Cummins B Series engine

Last updated
Cummins B-Series Engine
Cummins Engine (LKW).jpg
6.7 Euro 4 / 4+
Overview
Manufacturer Cummins
Also called4B/4BT/4BTA
6B/6BT/6BTA
ISB
QSB
Production1984–present
Layout
Configuration I4, I6
Displacement
  • 3.9 L (3,922 cc; 239.3 cu in)
  • 4.5 L (4,460 cc; 272.2 cu in)
  • 5.9 L (5,883 cc; 359.0 cu in)
  • 6.7 L (6,690 cc; 408.2 cu in)
Cylinder bore
  • 102 mm (4.02 in)
  • 107 mm (4.21 in)
Piston stroke
  • 120 mm (4.72 in)
  • 124 mm (4.88 in)
Cylinder block material Cast iron
Cylinder head material Cast iron
Valvetrain Cam-in-block
2 (B-Series) or 4 (ISB, QSB) valves/cylinder
Compression ratio 17.2:1, 17.3:1, 17.5:1, 19:1
Combustion
Turbocharger Holset Engineering (variable)
Fuel system Common rail high pressure direct injection, symmetrical combustion chamber with 7-hole injectors
Management Bosch mechanical with electronic advance
Fuel type Diesel
Oil system Wet sump
Cooling system Water cooled
Output
Power output 53–420  hp (40–313  kW)
Torque output 265–1,075  lb⋅ft (359–1,458  N⋅m)
Dimensions
Dry weight 1,100  lb (499  kg)
Emissions
Emissions control systems Electronic fuel control, DPF and EGR

The Cummins B Series is a family of diesel engines produced by American manufacturer Cummins. In production since 1984, the B series engine family is intended for multiple applications on and off-highway, light-duty, and medium-duty. In the automotive industry, it is best known for its use in school buses, public service buses (most commonly the Dennis Dart and the Alexander Dennis Enviro400) in the United Kingdom, and Dodge/Ram pickup trucks.

Contents

Since its introduction, three generations of the B series engine have been produced, offered in both inline-four and inline-six configurations in multiple displacements.

General engine features

The B-series features engine bores machined directly into the block (rather than the wet liners used on earlier Cummins engines). It is also set apart by the use of a shallow one-piece head, requiring closer tolerances than in other Cummins products. [1] Unlike earlier diesel engines the B-series Cummins used direct injection and did not need glow plugs for cold starting. [2] The engine was first manufactured in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and other plants were later added in Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, and Darlington, UK. [3]

Every Cummins powered Dodge Pickup (since initial production in 1989) has come equipped with a turbocharger. It uses a gear-drive camshaft for extra reliability. Also specified is a deep-skirt engine block and extra-strong connecting rods. A Holset turbocharger is used. The original B Series was updated with 24 valves and an electronic engine management system to become the ISB in 1998.

Engine specifications

Engine Specifications
ModelCylindersFuelPowerTorqueProduction
3.9L
4B4Diesel
4BT105 HP265 lb-ft1984? - 1998?
4BTA170 HP440 lb-ft1998 - ?
4.5L
ISB4Diesel185 HPEuro 5 (2008-2014)

Euro 6 (2015-Present)

QSB
5.9L
6B6Diesel
6BT160 HP400 lb-ft1989 - 1998
6BTA
ISB1998 - 2007
6.7L
ISB6Diesel2007–Present

Euro 4 (2005-2008) Euro 5 (2008-2013) Euro 6 (2014-Present)

B6.7N?Natural Gas

B Engine

3.9L

The 3.9-liter 4B/4BT/4BTA Cummins is categorized under the B Engine family alongside the 5.9-liter 6B/6BT/6BTA Cummins diesel engines. The 3.9 is an inline four-cylinder, either naturally aspirated (4B) or turbodiesel (4BT/4BTA), which was popular for many step van applications including bread vans and other commercial vehicles. Additionally it has seen broad usage in agricultural equipment. It has also gained popularity as an engine swap into smaller trucks and SUVs.

4B

The lowest powered, naturally aspirated 3.9-liter Cummins, the 4B, produces 53 hp (40 kW). [1] This variant is most commonly found in equipment such as generators and wood chippers.

