Dennis Lance

Last updated

Dennis Lance
Dennis Arrow
Dennis Lance Plaxton Verde Arriva.jpg
Arriva North West & Wales Plaxton Verde bodied Dennis Lance in Liverpool in March 2007
Overview
Manufacturer Dennis
Production1991–2000
Assembly Guildford, Surrey, England
Body and chassis
Doors1 or 2
Floor type
Related Dennis Trident 3
Powertrain
Engine Cummins C6T
Capacity
  • Lance/Lance SLF
  • Up to 74 passengers
  • Arrow
  • 76-84 seated, 11-16 standing
Transmission ZF Ecomat 4HP500
ZF Ecomat 5HP500
Dimensions
Length10–11.6 metres (33–38 ft)
Width2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in)
Curb weight
  • Lance
  • 5,410–5,580 kilograms (11,930–12,300 lb)
  • Lance SLF
  • 6,240 kilograms (13,760 lb)
  • Arrow
  • 5,610 kilograms (12,370 lb)
[1]
Chronology
Predecessor Dennis Falcon
Dennis Dominator
Successor Dennis Dart
Dennis Trident 2

The Dennis Lance was a single-decker bus chassis manufactured by Dennis between 1991 and 2000, replacing the Dennis Falcon. Its low floor variant, the Dennis Lance SLF (Super Low Floor) was built between 1993 and 1996. Between 1995 and 1998, Dennis also built its double-deck variant, the Dennis Arrow (initially marketed as a double-deck Dennis Lance), as the replacement of the Dennis Dominator.

Contents

History

Lance

Arriva Guildford & West Surrey East Lancs EL2000 bodied Dennis Lance in Dorking in July 2008 Arriva Guildford & West Surrey 3023 N223 TPK.JPG
Arriva Guildford & West Surrey East Lancs EL2000 bodied Dennis Lance in Dorking in July 2008
First Essex Northern Counties Paladin bodied Dennis Lance in Colchester in October 2008 FIRST ESSEX BUSES - Flickr - secret coach park.jpg
First Essex Northern Counties Paladin bodied Dennis Lance in Colchester in October 2008

The Dennis Lance was unveiled at the 1991 Coach & Bus Show as both a larger version of the Dennis Dart and the successor to the Dennis Falcon chassis. The first Dennis product to be developed at the manufacturer's new Guildford factory with computer-aided design, the rear-engined Lance chassis was designed with an inline driveline and longitudinally-mounted Cummins C6T engine, claimed to improve fuel economy by 15% when compared to conventional "angle drive" drivelines. It was also developed to fit the recommendations of the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DiPTAC) on improving accessibility, equipped with 275 millimetres (10.8 in) entrance and interior steps as standard. [2] [1]

The Dennis Lance was available with a number of bodies, including the Alexander PS and Strider, the East Lancs EL2000, the Northern Counties Paladin, the Optare Sigma and Delta, [3] and the Plaxton Verde. Ipswich Buses was the first operator in the United Kingdom to order the Dennis Lance, taking delivery of a single example with East Lancs EL2000 bodywork in 1991; [4] the operator would subsequently take delivery of two more EL2000s and an Optare Sigma built on the Lance chassis during 1994. [5] [6] London Buses subsidiary Selkent later took delivery of 16 Alexander PS bodied Lances in April 1992 for use on route 36B, replacing AEC Routemasters used on the service. [7]

The Dennis Lance was most popular on the Plaxton Verde chassis, with the largest orders coming from Badgerline Group companies Midland Red West and Yorkshire Rider, the latter of which were delivered to Huddersfield for 'Flagship' services. [8] [9] [10] Orders of Verde-bodied Lances continued under FirstBus, with a further 30 delivered under FirstBus for the rebranded Leeds City Link operation. [11] London Buses subsidiary Selkent's Catford garage would also delivery of twelve dual-door Verdes on Dennis Lance chassis in 1994 for use on London Buses route 208. [12] [ better source needed ] Other operators of Verde-bodied Lances included Busways Travel Services, Clydeside 2000, North Western, Nottingham City Transport, Potteries Motor Traction,[ citation needed ] and South Wales Transport. [13]

