemeral and will leave no trace once gone, except for limited remnants on the stem or cap edge in some species. All have a rusty brown spore print. The common names cortinar and webcap refer to members of the genus. Due to dangerous toxicity of several species and the fact that it is difficult to distinguish between various species of the genus, non-expert consumption of mushrooms from the genus is discouraged.

<i>Cortinarius austrovenetus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius austrovenetus, alternately known as Dermocybe austroveneta and commonly known as the green skin-head but also known as green dermocybe is an inedible brightly coloured green gilled fungus that naturally occurs in south eastern Australia.

<i>Cortinarius mucosus</i> Species of mushroom

Cortinarius mucosus, commonly known as the orange webcap or the slimy cortinarius, is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae. In North America, the species is more commonly associated with northern coniferous forests. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word mucosus, meaning mucus.

<i>Phlegmacium triumphans</i> Species of fungus

Phlegmacium triumphans, also known as the birch webcap, or yellow girdled webcap is a basidiomycete mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae. It is found in Europe and regarded as edible by some authorities. However, others call it suspect and it resembles inedible species.

<i>Cortinarius rotundisporus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius rotundisporus, also known as the elegant blue webcap, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Cortinarius found in southern Australia, where it is found in eucalypt forests and rainforests. The cap of the fruit body is a steely blue colour, with a yellowish boss, and paler similarly coloured stipe.

<i>Cortinarius violaceus</i> Species of fungus native to the Northern Hemisphere

Cortinarius violaceus, commonly known as the violet webcap or violet cort, is a fungus in the webcap genus Cortinarius native across the Northern Hemisphere. The fruit bodies are dark purple mushrooms with caps up to 15 cm (6 in) across, sporting gills underneath. The stalk measures 6 to 12 centimetres by 1 to 2 cm, sometimes with a thicker base. The dark flesh has a smell reminiscent of cedar wood. Forming symbiotic (ectomycorrhizal) relationships with the roots of various plant species, C. violaceus is found predominantly in conifer forests in North America and deciduous forests in Europe.

<i>Mycena cystidiosa</i> Species of fungus

Mycena cystidiosa is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. Described as new to science in 1964, it is known only from New Zealand and Australia. The fruit bodies have a broadly conical small white cap up to 12 mm (0.5 in) wide, with distantly spaced cream-coloured gills on the underside. The stipe is particularly long, up to 20 cm (8 in), with an abundant covering of white hairs at the base. The species is known for its abundant rhizomorphs—long, root-like extensions of mycelia.

<i>Cortinarius vanduzerensis</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius vanduzerensis is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae. Described as new to science in 1972, it is known only from the Pacific Northwest region of North America, where it grows under conifers such as spruce, hemlock, and Douglas-fir. The fruit bodies of the fungus, or mushrooms, have a slimy dark chestnut-brown cap that becomes deeply radially grooved or corrugated in maturity, and reaches diameters of up to 8 cm. The gills on the underside of the cap are initially pinkish-buff before becoming pale brown when the spores mature. The stem is lavender, measuring 10–18 cm (4–7 in) long and 1–2 cm thick. The mushroom produces a rusty-brown spore print, with individual spores measuring 12–14 by 7–8 micrometers. The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined, and it has been described as "much too slippery to be of value".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meinhard Michael Moser</span> Austrian mycologist (1924–2002)

Meinhard Michael Moser was an Austrian mycologist. His work principally concerned the taxonomy, chemistry, and toxicity of the gilled mushrooms (Agaricales), especially those of the genus Cortinarius, and the ecology of ectomycorrhizal relationships. His contributions to the Kleine Kryptogamenflora von Mitteleuropa series of mycological guidebooks were well regarded and widely used. In particular, his 1953 Blätter- und Bauchpilze [The Gilled and Gasteroid Fungi ], which became known as simply "Moser", saw several editions in both the original German and in translation. Other important works included a 1960 monograph on the genus Phlegmacium and a 1975 study of members of Cortinarius, Dermocybe, and Stephanopus in South America, co-authored with the mycologist Egon Horak.

<i>Austrocortinarius australiensis</i> Species of fungus

Austrocortinarius australiensis, commonly known as the skirt webcap, is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae which is native to Australia and New Zealand. The white mushrooms appear in autumn and can grow very large, with their caps reaching 30 cm (12 in) in diameter.