4BT

The 4BT is one of two turbocharged variants of the 3.9L B-Series engine. It has two valves per cylinder for a total of eight. The most common output of this variant is 105 horsepower.

4BTA

The 4BTA is the updated version of the 4BT, also turbocharged, with four valves per cylinder for a total of sixteen. The most common output of this variant is 170 horsepower.

5.9L

5.9L 6BT Cummins in 1991 Dodge RAM with the valve covers removed exposing the valvetrain 5.9 Cummins Diesel.jpg
5.9L 6BT Cummins in 1991 Dodge RAM with the valve covers removed exposing the valvetrain
5.9L B-Series Cummins
Production: 1984–1998
Camshaft drive: Gear driven
Crankshaft : Forged steel, 7 main bearings
System capacity with filter: 3.5 US gal (13 L; 2.9 imp gal)
Cooling system: 6 US gal (23 L; 5.0 imp gal) coolant
System capacity incl heater: 6.5 US gal (25 L; 5.4 imp gal) coolant
Power output: 160–230 hp (119–172 kW) at 2500 rpm
Torque: 400 - 400–440 lb⋅ft (542–597 N⋅m) at 1600 rpm
Compression ratio: 17.5:1

The 5.9L Cummins, also known as the "12-Valve" Cummins was the first member of the Cummins B-Series to be used in a light truck vehicle. The 6BT used Bosch fuel systems, injector, and VE rotary pump and P7100 inline injection pumps. Some early 6BTs were supplied with CAV rotary pumps instead, before the Bosch system became the sole standard. This engine started life in 1984 designed as an agricultural engine, for use in Case agricultural equipment. [4] [ full citation needed ] After 1989, the 6BT engine was used in light duty, medium duty and select heavy duty trucks and buses.[ citation needed ] The 6BT engine has recently become very popular for use in repowering various vehicles.

6B

The 6B is the naturally aspirated version of the 6BT with the power output of between 150 and 173 hp and with the compression ratio of 19:1. There were no OEM automotive applications for 6B engines.

6BT

Appearing in the 1989–1998 Dodge Ram pickup truck, it became a popular alternative to the large gasoline V8 engines normally used in full-size pickup trucks, since it produced torque at low engine RPM, and achieved significantly better fuel mileage. Due to the direct fuel injection, the 6BT has no glowplugs. [4]

6BTA

ISB Engine

4.5L ISB

The 4.5L ISB is essentially a four-cylinder, two-thirds version of the 6.7L ISB rated at 185 hp (138 kW), used in the New Routemaster, a series hybrid diesel-electric doubledecker bus in London. [5] [6] [7]

5.9L ISB

5.9L ISB Cummins
Production: 1998.5–2007
Camshaft drive: Gear driven
Crankshaft: Forged steel, 7 main bearings
System capacity with filter: 3 US gal (11 L; 2.5 imp gal)
Fuel system: Common rail High pressure direct injection, symmetrical combustion chamber
Management: Bosch Mechanical with electronic advance
Power output: 325 hp (242 kW) at 2900 rpm
Torque: 610 lb⋅ft (827 N⋅m) at 1600 rpm
Compression ratio: 17.2:1
Emissions control: Electric fuel control

The 5.9 L; 359.0 cu in (5,883 cc)ISB (Interact System B) is one of the largest straight-six engines used for light truck vehicles and school buses, and the improved high output 600 version was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2004.

One unusual feature of the ISB is that it is a multi-valve pushrod engine design, with four valves per cylinder (popularly referred to as the "24-Valve" Cummins). The engine displaces 5.9 L; 359.0 cu in (5,883 cc), with a 102 mm × 120 mm (4.02 in × 4.72 in) cylinder bore and piston stroke. A turbocharger is used to increase the output in the high-compression (17.2:1 in recent versions) diesel. It is an all-iron engine with forged steel connecting rods, an assembled camshaft, and a cast aluminum intake manifold. The engine is produced in Columbus, Indiana.

