Dictyosphaerium

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Dictyosphaerium
Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Clade: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Trebouxiophyceae
Order: Chlorellales
Family: Chlorellaceae
Genus: Dictyosphaerium
Nägeli, 1849
Type species
Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum
Nägeli [1]
Species [1]

Dictyosphaerium is a genus of green algae, in the family Chlorellaceae. [1] It occurs in freshwater habitats around the world and is planktonic. [1] [2] The name comes from the Greek roots diktyon, meaning "net", and sphaira, meaning "ball", referring to its morphology. [3]

Contents

Description

Dictyosphaerium consists of irregular colonies of 4 to 64 cells in a common mucilaginous envelope 10–100 μm wide. Cells are roughly spherical to ellipsoidal, 1-10 μm in diameter, with one nucleus and a single pyrenoid-containing chloroplast. Cells are attached to the end of thin stalks; the stalks emerge from the center of the colony and continuously branch out. [1] These stalks are formed from the remnants of the mother cell wall. [2]

Dictyosphaerium cells reproduce asexually by autospores. Two or four autospores are produced per sporangium; after release, the mother cell wall gelatinizes and develops into a thin strand, which are connected to the newly released cells. [2]

Taxonomy

Dictyosphaerium has traditionally been classified in its own family, Dictyosphaeriaceae, [4] or as part of the family Botryococcaceae, characterized by cells connected by gelatinous stalks or strands of mucilage. [5] However, molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that Dictyosphaerium is closely related to the unicellular genus Chlorella , and is now currently placed in the family Chlorellaceae. [1]

Additionally, the morphotype of Dictyosphaerium (consisting of branching strands of mucilage connecting cells) is known to be polyphyletic, having evolved multiple times. Therefore, this morphotype can now be found in many new genera. For example, the genus Mucidosphaerium differs from Dictyosphaeriumsensu stricto in having spherical cells, as opposed to Dictyosphaerium with oval cells. [6] The genus Mychonastes (including the former genus Pseudodictyosphaerium) differs in having chloroplasts without pyrenoids, and more irregular mucilaginous strands. [7]

Other similar genera include Compactochlorella , Kalenjinia , Marasphaerium , Masaia , [2] Hindakia , Heynigia , [8] and Xerochlorella . [9] These genera appear to be more or less cryptic, being reliably differentiated only by DNA barcoding. [10] Their biogeographical patterns remain unclear. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyceae</span> Class of green algae

The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral- or ribbon-shaped in different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Some green algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. They usually have a cell wall made up of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorophyta</span> Phylum of green algae

Chlorophyta is a division of green algae informally called chlorophytes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrodictyaceae</span> Family of algae

Hydrodictyaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. They are found in freshwater habitats worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selenastraceae</span> Family of algae

Selenastraceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. Members of this family are common components of the phytoplankton in freshwater habitats worldwide. A few species have been found in brackish and marine habitats, such as in the Baltic Sea.

<i>Ankistrodesmus</i> Genus of algae

Ankistrodesmus is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is one of the most common types of phytoplankton in freshwater habitats around the world. The name Ankistrodesmus comes from the Greek roots ankistron, meaning "cross", and desmos, meaning "bond".

Ankyra is a genus of green algae in the family Characiaceae. This genus of algae is closely related to Atractomorpha and Sphaeroplea. They are found in stagnant waters.

Dictyochloris is a genus of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Dictyochloridaceae. It is commonly found in terrestrial and subaerial habitats.

<i>Dimorphococcus</i> Genus of algae

Dimorphococcus is a genus of fresh water green algae in the family Scenedesmaceae. It is found as a component of the phytoplankton of freshwater ponds, lakes, and peat bogs. It is widespread, but usually not very common.

<i>Mychonastes</i> Genus of algae

Mychonastes is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Mychonastaceae.

Podohedriella is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is found in freshwater habitats or on damp wood.

Pseudomuriella is a genus of green algae, specifically of the class Chlorophyceae. It is the sole genus of the family Pseudomuriellaceae. It is a terrestrial alga that inhabits soils.

Raphidocelis is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. They are found in freshwater habitats.