Lances built on other bodies proved particularly popular during 1993. The Caldaire Group took delivery of 30 Lances with Alexander Strider bodywork in 1993, distributing 18 of the order to Yorkshire Woollen and the remaining 12 to West Riding. [14] with municipal bus companies Grimsby-Cleethorpes Transport and Yellow Buses of Bournemouth taking fleets of nine and six Lances with East Lancs EL2000 bodies respectively in the same year. [15] [16] 31 Lances with Northern Counties Paladin bodywork were delivered to Metroline's Cricklewood bus garage for routes 113 and 302, [17] five with Northern Counties Paladin bodies were delivered to Eastern Counties in 1993.[ citation needed ]

Towards the end of the step-entrance Lance's production, Go-Ahead Northern's Gateshead & District operation took delivery of fifteen Lances with Optare Delta bodywork in 1994, [6] and on the Optare Sigma body, fellow Go-Ahead Group subsidiary Brighton & Hove took delivery of 20 during 1996 while Wellglade Group operator Trent Buses took delivery of seventeen between 1994 and 1995. [18] British Bus subsidiary London & Country took delivery of fifteen East Lancs EL2000 bodied Lances in April 1996, [19] while the last step-entrance Lances produced for the United Kingdom were thirteen with Northern Counties Paladin bodies for First Eastern National, followed by three for First PMT, in 1997.[ citation needed ]

Lance SLF

Metroline Wright Pathfinder bodied Dennis Lance SLF on route 186 Rte186-LowFloorBus-L39WLH (24055224718).png
Metroline Wright Pathfinder bodied Dennis Lance SLF on route 186
A-Line Berkhof bodied Dennis Lance SLF in May 2009 A-Line bus (WIL 9206), 2009 Metrocentre bus rally.jpg
A-Line Berkhof bodied Dennis Lance SLF in May 2009

In March 1993, the "Super Low Floor" Dennis Lance SLF was unveiled, becoming the first low-floor bus chassis manufactured in the United Kingdom. the Lance SLF came with an independent kneeling front suspension as standard, capable of lowering the step-free entrance from 320 millimetres (13 in) to 250 millimetres (9.8 in). A wheelchair ramp was also provided as standard. The Lance SLF was also the first new bus chassis in the United Kingdom to be fitted with disc brakes as standard, which were manufactured by Girling. [20] [21] [22]

Of around 105 Dennis Lance SLFs built, the majority were built with Wright Pathfinder bodywork. The most notable of these were 38 dual-doored examples for London Buses for use on the first London bus routes to be converted to low-floor operation. The recipients of this order were London United for use on route 120, Metroline for use on route 186, and CentreWest for use on route 222. [23] A single-door Pathfinder would later be launched in 1994, marketed towards bus operators based outside London. The first of these, part of a trial project funded by the Department of Transport, would be delivered to Go-Ahead Northern's Coastline Buses operation for use on services linking Whitley Bay, Tynemouth and North Shields, [24] making Coastline one of the first bus operators in the United Kingdom outside of London to place low-floor buses into service. [25]

Further Pathfinder-bodied Lance SLFs included five delivered to London & Country, [26] with six also delivered to Badgerline for service in Bath, [27] and a sole example delivered to Western National during 1995. Ten Pathfinder bodied Lance SLFs were supplied with 40% funding from Essex County Council to West Midlands Travel's County Bus & Coach subsidiary, [28] Southend Transport and Hedingham Omnibus in 1994, part of the UK's first low-floor project to be funded by a county council without funding from the government or the European Union. [29] Some Pathfinder-bodied Lance SLFs would eventually be prematurely withdrawn from service due to suspension strut failures, a result of water ingress caused by outside storage of the chassis at Wright's Ballymena factory before the bodies were built. [1]