The ISB uses electronically controlled Bosch fuel systems, unlike the 6BT systems which were mechanical. Early ISB engines utilize Bosch injectors and a Bosch VP44 high pressure pump. Later ISB designs have common rail fuel injection, Bosch injectors, and a Bosch CP3 high pressure pump. [4]

Dodge Ram ISB

Midway through model year 1998, the Dodge Ram switched from the 6BT to the ISB to meet updated emissions requirements. Like other ISB's, these engines started out using the Bosch VP44 rotary injection pump. The VP44 setup meant that timing and fuel could be precisely controlled, which led to cleaner emissions. However, VP44 failure rates were higher than the older P7100 injection pump. The compression ratio in these engines was 17.2:1. The 1998–2000 ISB was rated at 215 hp (160 kW; 218 PS) and 420 lb⋅ft (569 N⋅m) when equipped with the 47RE automatic transmission. The 1998–2000 ISB was rated at 235 hp (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 lb⋅ft (624 N⋅m) when equipped with a manual transmission. For the 2001–2002 years, a standard output and a high output ISB Cummins engine were offered. The standard output, which was the same as the previous engines was rated to 235 hp (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 lb⋅ft (624 N⋅m) when equipped with either a manual transmission or automatic. The high output ISB was rated at 245 hp (183 kW; 248 PS) and 505 lb⋅ft (685 N⋅m), with only a NV5600 six-speed manual transmission available. The high output engine was different in a few ways from the standard output engine; it had higher compression (17.3:1), powdered metal valve seat inserts, a larger flywheel, the Bosch fuel system was reworked to allow higher fuel flows, and fuel-injection timing was altered.

Dodge Ram ISB CR

5.9 Cummins Common rail fuel injection system ISB common rail.jpg
5.9 Cummins Common rail fuel injection system

For the 2003 model year, the Cummins was introduced with Bosch high pressure common rail fuel injection, again increasing power output. On automatic equipped vehicles, the 47RE was upgraded internally to increase durability and torque capacity, now known as the 48RE. The 2003 rating for the Dodge truck was released at 305 hp (227 kW; 309 PS) and 555 lb⋅ft (752 N⋅m). Midway through the 2004 model year, the Cummins 600 was introduced, producing 325 hp (242 kW; 330 PS) at 2,900 rpm and 600 lb⋅ft (813 N⋅m) at 1,600 rpm. This engine was noticeably quieter than the previous engines. [8] [ non-primary source needed ]

6.7 ISB

6.7 Demo 6.7 Cummins.JPG
6.7 Demo
6.7L ISB Cummins
Production: 2007 – Present
Displacement: 6.7 L; 408.2 cu in (6,690 cc)
Bore x stroke: 107 mm × 124 mm (4.21 in × 4.88 in)
Max power: 150–420 hp (112–313 kW; 152–426 PS) at 2800 rpm
Torque: 610–1,075 lb⋅ft (827–1,458 N⋅m) at ~1600 rpm
Compression ratio: 17.3:1
Emissions control: EGR and DPF
Turbocharger: Holset Engineering (variable)
Fuel system: Common rail High pressure direct injection with 7-hole injectors
Camshaft drive: Gear driven
Crankshaft: Forged steel, 7 main bearings
Oil System capacity with filter: 3 US gal (11 L; 2.5 imp gal)

The 6.7L ISB is the latest version of the B Series. It is currently the largest straight-six engine produced for a light duty truck or school bus. It produces 350 hp (261 kW; 355 PS) and 650 lb⋅ft (881 N⋅m) in the 2007.5 and newer Dodge 2500/3500 pickup trucks with the Chrysler-built six-speed 68RFE automatic transmission built at the Kokomo Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana. Engine torque is slightly reduced with the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission at 350 hp (261 kW; 355 PS) and 610 lb⋅ft (827 N⋅m). The 2007 and newer 3500 Cab & Chassis trucks only get the 305 hp (227 kW; 309 PS) and 610 lb⋅ft (827 N⋅m) version of the B6.7, whether it has the Aisin AS68RC or the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission. As for the 2008 4500/5500 medium duty Chassis Cabs or the Sterling Bullet Trucks, they receive the 350 hp (261 kW; 355 PS) and 610 lb⋅ft (827 N⋅m) version of the B6.7, whether it has the Aisin AS68RC or the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission. Late model 2011 Ram trucks produce 350 hp (261 kW; 355 PS) and 800 lb⋅ft (1,085 N⋅m), with the exhaust brake rating boosted from 150 hp (112 kW; 152 PS) to 222 hp (166 kW; 225 PS). [9]

For 2020 this engine has been updated to produce 400 hp and 1000 ft-lb torque.

