Countess of Harcourt was a two-decker, teak merchant ship launched at Prince of Wales's Island in 1811, and sold in Great Britain in 1814. An American privateer captured her in 1814, but the British recaptured her in 1815. Later, she made five trips transporting convicts to Australia. Between the third and fourth of these, she undertook a voyage to China and Nova Scotia while under charter to the British East India Company (EIC). She was wrecked in late 1830.
Countess of Harcourt was built in 1811 at Prince of Wales's Island, one of only three major vessels built there between 1810 and 1814.[2] She participated as one of the transports in the British reduction of Java,[3] under the auspices of Lord Minto. She was in the second division, which left Malacca on 7 June 1811.[7]
Afterwards, she traded around India briefly. On 7 May 1813 she sailed from Isle de France (Mauritius) to Madras, where she arrived on 4 June. On that voyage she carried the American Baptist missionaries Adoniram Judson and his wife, who were endeavouring to reach Penang, but ended up in Burma instead.[8]
Countess of Harcourt then sailed to England where she was sold. This was apparently a way for the EIC to remit money back to England.[9] She was admitted to the registry in Great Britain on 23 April 1814.[10]
Capture and recapture
The Register of Shipping for 1814 shows Countess of Harcourt with F. Metcalf, master, Dixon & Co., owner, and trade Portsmouth—India.[6]
The American privateer Sabine, of Baltimore, captured Countess of Harcourt, Davis, master, in June 1814 in the Channel while she was on her way to Isle of France (Mauritius) from London.[5][11][lower-alpha 2]Countess of Harcourt was carrying dry goods, brandy, rum, gin, etc., when she separated from the fleet in a gale. Sabine sent her into St. Marys, Georgia.[5][11]
At St Marys, Countess of Harcourt was tried at the Court of Admiralty and found a lawful prize. She was offered at auction and on 5 August the Baltimore merchants Diego Williams, Juan Gooding, and Juan Donnell purchased her, named her Sabine, and appointed John Brown as her master. He then moved her into Spanish waters, i.e., up a creek connected with the Spanish river that fed into St. Marys River. Brown's intent was to place Sabine in neutral waters to keep her safe from seizure by the British.[14] The river was then part of the international border between the United States and Spanish Florida; it now forms part of the boundary between Georgia and Florida.
The Battle of Fort Peter took place in January 1815 on the Georgia side of the St. Marys River. After capturing the fort and St. Marys, British forces went up the river. In all, they captured two American gunboats and 12 merchantmen, including Countess of Harcourt.
The British also captured a quantity of cotton and tobacco which they loaded onto Countess of Harcourt with the aim of sending her to Bermuda. In crossing the bar she had knocked off her rudder and broken all the pintles. A makeshift rudder was fashioned from one belonging to the wreck of a 400-ton vessel.[15]
Commander James Scott volunteered to take Countess of Harcourt to Bermuda. He had a crew of 20 men, some wounded men, and 120 runaway slaves. HMSDoterel provided an escort. The two vessels were about 100 miles from Bermuda when a gale developed. The next day Scott found it necessary to abandon Countess of Harcourt and transfer everybody on board her to Doterel, leaving her drifting, but afloat.[15] Eventually the news got to London where Lloyd's List reported that towards the end of February 1815 she lost her rudder and sails and her crew abandoned her.[16]
In the night Doterel missed Bermuda. However, the next day they encountered HMSJaseur, which pointed them in the correct direction and Doterel reached Bermuda the day after that. Scott tried to get a naval vessel to go out and retrieve Countess of Harcourt, but none was available. Some did send out boats, as did some private individuals. Thinking that she might drift towards Bermuda, Scott advised the signal post to keep an eye out for her and to let him know if they spotted her. Next morning a man from the signal post notified him that they had sighted a vessel answering the description of Countess of Harcourt.[15]
A race to retrieve her developed between Scott in the schooner-tender Anna Marie, which he had commandeered, and the brig-sloop HMSHarlequin. If Scott arrived first, Countess of Harcourt would be salvage; if Harlequin arrived first she would be a prize. Scott had no claim either way as his status was that of volunteer. In the end, Scott arrived on Countess of Harcourt moments before a boat with a boarding party from Harlequin arrived. Scott was in possession and signed a letter to Harlequin's captain acknowledging the salvage rights.[15]Countess of Harcourt arrived at Bermuda around 8 March.[17]
Captain John Brown protested the recapture of Sabine/Countess of Harcourt, arguing that the British seizure had been in violation of Spain's neutrality.[14] He was apparently unsuccessful as prize money for Countess of Harcourt, the bark Maria Theresa, goods from the ship Carl Gustaff, and the schooner Cooler, was paid in April 1824.[lower-alpha 3]
Voyages
Countess of Harcourt's first voyage transporting convicts took place in 1821. Under the command of George Bunn, with surgeon Morgan Price, she sailed from Portsmouth on 19 April and arrived at Hobart Town on 27 July 1821.[19] Contrary winds prevented her entering the Derwent two days earlier. As it was, the journey took only 99 days, which remained a record until 1837.[20] She carried 172 male convicts, none of whom died during the voyage.[21]Countess of Harcourt was at Batavia around 24 October 1821, from where she returned to England.
