Investment promotion agency overview | |
---|---|
Formed | 30 October 1996 |
Preceding Investment promotion agency |
|
Jurisdiction | Costa Rica |
Headquarters | 10203 Tempo Plaza Lobby B, Escazú |
Employees | 261 |
Annual budget | ₡26 166 371 000 (2023) |
Minister responsible |
|
Investment promotion agency executives |
|
Parent department | Ministry of Foreign Trade |
Website | https://www.procomer.com/?lang=en |
The Costa Rican Foreign Trade Promoter (PROCOMER) is a Costa Rican investment promotion agency responsible for export promotion programs, attracting foreign direct investment, and providing technical and financial support for the administration of Costa Rica's special export regimes. [1] [2] [3]
Established in 1996, [4] was created to modernize export and investment promotion activities, replacing the Center for Export and Investment Promotion (CENPRO), which had been in operation since 1968. PROCOMER's mandate, as defined in its organic law, includes coordinating export and investment programs with guidance from the Executive and managing the country's free trade zone regime. [5]
The institution's funding comes from various sources, including contributions from export and import sectors, as well as credits, donations, or legacies. [1] While it enjoys budgetary flexibility due to its exclusion from annual spending limits, [6] [7] it remains subject to oversight by the Comptroller General of the Republic, except for budget approval. [5]
The International Trade Centre (ITC), an agency affiliated with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations (UN), has recognized the agency as the world's best investment promotion agency for four consecutive years, [4] most recently in April 2018. [8]
In the 1960s, only Ireland, Switzerland, South Korea, and Japan had investment promotion agencies. This number quadrupled in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This growth led to the opening of international offices for these agencies. According to data from the World Bank, 20 new offices of this kind were established from 2014 to 2019. Additionally, according to this organization, the investment promotion agencies in Latin America and the Caribbean have an average budget of US$5 million, whereas their OECD counterparts have budgets of US$14 million. They also differ in their staffing size, with an average of 48 people in LAC and 135 in OECD countries. [9]
Before the 2000s, the Ministry of Foreign Trade in Costa Rica operated without a formal legal framework, which posed a challenge in trade negotiations, as most countries already had a dedicated ministry, secretariat, or specialized department in place. There were three institutions tasked with managing different export incentive programs and promoting investments: the National Investment Council, the Center for the Promotion of Exports and Investments (CENPRO), and the Export Free Zone Corporation. [4]
On December 29, 1995, during José María Figueres Olsen's government, 15 members of the National Liberation Party's parliamentary group presented a bill with the aim of creating the Ministry of Foreign Trade (COMEX) and the Costa Rican Foreign Trade Promoter (PROCOMER). They noted that in the previous years, foreign trade had been the main driver of Costa Rica's economy, but the legislation governing the institutional framework was outdated. [4]
The initial bill formally established the Ministry of Foreign Trade and merged the Permanent Delegation of Costa Rica to the World Trade Organization with the trade representatives stationed in diplomatic delegations. Additionally, it gave rise to PROCOMER as the executing arm of the policies set forth by the ministry, bestowing upon it the status of a non-state public entity operating as a public limited company. [4]
The proposal was referred to the Special State Reforms Commission, [10] and it received unanimous approval on April 23, 1996. [11] During the first reading, the bill garnered 38 votes in favor and 2 against, with the opposing votes coming from left-wing party deputies Gerardo Trejos Salas (Democratic Force) and Rodrigo Gutiérrez Schwanhauser (New Democratic Party). [12] The second reading saw 36 votes in favor and 9 against. [13]
The bill was sent to the Presidential House, where it received the signatures of both President José María Figueres Olsen and the Minister of Foreign Trade, José Rossi Umaña, becoming Law 7638 on October 30, 1996. [14]
During the 1990s, Costa Rica transitioned from an economy based on agriculture and manufacturing to one focused on attracting foreign direct investment through the expansion of special economic zones, the signing of international trade treaties, and globalization. [15]
By the end of 2022, Costa Rican exports had reached $15.723.2 billion, representing a 9.5% increase compared to 2021, while imports totaled $21.397 billion, marking a 16.4% increase. [16] The special economic zone regime accounted for 61.81% of export value and 21.15% of imports, while the definitive regime accounted for 38.19% of exports and 78.85% of imports. The top Costa Rican export products in 2022 included medical instruments and devices at $1.939 billion (10.83%), fresh tropical pineapples at $1.735 billion (9.69%), syringes, needles, catheters, cannulas, and the like at $1.407 billion (7.86%), fresh bananas at $1.393 billion (7.78%), and other prosthetic articles and devices at $1.049 billion (5.87%).