It is also used in the Blue Bird Vision, Thomas Saf-T-Liner C2, and IC CE school buses and BMC Procity city buses

Changes over the 5.9L ISB

There are many changes over the previous 5.9L ISB for the Dodge truck, the most obvious being the larger displacement. The 6.7 ISB had an increase of cylinder bore and piston stroke to 107 mm × 124 mm (4.21 in × 4.88 in), respectively, thereby giving a displacement of 6.7 L; 408.2 cu in (6,690 cc). [10] [ full citation needed ]

With the 6.7L ISB came the introduction of the Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT). The VG Turbocharger was introduced to reduce turbo lag by adjusting the vanes by sliding a steel ring in the exhaust housing dependent on engine RPM creating more or less pressure inside the exhaust housing and controlling the speed of the turbocharger. It also works as an integrated exhaust brake system and is all controlled by an electronic actuator on the turbocharger. This VGT system has been an extremely common issue with the 6.7L ISB and is typically diagnosed by the loss of the trucks exhaust brake. [11]

QSB Engine

5.9 QSB

The 5.9L QSB (Quantum System B) is an off-road, heavy duty version of the ISB. Typically used in marine, agricultural, and construction applications, these engines share many of the same parts as the ISB and utilize the same Bosch fuel system.[ citation needed ]

Fuel system

Mechanical injection with mechanical timing

In the earlier models of the Cummins B-Series Engine, it was almost entirely mechanical including its fuel system. The fuel pump used in these engines was the Bosch P7100 injection pump, this pump is driven off the camshaft gear and drives its own internal camshaft to inject fuel to the individual injectors. [12] This pump itself was one of the most popular options for fueling for the B-Series Engines because of this simplistic design and how reliable it was. The P7100 injection pump also allows for large amounts of fuel to be delivered into the system with simple tweaking to the system to allow for larger injection events.

Mechanical injection with electronic timing

In the later models of B-Series Engine, the fuel system was switched from mechanical injection and timing to mechanical injection with electronic timing. This was all thanks to Bosch's new VP44 radial distributor injection pump. [13] The VP44 injection pump is driven at half the camshaft speed and produces an injection pressure of up to 140 MPa (20,300 lbf/in2). [14]

Mechanical injection with electronic timing and common rail pressurization

The most recent method of fuel injection used in Cummins B Series engines is electronically controlled common-rail injection. It has been used in Cummins B Series engines and the B-Series based NEF engine since 2003. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duramax V8 engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Duramax V8 engine is a family of 6.6 liter diesel V8 engines produced by DMAX, a wholly owned subsidiary of General Motors in Moraine, Ohio. The Duramax block and heads are supplied from reliable vendors of General Motors. This engine was initially installed in 2001 Chevrolet and GMC trucks, and has since become an option in pickups, vans, and medium-duty trucks. In 2006, production at Moraine was reportedly limited to approximately 200,000 engines per year. On May 9, 2007, DMAX announced the production of the 1,000,000th Duramax V8 at its Moraine facility, followed by the 2,000,000th on March 24, 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mazda diesel engines</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

Mazda has a long history of building its own diesel engines, with the exception of a few units that were built under license.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Power Stroke engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

Power Stroke, also known as Powerstroke or PowerStroke, is the name used by a family of diesel engines for trucks produced by Ford Motor Company and Navistar International for Ford products since 1994. Along with its use in the Ford F-Series, applications include the Ford E-Series, Ford Excursion, and Ford LCF commercial truck. The name was also used for a diesel engine used in South American production of the Ford Ranger.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multi-valve</span> Type of car engine