The Lance SLF chassis was also built with Berkhof Excellence 1000 NL bodywork, with 30 dual-purpose specialist vehicles delivered to the British Airports Authority for use on staff shuttle duties at Heathrow Airport between 1994 and 1995. [30] Five each were also delivered to Stagecoach East Kent and Stagecoach Ribble, [31] the latter of which were the last Lance SLFs produced before the type was discontinued in 1996. [1]

Arrow

Aintree Coachline Northern Counties Palatine II bodied Dennis Arrow in April 2017 Aintree Coachline P5 ACL.jpg
Aintree Coachline Northern Counties Palatine II bodied Dennis Arrow in April 2017

A double-deck version of the Lance was launched in 1995 as a replacement for the Dennis Dominator chassis. Later renamed to the Dennis Arrow, [19] it was available with Northern Counties Palatine II and East Lancs E Type and Pyoneer bodywork, and only differed from the step-entrance single-deck Lance through the addition of an anti-roll bar and shock absorbers being moved towards the rear of the chassis. [1] At a maximum capacity of 84 seats and 16 standing passengers, the Arrow could carry a total of 100 passengers. [32] [33]

The Arrow was sold to just five operators in the United Kingdom, with Capital Citybus taking a total 54 of the 73 Arrows built with both Palatine II and Pyoneer bodywork, [34] [35] London & Country who took ten with EL2000 bodywork, [19] and Nottingham City Transport who took four with Palatine II bodywork. [36] Smaller operators included Aintree Coachline, who took a single Arrow with Palatine II bodywork, London Coachlines, who took a single Arrow with Pyoneer bodywork, and two purpose-built playbuses built with both bodies. [37] The Dennis Arrow would be superseded by the low-floor Dennis Trident 2.

Exports

SMRT Buses Duple Metsec bodied in August 2009 DennisLance245UK-SMRT.JPG
SMRT Buses Duple Metsec bodied in August 2009

The step-entrance single-deck Dennis Lance had a level of export success to Continental Europe. In the Netherlands, a single Lance with Berkhof Excellence 1000 NL bodies were delivered to Noord-Zuid-Hollandsche Stoomtramweg-Maatschappij (NZH) in 1995, resulting in a repeat order for six being delivered to the operator for use in Haarlem during 1996. [38] Three Lances with Duple Metsec bodywork were also exported to Miejskie Zakłady Autobusowe (MZA) of Warsaw, Poland between 1992 and 1993.

The Lance also proved popular in the Asian export market. A joint venture between Dennis and Malaysian manufacturer UMW Specialist Vehicles would build complete knock-down Lance chassis (known as the UMW-Dennis Lance) for the Southeast Asian market. [1] In Malaysia, a fleet of Duple Metsec bodied UMW-Dennis Lances were delivered to Naeila Corps, shortly before the company was bought over by Causeway Link, while Transit Link JB also operated a small number of similar examples. In Singapore, meanwhile, Trans-Island Bus Services ordered 72 Lances, of which 52 were built by UMW-Dennis; most were fitted with Duple Metsec bodywork while the last two were fitted with Volgren bodywork. A single UMW-Dennis Lance with Duple Metsec bodywork was also operated by Ritchies Coachlines in New Zealand.

In Hong Kong, 24 Lances with Alexander PS bodywork were delivered to Kowloon Motor Bus in 1992. [39] [40]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dennis Dart</span> British rear-engined single-decker midibus

The Dennis Dart is a rear-engined single-decker midibus chassis that was introduced by Dennis of Guildford, England in 1989, replacing the Dennis Domino. Initially built as a high-floor design, in 1996 the low-floor second generation Dennis Dart SLF was launched. In 2001, production of the Dart SLF passed to TransBus International, during which time it was sold as the TransBus Dart SLF; Alexander Dennis took over production in 2004, renaming the product as the Alexander Dennis Dart SLF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander ALX200</span> Single-decker bus body

The Alexander ALX200 was a single-decker bus body built by Alexander of the United Kingdom. It was created for low-floor bus chassis produced from the late 1990s and was launched in spring 1996 as a low-floor replacement of the Alexander Dash. It was marketed in Alexander's 'ALX' series to fill in the gap between the ALX100 minibus and the ALX300 full-size single-decker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VDL DB250</span> Twin-axle double-decker bus chassis

