| Deraniyagala's beaked whale | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Infraorder: | Cetacea |
| Family: | Ziphiidae |
| Genus: | Mesoplodon |
| Species: | M. hotaula |
| Binomial name | |
| Mesoplodon hotaula P. E. P. Deraniyagala, 1963 | |
Deraniyagala's beaked whale (Mesoplodon hotaula) is a species of mesoplodont whale closely related to the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale. [3]
Deraniyagala's beaked whale was initially known from seven stranded individuals. The first sighting was recorded by Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala in 1963 and the newly discovered species was named after him. Two years later, controversy ensued over whether these stranded specimens were actually ginkgo-toothed beaked whales. [3] The debate was resolved in the early 2000s after M. ginkgodens and M. hotaula were differentiated maternally by mitochondrial DNA, biparentally by autosomal, and paternally through Y chromosome inherited DNA sequences, as well as by morphological features. Their control region, cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase, and various introns taken for genetic analysis demonstrated that genetic variance (Dα) of the cytochrome b between Deraniyagala's whale and the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale was 8.2% ± 1.79%, whereas genetic variance range between 5.5% to 16.6% in other Mesoplodon species (the smaller the percentage, the lesser the genetic differences between the two species). [3]
Deraniyagala's beaked whale is known from only seven individuals that have stranded themselves on beaches of various islands in the Indian and South Pacific Oceans: Seychelles, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Gilbert Islands, Kiribati and Line Islands. Observed distributions of M. hotaula strandings suggest that they prefer tropical habitats, as opposed to their closest known relative, the Ginko-Toothed Beaked Whale. [3] It is thought that, like Cuvier's beaked whale, they live in insular populations (isolated communities). [4]
A potential sighting occurred in the South China Sea in May 2019, although it was possible the sighted whales were ginkgo-toothed beaked whales. [5] [6]
Deraniyagala's beaked whale is on the smaller side for a mesplodont. Although mean and maximum sizes are uncertain due to small sample size, from the 2019 sighting and stranded specimens it appears that adult Deraniyagala's beaked whales are between 4–5 m (13–16 ft) in length. [3] [6] It does not appear that adult males are larger than adult females. [6]
Like many other marine organisms, Deraniyagala's beaked whale exhibits countershading. Blue-black and brown black dorsal coloration have both been observed with lighter shading on the underbelly. [3] [6] A pale, mottled cheek and white lower lip has been identified as a key indicator of the species. [3] [6] The eyes are situated about half a beak's length from the back end of the mouth, and a small, curved dorsal fin is situated two-thirds of the way along the body. [6] Other indicative anatomical features of Mesoplodon hotaula include various tooth and mandible features. [3]
Beaked whales such as M. hotaula are suction feeders. They create a low-pressure environment in their oral cavity to suck prey towards their mouth. Due to this specialized feeding method, beaked whales have lost most of their teeth. After using suction to capture prey, they rely on simple sieving to keep the prey inside their mouth while expelling water. [7]
Beaked whales like Deraniyagala's beaked whale have a complex foraging mechanism which involves the use of echolocation clicks to locate deep-water squid and fish during their foraging dives, and then use buzzes to capture their prey. [8] There are different phases of acoustic behavior that beaked whales exhibit during foraging dives. The first phase is the search phase, where the whales emit regular clicks with varying echo returns as they pass through clouds of potential prey. The second phase is the approach phase, where the whale focuses on a specific target and continuously ensonifies it, receiving echoes until the transition to the final phase. The final phase is called the terminal phase, characterized by a rapid increase in click rate known as the buzz, followed by the interception of the prey through a sharp turn and increased acceleration. [9]
The social structure of mesplodonts is not well understood but it appears that smaller species live in groups with a single mature male and females with their young, although larger groups have occasionally been observed as well. [10] Older males with scars may be seen with different groups of females, indicating that they may fight for access to females using their teeth. [11] Stranded adult males of Deraniyagala's beaked whales have been found with chipped teeth that suggest combat with other adult males. [3] A possible explanation for this may be that male beaked whales fight other males of the same species for control of a group of females. [11]
Deraniyagala's beaked whale can also stay underwater for hours before surfacing to breathe. In 2019, a group of researchers observed beaked whales taking 3 short dives of between 14 and 18 minutes, briefly surfacing in between for 1–5 minutes. Then, after a fourth dive, the whales stayed submerged for 1.8 hours before resurfacing. This suggests that like most other mesplodonts, Deraniyagala's beaked whale is capable of staying submerged for hours at a time. [6]
