Cryptocarya triplinervis

Three-veined laurel
Fruit and leaves, Lord Howe Island
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Magnoliids
Order:	Laurales
Family:	Lauraceae
Genus:	Cryptocarya
Species:	C. triplinervis
Binomial name
Cryptocarya triplinervis R.Br. [2]
Synonyms [2]
Caryodaphne browniana Nees nom. illeg., nom. superfl. Caryodaphne browniana var. ferrugineaMeisn. Cryptocarya triplinerviaSpreng. orth. var. Cryptocarya triplinervis var. euryphyllaDomin Tetranthera sp.

Cryptocarya triplinervis, commonly known as blackbutt, three-veined cryptocarya, brown laurel or three-veined laurel, ^[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Lauraceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a tree with egg-shaped to elliptic or lance-shaped leaves, cream-coloured to pale green flowers, and elliptic black drupes.

Description

Cryptocarya triplinervis is a small to medium-sized tree that typically grows to a height of up to 20 m (66 ft), with a dbh of up to 60 cm (24 in), its trunk sometimes buttressed. The bark is grey brown, mostly smooth with lines of vertical bumps running up the trunk. Its leaves are arranged alternately, egg-shaped to elliptic or lance-shaped, 45–135 mm (1.8–5.3 in) long, 15–5 mm (0.59–0.20 in) wide on a petiole 3–13 mm (0.12–0.51 in) long with a prominent tip. The leaves are dark glossy green above, paler and hairy below, three veined with an easily seen mid vein, which is depressed on the upper side and raised on the lower side of the leaf. ^{[3] [4] [5]}

The flowers are arranged in panicles as long as, or longer than the leaves. The flowers are cream-coloured to pale green and tube-shaped, the tube 1.2–2.87 mm (0.047–0.113 in) long and 0.9–1.2 mm (0.035–0.047 in) wide. The tepals are 1.4–2.2 mm (0.055–0.087 in) long and 0.7–1.8 mm (0.028–0.071 in) wide, the outer anthers are 0.5–0.8 mm (0.020–0.031 in) long and 0.4–0.7 mm (0.016–0.028 in) wide, the inner anthers 0.5–0.8 mm (0.020–0.031 in) long and 0.3–0.5 mm (0.012–0.020 in) wide. Flowering occurs from September to December and the fruit is a black drupe, 8–14 mm (0.31–0.55 in) long and 6.5–12 mm (0.26–0.47 in) wide and that ripens from February to May. ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Taxonomy

Cryptocarya triplinervis was first formally described in 1810 by botanist Robert Brown in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen . ^{[6] [7]} The specific epithet (triplinervis) refers to the three prominent veins on the leaves. ^[3]

In 1989, Bernard Hyland described two varieties of C. triplinervis in Australian Systematic Botany , and the names, and that of the autonym are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:

• Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubensB.Hyland ^[8] has leaves 45–129 mm (1.8–5.1 in) long and 16–45 mm (0.63–1.77 in) wide, that flowers in October and November, and has elliptic drupes about 10 mm (0.39 in) long and 7.5 mm (0.30 in) wide. ^{[9] [10]}
• Cryptocarya triplinervis var. ripariaB.Hyland ^[11] has leaves 45–135 mm (1.8–5.3 in) long and 15–50 mm (0.59–1.97 in) wide, that flowers from August to October, and has elliptic drupes 8–13 mm (0.31–0.51 in) long and 6.5–10 mm (0.26–0.39 in) wide. ^{[12] [13]}
• Cryptocarya triplinervisR.Br. var. triplinervis (the autonym) ^[14] has leaves 45–135 mm (1.8–5.3 in) long and 15–50 mm (0.59–1.97 in) wide, that flowers from September to November, and has more or less spherical drupes. ^[15]

Distribution and habitat

The variety pubens occurs in warmer and drier rainforest, sometimes along creeks and rivers, from the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland to Coffs Harbour in northern New South Wales, at altitudes from sea level to 750 m (2,460 ft). ^{[9] [10] [16]} Var. riparia is endemic to Queensland, where it is found between the Iron Range and Cardwell, occurring in gallery forests along creeks and rivers, from sea level to 400 m (1,300 ft). ^{[12] [13]} and var. triplinervis is found between Townsville in central Queensland and Smoky Cape in northern New South Wales, and on Lord Howe Island, growing in rainforest, southern beech forest, and littoral rainforest, from sea level to an altitude of 100 m (330 ft). ^{[13] [17]}

Ecology

Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia is food plant for the larval stages of Graphium sarpedon , the blue triangle butterfly. ^[12]

Use in horticulture

Like most Australian species of Cryptocarya , removal of the aril is advised to assist seed germination. Around 80% of the seeds will germinate, taking between three and six months. Plants generally take around five years to fruit in Brisbane. ^[5]

Gallery

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  Fruit
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  Foliage
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  Leaf detail

References

1. IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2019). "Cryptocarya triplinervis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T158690931A158690933. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T158690931A158690933.en . Retrieved 6 June 2021.
2. "Cryptocarya triplinervis". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
3. Le Cussan, J.; Hyland, Bernard P.M. "Cryptocarya triplinervis". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
4. Harden, Gwen J. "Cryptocarya triplinervis". Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
5. Floyd, A.G. (1989). Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia. Inkata Press. p. 183. ISBN   0-909605-57-2.
6. "Cryptocarya triplinervis". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
7. Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen. London: R. Taylor et socii. p. 402. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
8. "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
9. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 6 June 2021.
10. Le Cussan, J.; Hyland, Bernard P.M. "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
11. "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
12. F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government . Retrieved 6 June 2021.
13. Le Cussan, J.; Hyland, Bernard P.M. "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
14. "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. triplinervis". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
15. Le Cussan, J.; Hyland, Bernard P.M. "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. triplinervis". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
16. Harden, Gwen J. "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. pubens". Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
17. Harden, Gwen J. "Cryptocarya triplinervis var. triplinervis". Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 21 October 2024.

External links

• "Cryptocarya triplinervis R.Br". Atlas of Living Australia.