The VDL DB250 was a twin-axle double-decker bus chassis manufactured by VDL Bus & Coach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dennis Trident 2</span> 2-axle low-floor double-decker bus

The Dennis Trident 2 is a 2-axle low-floor double-decker bus chassis originally manufactured by Dennis, which was unveiled in 1997 and replaced the Dennis Arrow. It was built by TransBus after Dennis was incorporated into the group in 2001, then from 2004, it was built by Alexander Dennis following the collapse of TransBus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optare Sigma</span> Step-entrance single-deck bus body on Dennis Lance chassis

The Optare Sigma was a step-entrance single-deck bus body manufactured by Optare between 1994 and 1996 on the Dennis Lance chassis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optare Delta</span> Step-entrance bus body on DAF SB220 chassis

The Optare Delta was a single-deck bus body manufactured by Optare between 1990 and 1999 on the DAF SB220 chassis. The Delta was Optare's first full-size transit bus body, with the company having previously built minibus bodies on Volkwagen LT55 and Mercedes-Benz 811D chassis. The Delta was succeeded by the Optare Excel from 1995 onwards, with production of the Delta body ceasing in 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optare Prisma</span> Single-deck bus body on Mercedes-Benz O405 chassis

The Optare Prisma was a single-decker bus body that was fitted to the Mercedes-Benz O405 chassis, produced between 1995 to 1998, when it was discontinued in favour of the integral Optare Excel low-floor bus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optare Vecta</span> Single decker bus body on MAN 11.190 chassis

The Optare Vecta was a step-entrance single-deck bus body manufactured by Optare between 1991 and 1997 on the MAN 11.190 chassis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Lancs Cityzen</span> Double-decker bus body on Scania N113 chassis

The East Lancs Cityzen is a double-decker bus body that was built on the Scania N113DRB chassis by East Lancashire Coachbuilders between 1995 and 2000. The name started East Lancs' tradition of using 'misspelt' product names.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plaxton Verde</span> Step-entrance single-deck bus body

The Plaxton Verde was a step-entrance full-size single-decker bus body built by Plaxton between 1991 and 1997. It was built on a rear-engined chassis, the most popular of which was the Dennis Lance which accounted for over half of the Verdes built. The rest were on Volvo B10B, DAF SB220 and Scania N113 chassis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wright Crusader</span> Low-floor bus body on Dennis Dart SLF, Volvo B6LE and B6BLE chassis

The Wright Crusader was a single-deck midibus body built on Dennis Dart SLF, Volvo B6LE and Volvo B6BLE chassis by Wrightbus between 1995 and 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Lancs EL2000</span> Motor vehicle

The East Lancs EL2000 is a type of single-decker bus body built on a wide variety of bus chassis by East Lancashire Coachbuilders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plaxton Prestige</span> Low-floor bus body on DAF SB220 and Volvo B10BLE chassis

The Plaxton Prestige is a low-floor single-decker bus body built by manufacturers Northern Counties and Plaxton between 1996 and 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Counties Paladin</span> Single-decker bus body

The Northern Counties Paladin, also badged as the Plaxton Paladin towards the end of production, is a step-entrance single-decker bus body built by Northern Counties of Wigan, UK, between 1991 and 1998. The replacements for the Paladin are the Prestige and the Pointer as low-floor models for the Paladin LF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marshall Capital</span> Single decker bus bodywork

The Marshall Capital was a single-decker bus body built originally by Marshall Bus between 1996 and 2002, and later by MCV Bus & Coach between 2002 and 2003. Initially launched on the step-entrance MAN 11.220 and then Iveco Eurorider chassis, the Capital found greater success after being launched on the low-floor Dennis Dart SLF chassis from 1997. Marshall also produced a related, integral midibus, known as the Marshall Minibus, between 1996 and 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Counties Palatine</span> Step-entrance double-decker bus body