On her second voyage transporting convicts, Captain Bunn and surgeon Robert Armstrong left Cork on 3 September 1822 and arrived at Port Jackson on 22 December.[22]Countess of Harcourt carried 172 convicts, one of whom died on the voyage.[21] One officer and 30 other ranks from the 3rd Regiment of Foot provided the guards.
Countess of Harcourt returned to London via Batavia. After she arrived in The Downs, the captain went to London, where the owners directed her to Rotterdam. Three seaman refused to work on the voyage to Rotterdam, but claimed their wages for that part of the voyage. The result was a case in the High Court of Admiralty, which ruled that the inclusion of the words "and elsewhere" after the words "London, Van Dieman's Land via Cork" did not entitle the owners to extend the voyage once she had returned to London. The Court found in favour of the mariners and the owners were ordered to pay costs and wages.[23]
On her third voyage transporting convicts, she was under the command of George Bunn, with surgeon J. Dickson. She sailed from The Downs on 23 March 1824, and arrived at Port Jackson on 12 July.[22] She carried 174 or so male convicts; one convict died during the voyage[21] One officer and 36 other ranks from the 40th Regiment of Foot provided the guards.
Countess of Harcourt left Port Jackson on 24 August with supplies and in company with HMSTamar and HMSLady Nelson. The 3rd Regiment of Foot provided a detachment of soldiers. The three ships were sailing to Port Essington to form a new settlement there. Port Essington proved unsatisfactory, and the expedition established a settlement at Fort Dundas. On 13 November 1824 Countess of Harcourt and Tamar departed. Countess of Harcourt sailed first to Isle de France (Mauritius), and from there to Britain.
For her next voyage, Countess of Harcourt was under charter to the EIC; her managing owner was George Frederick Young. Under the command of Captain Thomas Delafone (or Delaphon, or Delaphous[1]), she left The Downs on 25 June 1825, bound for China and Nova Scotia. She reached Whampoa anchorage on 6 December. She crossed the Second Bar on 24 January 1826, and reached St Helena on 19 April. By 29 May she was at Halifax, Nova Scotia. She returned to her mooring in Britain on 13 August.[4]
The fourth voyage transporting convicts took place under the command of William Harrison, with surgeon Michael Goodsir. She sailed from Dublin, Ireland, on 14 February 1827 and arrived at Port Jackson on 28 June.[24] She carried 194 male convicts, two of whom died during the voyage.[25]
In 1827 Countess of Harcourt was sold to Kains & Co., London.[1] She was advertised as leaving Sydney in August, bound for Île de France.[26]
On her fifth voyage transporting convicts, Countess of Harcourt was under the command of William Harrison, with surgeon John Drummond. She sailed from London on 3 May 1828, and arrived at Port Jackson on 8 September 1828.[27] She carried 184 male convicts, none of whom died during the voyage.[28]
Lloyd's Register
Lloyd's Register listed Countess of Harcourt from 1818 to 1831. One concern with Lloyd's Register information is that a lack of change may either mean that nothing has changed from the previous year, or that the owner did not provide updated information.
Lloyd's Register
Master
Tons
Owner
Trade
1818
Davis
491
Fisher & Co.
London-India
1819
Davis
491
Fisher & Co.
London-India
1820
Davis
491
Fisher & Co.
London-India
1821
Davis
491
Fisher & Co. G. Young
London-India
1822
G. Bunn
491
G. F. Young
London-India
1823
G. Bunn
491
G.F. Young
London - NSW
1824
G. Bunn
491
G.F. Young
London - NSW
1825
G. Bunn
491
G.F. Young
London
1826
Delafons
491
Young & Co.
London-China
1827
Harrison
491
Kains & Co.
Liverpool-NSW
1828
Harrison
491
Kains & Co.
Liverpool-NSW
1829
Harrison
491
Kains & Co.
London-NSW
1830
W. Smith
517
Kains & Co.
London transport
1831
A. Molison
517
Somes & Co.
Cork
Fate
Countess of Harcourt was wrecked on the coast of Corfu in December 1830.[29] A more precise account has her wrecking on 18 December 1830 on the island of Corrente, Cape Passaro, a point on the southwest corner of Sicily (possibly near 36°41′13″N15°08′54″E / 36.6869°N 15.1483°E / 36.6869; 15.1483), as she was transporting troops from Corfu to Malta.[1]
Notes
↑ Phipps reports 1812 as the launch year,[2] but that is incorrect as she was already in service by then.