<i>Phlegmacium cruentipellis</i> Species of fungus

Phlegmacium cruentipellis is a rare species of agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae.

Phlegmacium balteaticlavatum is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae.

Phlegmacium boreicyanites is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae

Phlegmacium caesiocolor is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae.

Phlegmacium cremeiamarescens is a species of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It was originally described in 2014 by the mycologists Ilkka Kytövuori, Kare Liimatainen and Tuula Niskanen who classified it as Cortinarius cremeiamarescens. It was placed in the of the large mushroom genus Cortinarius. The specific epithet cremeiamarescens refers to the fruitbody colour and the bitter-tasting cap cuticle. Phlegmacium gentianeus is a sister species with which it has been previously confused. It is found in southern Europe and western North America, where it grows in coniferous forests.

<i>Cortinarius erythraeus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius erythraeus, sometimes known as the Jammie Dodger, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius native to Australia.

<i>Cortinarius cyanites</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius cyanites is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius native to Europe.

<i>Cortinarius kioloensis</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius kioloensis is a fungus native to Australia. It was described in 2009 by Alec Wood, and is related to the Northern Hemisphere species Cortinarius violaceus.

<i>Cortinarius cucumeris</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius cucumeris is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius native to New Zealand, where it grows under Nothofagus.

<i>Thaxterogaster austrovaginatus</i> Species of fungus

Thaxterogaster austrovaginatus is a species of ectomycorrhizal fungus in the famlily Cortinariaceae.

References

  1. ↑ "Cortinarius archeri Berk. 1860". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  2. ↑ Berkley MJ (1860). Hooker JD (ed.). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839–1843 :under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross III. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: Reeve Brothers. p. 247.
  3. 1 2 Cleland JB (1976) [1934]. Toadstools and Mushrooms and Other Larger Fungi of South Australia. Adelaide, South Australia: South Australian Government Printer. p. 111.
  4. 1 2 Erickson RF. "Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907)". Botanicus.org. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  5. ↑ Kuntze O. (1891). Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 853.
  6. ↑ Moser M, Horak E (1975). "Cortinarius Fr. und nahe verwandte Gattungen in Südamerika". Nova Hedwigia, Beihefte. 52: 1–628 [243].
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Horak E, Wood AE (1990). "Cortinarius Fr. (Agaricales) in Australasia. 1. Subgen. Myxacium and subgen. Paramyxacium" (PDF). Sydowia. 42: 88–168 [120–22].
  8. 1 2 3 Gasparini B (2007). "Genus Cortinarius, subgenus Phlegmacium in Tasmania". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 45 (1): 155–236. doi: 10.1080/00288250709509711 .
  9. ↑ Peintner U, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R (2004). "Toward a better understanding of the infrageneric relationships in Cortinarius (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)". Mycologia. 96 (3): 1042–1058. doi:10.2307/3762088. JSTOR   3762088. PMID   21148925. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  10. ↑ Garnica S, Weiß M, Oertel B, Oberwinkler F (2005). "A framework for a phylogenetic classification in the genus Cortinarius (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) derived from morphological and molecular data". Canadian Journal of Botany. 83 (11): 1457–77. doi:10.1139/b05-107.
  11. ↑ Cleland JB (1928). "Australian fungi: notes and descriptions. – No. 7". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia. 52: 217–22.
  12. ↑ Bougher NL, Syme K (1998). Fungi of Southern Australia. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. p. 146. ISBN   978-1-875560-80-6.
  13. 1 2 Young A, Smith K (2005). A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia. UNSW Press. p. 124. ISBN   978-0-86840-742-5.
  14. ↑ "Boronia Park Plants – Part 3". Friends of Boronia Park. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  15. ↑ "Fungus list". Morwell National Park Online. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  16. ↑ "FNCV Fungal Group Foray" (PDF). FNCV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  17. ↑ Ratkowsky DA, Gates GM (2005). "An inventory of macrofungi observed in Tasmanian forests over a six-year period" (PDF). Tasforests. 16: 153–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  18. ↑ "Species collected during the 15th New Zealand Fungal Foray, Tuai". Landcare Research. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  19. ↑ Willis JH (2014). Victorian Toadstools and Mushrooms – A Key and Descriptive Notes to 120 Different Gilled Fungi, With Remarks on Several Other Families of the Higher Fungi. Read Books. p. 42. ISBN   9781473392564.
  20. ↑ "Cortinarius archeri". Blueswami. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
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