The Northern Counties Palatine was a step-entrance 2-axle and 3-axle double-decker bus body built by Northern Counties from 1988 to 1999 in Wigan, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optare Esteem</span> Low-floor single-decker bus body

The Optare Esteem was a low-floor single-decker bus body manufactured by East Lancashire Coachbuilders, Darwen East Lancs and Optare between 2006 and 2009 on Scania N94UB, Scania N230UB, Volvo B7RLE, MAN 12.240, Alexander Dennis Dart SLF, Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Dart and Alexander Dennis Enviro300 chassis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plaxton Pointer</span> Single-deck midibus body built on Dennis and Volvo chassis

The Plaxton Pointer is a single-deck midibus body that was manufactured between 1991 and 2006, predominantly on the Dennis Dart chassis, by Reeve Burgess, Plaxton and latterly Alexander Dennis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Strider</span> Step-entrance full-size single-deck bus body

The Alexander Strider was a single-decker bus body produced by Walter Alexander Coachbuilders between 1993 and 1997. The body was available on Dennis Lance, Scania L113, Scania N113, Volvo B10B and Volvo B10M chassis. A common feature of the Strider body is that it has either a single-curvature windscreen or a double-curvature windscreen with a rounded roof dome and a separately mounted destination display.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Dash</span> Step-entrance midibus body on Dennis Dart and Volvo B6 chassis