According to PROCOMER data, Costa Rica boasts 2,243 exporting companies dealing in 4,009 products destined for 153 international markets. From 2019 to 2022, foreign direct investment inflows reached $10.046 billion, with 210 new companies attracted and reinvestments totaling $524 million.
Imports | Exports | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Value | % | Country | Value | % |
United States | US$10,950,157,082(equivalent to $11,400,914,060 in 2023) | 44.25 | United States | US$8,117,311,924(equivalent to $8,451,456,445 in 2023) | 45.34 |
China | US$3,273,313,833(equivalent to $3,408,057,932 in 2023) | 13.23 | Netherlands | US$1,249,629,041(equivalent to $1,301,069,309 in 2023) | 6.98 |
Mexico | US$1,306,943,677(equivalent to $1,360,743,269 in 2023) | 5.28 | Guatemala | US$871,940,339(equivalent to $907,833,266 in 2023) | 4.87 |
Malaysia | US$708,334,613 | 2.86 | Belgium | US$865,792,669(equivalent to $901,432,531 in 2023) | 4.84 |
Japan | US$608,546,271(equivalent to $633,596,732 in 2023) | 2.46 | Panama | US$674,200,862(equivalent to $701,953,956 in 2023) | 3.77 |
Others | US$7,897,164,412(equivalent to $8,222,246,686 in 2023) | 31.92 | Others | US$6,122,788,885(equivalent to $6,374,830,001 in 2023) | 34.20 |
PROCOMER is composed of a board of directors, Internal audit, the General Management, and its executive support; a sub-management responsible for the Country Competitiveness Directorate, and five departments: Export Development, Trade and Investment Facilitation, Innovation and Digital transformation, Operations, and Investment. [17]
The board of directors is composed of the Minister of Foreign Trade, three representatives from the Executive, and the presidents of five business chambers: the Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Exporters, the Chamber of Industries, the Chamber of Agriculture, and the Chamber of Small and Medium Exporters. [1]
PROCOMER has 14 offices in Costa Rica: its central offices located in the capital, San José, and seven regional offices in the cantons of Perez Zeledón, San Carlos, Liberia, Limón, Puntarenas, Grecia, and one in Pococí, which also serves the canton of Sarapiquí. It also has six One-stop shop in San Jose, Limon, Paso Canoas, Peñas Blancas, and Juan Santamaría International Airport.
It has 26 international offices on four continents. In Asia, they are located in China, Japan, and South Korea; in Europe, they are found in Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, and the Nordic region; in the Middle East, they are in Israel, and in North America, they are located in Canada, Mexico, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, and Houston in the United States. In Central America, there are offices in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua. In the Caribbean, they have a presence in the Dominican Republic and Trinidad and Tobago, while in South America, they are located in Peru, Chile, and Ecuador.
In addition to the international offices, PROCOMER has executive or managerial representation in 126 countries worldwide, including Colombia, Australia, Brazil, Uruguay, Cuba, Indonesia, India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Ukraine, Poland, Morocco, Mauritania, Sudan, and South Sudan.