Plastic pollution is a major issue threatening the lives of beaked whales such as M. hotaula. When plastics are ingested, they can cause blockages or tears in the digestive system, preventing the animal from properly digesting food and leading to malnutrition. Plastics can also release toxins into the animal's body, causing chemical poisoning. In addition to the direct physical impacts, ingestion of plastics can also negatively affect the behavior and reproductive success of marine animals. [12]
Other ocean debris have been mentioned as possible threats for Deraniyagala's beaked whale. The individuals suspected to be members of the species sighted in 2019 had unusual indentations on the lips, which researchers believed could have been caused by marine debris or fishing line. [6] Additionally, a stranded individual was found in on a beach in the Philippines in 2012, and died shortly after it was found. Further examination revealed that the whale had only a black rope and a piece of coal in its stomach. Researchers believed that the consumption of these items could have led to the whale's death. [12]
Beaked whales are a family of cetaceans noted as being one of the least-known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat, reclusive behavior and apparent low abundance. Only three or four of the 24 existing species are reasonably well-known. Baird's beaked whales and Cuvier's beaked whales were subject to commercial exploitation, off the coast of Japan, while the northern bottlenose whale was extensively hunted in the northern part of the North Atlantic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Mesoplodont whales are 16 species of toothed whale in the genus Mesoplodon, making it the largest genus in the cetacean order. Two species were described as recently as 1991 and 2002, and marine biologists predict the discovery of more species in the future. A new species was described in 2021. They are the most poorly known group of large mammals. The generic name "mesoplodon" comes from the Greek meso- (middle) - hopla (arms) - odon (teeth), and may be translated as 'armed with a tooth in the centre of the jaw'.
Sowerby's beaked whale, also known as the North Atlantic or North Sea beaked whale, is a species of toothed whale. It was the first mesoplodont whale to be described. James Sowerby, an English naturalist and artist, first described the species in 1804 from a skull obtained from a male that had stranded in the Moray Firth, Scotland, in 1800. He named it bidens, which derives from the two teeth present in the jaw, now known to be a very common feature among the genus.
Hubbs' beaked whale was initially thought to be an Andrews' beaked whale when discovered by ichthyologist Carl Hubbs; however, it was named in his honor when it was discovered to be a new species. This species has the typical dentition found in the genus, but its main outstanding features are a white "cap" on the head and very extensive scarring. The species is known from 31 strandings, a few at-sea sightings, and observations of two stranded whales that were kept in captivity for 16–25 days.
Blainville's beaked whale, or the dense-beaked whale, is believed to be the widest ranging mesoplodont whale. The French zoologist Henri de Blainville first described the species in 1817 from a small piece of jaw — the heaviest bone he had ever come across — which resulted in the name densirostris. Off the northeastern Bahamas, the animals are particularly well documented, and a photo identification project started sometime after 2002.
The ginkgo-toothed beaked whale is a poorly known species of whale even for a beaked whale, and was named for the unusual shape of its dual teeth. It is a fairly typical-looking species, but is notable for the males not having any scarring.
Hector's beaked whale, is a small mesoplodont living in the Southern Hemisphere. This whale is named after Sir James Hector, a founder of the colonial museum in Wellington, New Zealand. The species has rarely been seen in the wild.
The strap-toothed beaked whale, also known as Layard's beaked whale, is one of the largest members of the mesoplodont genus, growing to 6.2 m (20 ft) in length and reaching up to 1,300 kg (2,900 lb). The common and scientific name was given in honor of Edgar Leopold Layard, the curator of the South African Museum, who prepared drawings of a skull and sent them to the British taxonomist John Edward Gray, who described the species in 1865.
Perrin's beaked whale is part of the toothed whale suborder and is one of over 90 known cetaceans in existence today. Beaked whales are part of the family Ziphiidae, which are the second most diverse group out of all marine mammals with over 20 species currently recognized. Although diverse, little is understood about these timid, deep divers that can dive for up to two hours. The whales are partially named after their beak shaped jaw, which extends from their small head. The genus name Mesoplodon comes from the Greek meanings of meso- (middle), - hopla (arms), - odon (teeth), and may be translated as 'armed with a tooth in the center of the jaw'.
The spade-toothed whale is a very little-known species, the rarest species of beaked whale.