The Alexander Dash is a step-entrance midibus body built by Walter Alexander Coachbuilders of Scotland from 1991 to 1997. Unveiled by Alexander at the 1991 Coach and Bus exhibition in Birmingham, it was one of the variants of Alexander's AM-type body, also using components from the Alexander PS type, and was usually combined with the Dennis Dart and Volvo B6 step-entrance single-decker bus chassis.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Goundry, Andy (23 March 2020). Dennis Buses and Other Vehicles. Crowood. pp. 141–147. ISBN   978-1-78500-708-8 . Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  2. ↑ "Lance creates a stir". Commercial Motor . Temple Press. 7 March 1991. p. 22. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  3. ↑ Cole, Martin (15 April 1994). "Vehicle Preview: Optare Sigma Dennis Lance". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 251. Spalding. p. 40. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  4. ↑ "Dennis Lance: first order". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 5 September 1991. p. 18. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  5. ↑ "Grants for upgrade". Coach & Bus Week . No. 61. Peterborough: Emap. 17 April 1993. p. 7. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  6. 1 2 "First Lances". Coach & Bus Week. No. 109. Peterborough: Emap. 26 March 1994. p. 11. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  7. ↑ "Selkent - new look". Coach & Bus Week. No. 11. Peterborough: Emap. 2 May 1992. p. 14. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  8. ↑ "Plaxton for Badgerline". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 20 August 1992. p. 16. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  9. ↑ "Rider launch flagship". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 294. Spalding. 17 February 1995. p. 17. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  10. ↑ "First orders". Coach & Bus Week. No. 157. Peterborough: Emap. 4 March 1995. p. 12. Retrieved 15 May 2024. Yorkshire Rider has become Britain's biggest Plaxton Verde user, with the delivery of 48 on Dennis Lance chassis.
  11. ↑ "New buses and a facelift for Leeds City Link". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 348. Spalding: Glen-Holland Ltd. 8 March 1996. p. 20. The order includes the delivery of 30 Dennis Lance single-deck buses with Plaxton Verde bodywork and 30 9.8 metre Dennis Darts with Plaxton Pointer bodies.
  12. ↑ Smith, Ian (5 April 2000). "LV". Ian's Bus Stop. Archived from the original on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  13. ↑ Isaacs, Jonathan (21 October 1993). "£1m buses to take on BR". South Wales Evening Post . Swansea. p. 1. Retrieved 15 May 2024– via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ "Caldaire: £4m orders". Coach & Bus Week. No. 44. Peterborough: Emap. 19 December 1992. p. 8. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  15. ↑ Jarosz, Andrew (17 April 1993). "East Lancs Lances delivered". Coach & Bus Week. No. 61. Peterborough: Emap. p. 10. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  16. ↑ Millar, Alan (15 April 1994). "In Service Report: Dennis Lance - East Lancs EL2000". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 251. Spalding. p. 40.
  17. ↑ "More Northern Counties body orders". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 180. Spalding. 6 November 1992. p. 5. Metroline will receive 31 Dennis Lances with 37 seats, two of which will have coach style seating.
  18. ↑ Jones, Stuart (3 May 1996). "Manufacturer Focus: EXCEL - Optare's low floor takes to the road". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 356. Spalding: Glen-Holland Ltd. pp. 9–13. Among recent deliveries have been [...] Sigmas to Trent and the Brighton & Hove subsidiary of the Go Ahead group which is in the process of taking a batch of 20.
  19. 1 2 3 Morgan, Mike (20 April 1996). "Dominator makes way for the lighter Lance". Coach & Bus Week. No. 214. Peterborough: Emap. p. 31. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  20. ↑ "Dennis gets lowdown on Lance". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 4 March 1993. p. 11. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  21. ↑ "Lowdown on a Lance". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 27 May 1993. p. 27. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  22. ↑ Simpson, Richard (12 September 1992). "Details out of first UK low-floor bus". Coach & Bus Week. No. 30. Peterborough: Emap. p. 4. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  23. ↑ "38 Lance SLF Pathfinders for LT mobility trial routes". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 182. Spalding. 20 November 1992. p. 4.
  24. ↑ "Wright launches single-door Pathfinder". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 14 April 1994. p. 15. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  25. ↑ Lyons, Mark (30 June 2022). "Go-Ahead Northern becomes Go-Ahead Group". The Go-Ahead Group: The First 25 Years. Key Publishing. pp. 18–19. ISBN   978-1-80282-082-9 . Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  26. ↑ "More Dennises ordered by British Bus". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 307. Spalding. 19 May 1995. p. 4. A 26th Lance will be an additional low floor SLF version, with Wright Pathfinder body, similar to four already running on the company's Croydon-Guildford service.
  27. ↑ Curtis, Martin; Walker, Mike (2013). Badgerline: Bristol's Country Buses. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. p. 75. ISBN   978-0-7110-3634-5 . Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  28. ↑ "Essex low-floor service launched". Coach & Bus Week. No. 146. Peterborough: Emap. 10 December 1994. p. 5.
  29. ↑ "County awaits outcome". Coach & Bus Week. Peterborough: Emap. 1994.
  30. ↑ Cole, Martin (6 October 1995). "Coach & Bus '95 Stand Guide". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 327. Spalding. p. 16. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  31. ↑ "Bullocks gets first five Manchester grant-aided low-floors". Coach & Bus Week. No. 195. Peterborough: Emap. 25 November 1995. p. 27.
  32. ↑ Morgan, Mike (11 May 1996). "Making a valid point". Coach & Bus Week. No. 217. Peterborough: Emap. pp. 24–26. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  33. ↑ Morris, Stephen (July 1996). "Arrow takes a bow". Buses . No. 496. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 27–29. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  34. ↑ Smith, Ian (5 November 2014). "Dennis Arrow". Ian's Bus Stop. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  35. ↑ "Arrows 'right on target'". Coach & Bus Week. No. 299. Peterborough: Emap. 11 December 1997. p. 30. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  36. ↑ "NCT hits the bullseye". Coach & Bus Week. No. 226. Peterborough: Emap. 13 July 1996. p. 24. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  37. ↑ Morgan, Mike (11 May 1996). "Targeting a ton". Coach & Bus Week. No. 217. Peterborough: Emap. p. 10. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  38. ↑ Lidstone, John G. (July 1996). "Fleet News International". Buses. No. 496. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. p. 54. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  39. ↑ "Kneeling tests for Lance". Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 9 July 1992. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  40. ↑ "Hong Kong Buses Part 3: Kowloon Motor Bus". Fleetline . No. 249. Sydney: Transport Enthusiasts Society of South Australia. July 1997. p. 118.

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