In automotive engineering a multi-valve or multivalve engine is one where each cylinder has more than two valves. A multi-valve engine has better breathing and may be able to operate at higher revolutions per minute (RPM) than a two-valve engine, delivering more power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitsubishi Astron engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Mitsubishi Astron or 4G5/4D5 engine, is a series of straight-four internal combustion engines first built by Mitsubishi Motors in 1972. Engine displacement ranged from 1.8 to 2.6 litres, making it one of the largest four-cylinder engines of its time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitsubishi Sirius engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Mitsubishi Sirius or 4G6/4D6 engine is the name of one of Mitsubishi Motors' four series of inline-four automobile engines, along with Astron, Orion, and Saturn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The AJD is a family of V6 and V8 Turbodiesel engines with a clean-sheet architecture and variable valve timing developed by Ford of Europe for its then subsidiaries Jaguar Cars and Land Rover, as well as for its partner PSA Group working under the Gemini joint development and production agreement. It is called the AJD-V6 in the Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles and the DT17/DT20 by Citroën and Peugeot. The engines share the same bore/stroke ratio, with the V6 version displacing 2.7 L (2,720 cc) and the V8 version displacing 3.6 L (3,630 cc). The V6 was and the V8 were launched in 2004 and 2006 respectively. The V6 engine meets the Euro IV emissions standards. A DT20 3.0 L (2,993 cc) was added in 2009 and is based on the DT17 2.7 L (2,720 cc). The V6 is used across many vehicles, from the Citroën C5 and C6, to the Land Rover Discovery, Range Rover, multiple cars in the Jaguar range, and also the Ford Territory and next gen Ford Ranger.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Navistar VT engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Navistar VT engine family is a line of diesel engines that was produced by International Truck and Engine from 2003 to 2016. Developed as the replacement for the T444E V8, the VT V6 and V8 diesels were the smallest diesel engines used in Navistar vehicles, slotted below the DT inline-6 engine family. Sharing many applications with the DT466 inline-6, the VT engines were used in medium-duty trucks and school bus chassis, competing against the Cummins B-series and the Mercedes-Benz MBE900 diesel engines. In 2007, both the VT and DT engines were rebranded under the MaxxForce brand name, with model designations related to their displacement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PSA XUD engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The PSA XUD is a diesel engine designed and built by PSA - Peugeot and Citroën. It is an Indirect injection (IDI) engine, that uses a version of the Ricardo Consulting Engineers Ricardo Comet V prechamber cylinder head design. The engine comes in 1.8 L (1,769 cc), 1.9 L (1,905 cc), and 2.1-liter displacements. The 2.1 has 12 valves, all displacements were built either naturally aspirated or turbocharged. The XUD was the predecessor to the HDI range of engines. Early HDi Engines were a PSA design, later 16-valve engines were jointly developed with Ford.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GM Family II engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Family II is a straight-4 piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in the 1970s, debuting in 1981. Available in a wide range of cubic capacities ranging from 1598 to 2405 cc, it simultaneously replaced the Opel CIH and Vauxhall Slant-4 engines, and was GM Europe's core mid-sized powerplant design for much of the 1980s, and provided the basis for the later Ecotec series of engines in the 1990s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volvo D5 engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Volvo D5 is a type of turbocharged diesel engine developed by Volvo Cars for use in its passenger cars. The D5 engine is based on the Volvo Modular diesel engine. The D5 displaces 2.4 liters; a smaller series of two-litre engines were developed in 2010 and marketed as the Volvo D3 and D4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Navistar DT engine</span> Diesel engine

The Navistar DT engine family is a line of mid-range inline-6 diesel engines. With horsepower ratings ranging from 170 hp (130 kW) to 350 hp (260 kW), the Navistar DT engines are used primarily in medium-duty truck and bus applications such as school buses, although some versions have been developed for heavy-duty regional-haul and severe-service applications. Prior to 1986, Navistar International, then known as International Harvester Company, used the DT engine in farm and construction equipment.