↑ Sabine's master was Jonathon Rowland. She was armed with ten guns, and had a crew of 100 men.[12][13]
↑ A first-class share of the prize money was worth £17 2s 0½d; a sixth-class share was worth 3s 6¼d.[18]
↑ "THE ARMY". The Standard. No.1172. 15 February 1831.
Related Research Articles
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Lady Nugent was built at Bombay in 1813. She made four voyages under contract to the British East India Company (EIC). She then made two voyages transporting convicts to Australia, one to New South Wales and one to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). She also made several voyages with emigrants to New Zealand under charter to the New Zealand Company or the Canterbury Association. She foundered in May 1854 with the loss of some 400 persons, most of them soldiers that she was carrying from Madras to Rangoon.
Bheemoolah was launched in 1808 at Calcutta as a "country ship", that is a vessel based in India that traded in the region and with China. She made two voyages to England for the British East India Company (EIC), one before her name changed to Woodbridge in 1812, and one after. She spent most of her career trading with the East Indies. The US Navy captured her in 1814 but the British Royal Navy recaptured her within hours. She also made two voyages transporting convicts, one voyage to New South Wales (1839-1840) and one to Van Diemen's Land (1843). She is last listed in 1855.
Portsea was launched at Calcutta in 1807. She was a country ship; that is, she primarily traded east of the Cape of Good Hope. She participated as a transport in the British invasion of Mauritius. She then carried French prisoners of war to France. She also made one voyage to St Helena from Bengal under charter to the British East India Company (EIC). In 1814 a storm dismasted her and she was lengthened, but it is not clear whether before or after the dismasting. She made two voyages as a South Seas whaler between 1828 and 1835. In 1838 she made one voyage transporting convicts to New South Wales. She carried coal to Valparaiso in 1840 and there her owners turned her into a coal hulk. Her final fate is not known.
Susan was launched at Calcutta in 1813. She initially traded in the East Indies as a country ship, and with Britain under license from the British East India Company (EIC). Between 1829 and 1831 she made two voyages for the EIC. Then between 1834 and 1836 she made four voyages transporting convicts, two to New South Wales, and two to Tasmania. She foundered in 1846 as she was sailing between London and the Cape of Good Hope.
Cornwall was launched at Calcutta in 1810. She participated as a transport in two military campaigns more than 40 years apart. In between, she made four voyages for the British East India Company (EIC), carried assisted immigrants from England to Sydney, and transported convicts to Tasmania. She was wrecked at Mauritius in July 1858.
Mangles was built in Calcutta in 1803 and immediately sailed for England. Including that voyage, she made a total of six voyages as an "extra ship" for the British East India Company (EIC). Between her first as second voyages for the EIC a French privateer captured her. Mangles also made nine voyages transporting convicts to Australia: eight voyages to Port Jackson, one to Hobart Town, and one in which she delivered some convicts to Port Jackson but carried most of her charges to Norfolk Island. She was last listed in 1844.
Mary Ann was launched at Batavia in 1807. In 1815-1816 she transported convicts from London to Port Jackson. She then started trading with India under a licence from the British East India Company (EIC). She made a second voyage transporting convicts, carrying some to Tasmania and some on to Port Jackson. After this voyage Mary Ann returned to being an East Indiaman. She was last listed in 1830.
References
Bateson, Charles (1959). The Convict Ships. Brown, Son & Ferguson. OCLC3778075.
Coggeshall, George (1856). History of the American Privateers, and Letters-Of-Marque. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Cranwell, John Philips; Crane, William Bowers (1940). Men of marque; a history of private armed vessels out of Baltimore during the War of 1812. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Emmons, George Foster (1853). The navy of the United States, from the commencement, 1775 to 1853; with a brief history of each vessel's service and fate ... Comp. by Lieut. George F. Emmons ... under the authority of the Navy Dept. To which is added a list of private armed vessels, fitted out under the American flag ... also a list of the revenue and coast survey vessels, and principal ocean steamers, belonging to citizens of the United States in 1850. Washington: Gideon & Co.
Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN0-905617-96-7.
Haggard, John, William Scott (Baron Stowell), Christopher Robinson, Sir John Nicholl (1825) Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Admiralty, 1822-1838, Volume 1. (A. Strahan)
House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain (1814). Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping. H.M. Stationery Office.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Judson, Edward (1894). Adoniram Judson: A Biography. American Baptist Publication Society.
Phipps, John (1840). A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ... Scott.
Scott (1834). Recollections of a Naval Life. R. Bentley.
Webster, Anthony (2007). The Richest East India Merchant: The Life and Business of John Palmer of Calcutta, 1767-1836. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN978-1843833031.
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