Article 8 of its organic law [1] stipulates that PROCOMER has the objectives and functions of designing and coordinating programs related to exports and investments in accordance with the guidelines set by the Executive. Its responsibilities include providing technical and financial support to the Ministry of Foreign Trade to manage special export regimes, promoting the country's commercial interests abroad and defending them. PROCOMER also manages a one-stop foreign trade system to centralize and streamline import and export procedures. It tracks foreign trade statistics in coordination with relevant institutions, manages assets in trust, and enters into all contracts permitted by law to fulfill its objectives and functions. Furthermore, it supports small and medium-sized exporting businesses and those with export potential through programs aimed at providing information, training, and commercial promotion to facilitate their access to international markets. [18]
In practice, PROCOMER promotes Costa Rican exports through marketing campaigns and participation in trade shows. [19] [20] [21] It works on simplifying and expediting import and export processes, reducing bureaucratic barriers, and promoting efficiency in foreign trade. [22] [23] The agency also conducts market research to help Costa Rican companies identify international business opportunities [24] [25] and provides training and guidance to help them develop export strategies. [26] Additionally, PROCOMER is responsible for promoting foreign direct investment in Costa Rica, attracting companies and projects that contribute to the country's economic development. [27] [28]
On June 15, 2023, COMEX and PROCOMER presented the plan for attracting foreign direct investment to Costa Rica with goals to generate 100 000 jobs and attract 70 investment projects in regions outside the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM); achieve an investment of US$12,950 million over four years, 300 reinvestment projects, 200 new projects, 24 projects under the public-private partnership alliance DESCUBRE, 8,000 jobs outside the GAM, 70 projects from new geographies, and 12,000 people employed through human talent programs. [32]
The plan is based on three pillars: attracting new FDI in established, emerging, and new sectors; providing support and advice in procedures, supplier management, new incentives, reinvestments, and the removal of obstacles to investment; and special programs outside the GAM, human talent and clusters. [33]
Name | Period |
---|---|
Laura López Salazar | 2023–current |
Pedro Beirute Prada | 2014–2023 |
Jorge Sequeira Picado | 2010–2014 |
Emanuel Hess | 2008–2010 |
Martín Zúñiga | 2004–2008 |
Manfred Kissling | 2002–2004 |
Leda Jiménez | 2000–2002 |
James Stanley | 1999–2000 |
Eduardo Alonso | 1996–1999 |
Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in the Central American region of North America. Costa Rica is bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, as well as maritime border with Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around five million in a land area of 51,060 km2 (19,710 sq mi). An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San José, with around two million people in the surrounding metropolitan area.
The first indigenous peoples of Costa Rica were hunters and gatherers, and when the Spanish conquerors arrived, Costa Rica was divided in two distinct cultural areas due to its geographical location in the Intermediate Area, between Mesoamerican and the Andean cultures, with influences of both cultures.
The politics of Costa Rica take place in a framework of a presidential, representative democratic republic, with a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the president and their cabinet, and the President of Costa Rica is both the head of state and head of government. Legislative power is vested in the Legislative Assembly. The president and 57 Legislative Assembly deputies are elected for four-year terms. The judiciary operates independently from the executive and the legislature, but is involved in the political process. Costa Rica has a strong system of constitutional checks and balances. Voting is compulsory, but this is not enforced.
The economy of Costa Rica has been very stable for some years now, with continuing growth in the GDP and moderate inflation, though with a high unemployment rate: 11.49% in 2019. Costa Rica's economy emerged from recession in 1997 and has shown strong aggregate growth since then. The estimated GDP for 2023 is US$90 billion, up significantly from the US$52.6 billion in 2015 while the estimated 2023 per capita is US$28,030.
Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. A participant of the Central American Security Commission, Nicaragua also has taken a leading role in pressing for regional demilitarization and peaceful settlement of disputes within states in the region.
The economy of Peru is an emerging, mixed economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and an upper middle income economy as classified by the World Bank. Peru has the forty-seventh largest economy in the world by total GDP and currently experiences a high human development index. The country was one of the world's fastest-growing economies in 2012, with a GDP growth rate of 6.3%. The economy was expected to increase 9.3% in 2021, in a rebound from the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Peru has signed a number of free trade agreements with its main trade partners. China became the nation's largest trading partner following the China–Peru Free Trade Agreement signed on 28 April 2009. Additional free trade agreements have been signed with the United States in 2006, Japan in 2011 and the European Union in 2012. Trade and industry are centralized in Lima while agricultural exports have led to regional development within the nation.
The president of the Republic of Costa Rica is the head of state and head of government of Costa Rica. The president is currently elected in direct elections for a period of four years, which is not immediately renewable. Two vice presidents are elected in the same ticket with the president. The president appoints the Council of Ministers. Due to the abolition of the military of Costa Rica in 1948, the president is not a commander-in-chief, unlike the norm in most other countries, although the Constitution does describe him as commander-in-chief of the civil defense public forces.
Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría is a Costa Rican economist, lawyer, businessman and politician who served as President of Costa Rica from 1998 to 2002. He was minister of planning from 1968 to 1970 and minister of the presidency in 1970 during the administration of Jose Joaquin Trejos Fernandez ; member of the board of the Costa Rican Central Bank from 1966 to 1969; congressman from 1990 to 1993, serving as president of the Legislative Assembly during the 1991 to 1992 period; and was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) in 2004. He voluntarily stepped down from this post to return to his country to face allegations of financial wrongdoing during his presidential tenure in Costa Rica. On April 27 of 2011 he was sentenced to 5 years in prison, but this ruling was later reversed in a December 2012 decision by an appeals court, which found him innocent of all charges.
Relations between Costa Rica and the United States have been historically close; nevertheless there were instances in history where the US and Costa Rica disagreed. One such example might be the case of Freebooter William Walker. Nevertheless, considering that Costa Rica generally supports the U.S. in international fora, especially in the areas of democracy and human rights, modern day relations are very strong.
Tourism in Costa Rica has been one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country and by 1995 became the largest foreign exchange earner. Since 1999, tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas, pineapples and coffee exports combined. The tourism boom began in 1987, with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988, through 1.03 million in 1999, over 2 million in 2008, to a historical record of 2.66 million foreign visitors in 2015. In 2012, tourism contributed with 12.5% of the country's GDP and it was responsible for 11.7% of direct and indirect employment. In 2009, tourism attracted 17% of foreign direct investment inflows, and 13% in average between 2000 and 2009. In 2010, the tourism industry was responsible for 21.2% of foreign exchange generated by all exports. According to a 2007 report by ECLAC, tourism contributed to a reduction in poverty of 3% in the country.
Coffee production has played a key role in Costa Rica's history and continues to be important to the country's economy. In 2006, coffee was Costa Rica's number three export, after being the number one cash crop export for several decades. In 1997, the agriculture sector employed 28 percent of the labor force and comprised 20 percent of Costa Rica's total GNP. Production increased from 158,000 tons in 1988 to 168,000 tons in 1992. The largest growing areas are in the provinces of San José, Alajuela, Heredia, Puntarenas, and Cartago. The coffee is exported to other countries in the world and is also exported to cities in Costa Rica.
Epsy Alejandra Campbell Barr is a Costa Rican politician and economist who served as the Vice-president of Costa Rica from 8 May 2018 to 8 May 2022. She is the first woman of African descent to be vice president in Costa Rica and in Latin America.
Ireland–Mexico relations are the foreign relations between Ireland and Mexico. The relationship has been often associated with the Irish migration to Mexico. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and World Trade Organization.
Foreign trade in India includes all imports and exports to and from India. At the level of the Central Government, trade is administered by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Foreign trade accounted for 48.8% of India's GDP in 2018.
Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera is a Costa Rican politician and educator who was the 47th President of Costa Rica from 2014 to 2018. He is a member of the Citizens' Action Party (PAC).
ProMéxico is a trust fund of the Federal government of Mexico —a subdivision of the Secretariat of Economy— that promoted international trade and investment. ProMéxico used to be in charge of the country's active participation in the international arena by firmly establishing Mexico as an attractive, safe and competitive destination for foreign investment; encouraging the exportation of national products and supporting the internationalization of Mexican companies; providing specialized advisory services to boost the export of products and services and increasing the presence of Mexican businesses abroad, and guiding the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) into the country.
The Constitution of Costa Rica is the supreme law of Costa Rica. At the end of the 1948 Costa Rican Civil War, José Figueres Ferrer oversaw the Costa Rican Constitutional Assembly, which drafted the document. It was approved on 1949 November 7. Several older constitutions had been in effect starting from 1812, with the most recent former constitution ratified in 1871. The Costa Rican Constitution is remarkable in that in its Article 12 abolished the Costa Rican military, making it the second nation after Japan to do so by law. Another unusual clause is an amendment asserting the right to live in a healthy natural environment.
Costa Rica–India relations refers to the international relations that exist between Costa Rica and India. Costa Rica has an embassy in New Delhi whilst India has a non resident ambassador in Panama.
Costa Rica–Spain relations are the diplomatic relations between Costa Rica and Spain. Both nations are members of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language and the Organization of Ibero-American States.
The Ministry of Foreign Trade (COMEX) is the government ministry of Costa Rica responsible for defining and directing the country's external trade and foreign investment policy, as well as handling non-contentious international administration and representing the Costa Rican state abroad in trade and investment matters.