The Toyota B engine family was a series of inline-four diesel engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford EcoBoost engine</span> Series of turbocharged, direct-injection gasoline engines

EcoBoost is a series of turbocharged, direct-injection gasoline engines produced by Ford and originally co-developed by FEV Inc.. EcoBoost engines are designed to deliver power and torque consistent with those of larger-displacement naturally aspirated engines, while achieving up to 20% better fuel efficiency and 15% fewer greenhouse emissions, according to Ford. The manufacturer sees the EcoBoost technology as less costly and more versatile than further developing or expanding the use of hybrid and diesel engine technologies. EcoBoost engines are broadly available across the Ford vehicle lineup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyundai U engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Hyundai U engine is a series of three or four-cylinder diesel engines made for automotive applications by the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. The U series of engines includes the smallest automotive diesel engines produced by Hyundai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opel cam-in-head engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Opel cam-in-head engine (CIH) is a family of automobile engines built by former General Motors subsidiary Opel from 1965 until 1998, appearing extensively in Opel/Vauxhall badged cars during this period. Both four- and six-cylinder inline configurations were produced. The name derives from the location of the camshaft, which was neither cam-in-block nor a true overhead camshaft. In the CIH engine the camshaft is located in the cylinder head but sits alongside the valves rather than above them, so therefore effectively is still an overhead valve design. The valves are actuated through very short tappets and rocker arms. The engine first appeared in the Opel Rekord B in 1965, and was largely replaced in four-cylinder form by the GM Family II unit as Opel/Vauxhall's core mid-size engine in the 1980s, with the six-cylinder versions continuing until 1994 in the Omega A and Senator B. A large capacity 2.4L four-cylinder version continued until 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volkswagen-Audi V8 engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Volkswagen-Audi V8 engine family is a series of mechanically similar, gasoline-powered and diesel-powered, V-8, internal combustion piston engines, developed and produced by the Volkswagen Group, in partnership with Audi, since 1988. They have been used in various Volkswagen Group models, and by numerous Volkswagen-owned companies. The first spark-ignition gasoline V-8 engine configuration was used in the 1988 Audi V8 model; and the first compression-ignition diesel V8 engine configuration was used in the 1999 Audi A8 3.3 TDI Quattro. The V8 gasoline and diesel engines have been used in most Audi, Volkswagen, Porsche, Bentley, and Lamborghini models ever since. The larger-displacement diesel V8 engine configuration has also been used in various Scania commercial vehicles; such as in trucks, buses, and marine (boat) applications.

References

  1. 1 2 Kennett, Pat (June 1986). "The Cummins Beat". TRUCK. London, UK: FF Publishing Ltd: 54–55.
  2. Maupin, Artie (2022-06-22). "5.9-Liter Cummins Engine History and Specs". MotorTrend. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  3. Kennett, p. 57
  4. 1 2 3 Cummins 5.9-liter and 6.7-liter inline six-cylinder diesel engines. Allpar.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-04.
  5. "New Bus for London: Your New Routemaster questions answered". CBS Interactive. January 5, 2012. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  6. "LESA44T" (PDF). Wrights Group Limited. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-26. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
  7. Wrights Hybrid Archived 2016-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Wrightbus
  8. "ISB web" . Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  9. 2011 Ram 2500 and 3500 – Capability – Powertrain Archived 2011-02-24 at the Wayback Machine . Ramtrucks.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-04.
  10. Cummins Engines Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine . Everytime.cummins.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-04.
  11. "Turbo Failure on your 6.7L Cummins? Here's what you need to know". Dirty Diesel Customs. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
  12. "Bosch P7100 Fuel Pump Information". Big Bear Engine Company. 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  13. Frailey, Mike; Norton, Paul; Clark, Nigel; Lyons, Donald W. (2000-10-16). An Evaluation of Natural Gas versus Diesel in Medium-Duty Buses. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International. p. 4. doi:10.4271/2000-01-2822. ISSN   0148-7191.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  14. Krieger, Klaus; Hummel, Hans-Georg; Naik, L. M. (2000-01-15). Diesel Fuel Injection Technology - An essential contribution towards an environment friendly powerful diesel engine. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International. p. 165. doi:10.4271/2000-01-1429. ISSN   0148-7191.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  15. Signer, Meinrad; Melton, Charles; Hawkins, Mike; Hawkins, Mike (2003-10-27). New Family of 1.1 Liter/Cylinder Structural/Agricultural Engines with High Pressure Common Rail Injection. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International. p. 4. doi:10.4271/2003-01-3116. ISSN   0148-7191.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: location (link)