<i>Selenastrum</i> Genus of algae

Selenastrum is a genus of green algae in the family Selenastraceae. It is common in freshwater habitats around the world. Most species prefer temperate or warm-temperate waters.

<i>Tetraedron</i> Genus of algae

Tetraedron is a genus of green algae in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It may also be spelled as Tetraëdron.

<i>Trebouxia</i> Genus of algae

Trebouxia is a unicellular green alga. It is a photosynthetic organism that can exist in almost all habitats found in polar, tropical, and temperate regions. It can either exist in a symbiotic relationship with fungi in the form of lichen or it can survive independently as a free-living organism alone or in colonies. Trebouxia is the most common photobiont in extant lichens. It is a primary producer of marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. It uses carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b to harvest energy from the sun and provide nutrients to various animals and insects.

<i>Tetrastrum</i> Genus of algae

Tetrastrum is a genus of green algae (Chlorophyta). It is a common component of the phytoplankton of freshwater habitats, particularly eutrophic and alkaline waters.

Chlorella volutis is a species of euryhaline, unicellular microalga in the Division Chlorophyta. It is spherical to oval-shaped, is solitary and lacks a mucilaginous envelope.

Chlorella rotunda is a euryhaline, unicellular microalga in the Division Chlorophyta. It is spherical to oval-shaped, is solitary and lacks a mucilaginous envelope.

Chlorolobion, sometimes spelled Chlorolobium, is a genus of algae belonging to the family Selenastraceae. The species of this genus are found in freshwater habitats in Europe and America.

Elongatocystis is an autotrophic green alga in the Oocystaceae family that is defined by its elongated type cell. This genus was discovered in a rockpool at Belvedere River, Mpumalanga, South Africa and described by Krienitz and Bock in 2011 along with two other strains of Oocystaceae. Its discovery and genetic analysis determined that Oocystis ecballocystiformis should be removed. In its place, the genus Elongatocystis was proposed to more accurately represent the phylogenetic tree.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Dictyosphaerium". AlgaeBase . World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Bicudo, Carlos E. M.; Menezes, Mariângela (2006). Gêneros de Algas de Águas Continentais do Brasil: chave para identificação e descrições (2 ed.). RiMa Editora. p. 508. ISBN   857656064X.
  3. ↑ Shayler, Hannah; Siver, Peter A. (2004). "Dictyosphaerium". Carolina Lucid Key to Freshwater Algae. Connecticut College. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  4. ↑ Hindák, F. (1978). "New taxa and reclassifications in the Chlorococcales (Chlorophyceae)". Preslia. 50: 97–109.
  5. ↑ Komárek, J.; Fott, B. (1983). Chlorophyceae (Grünalgen), Ordnung Chlorococcales. Das Phytoplankton des Süßwassers (in German). E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 1044.
  6. ↑ Bock, Christina; Pröschold, Thomas; Krienitz, Lothar (2011). "Updating the Genus Dictyosphaerium and Description of Mucidosphaerium gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae) Based on Morphological and Molecular Data". Journal of Phycology. 47 (3): 638–652. Bibcode:2011JPcgy..47..638B. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00989.x. PMID   27021993. S2CID   26144724.
  7. ↑ Krienitz, L.; Bock, C.; Dadheech, P. K.; Pröschold, T. (2011). "Taxonomic reassessment of the genus Mychonastes (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) including the description of eight new species". Phycologia. 50 (1): 89–106. Bibcode:2011Phyco..50...89K. doi:10.2216/10-15.1. S2CID   86110297.
  8. ↑ Bock, Christina; Pröschold, Thomas; Krienitz, Lothar (2010). "Two new Dictyosphaerium-morphotype lineages of the Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae): Heynigia gen. nov. and Hindakia gen. nov". European Journal of Phycology. 45 (3): 267–277. Bibcode:2010EJPhy..45..267B. doi: 10.1080/09670262.2010.487920 . S2CID   85093080.
  9. ↑ Mikhailyuk, Tatiana; Holzinger, Andreas; Tsarenko, Petro; Glaser, Karin; Demchenko, Eduard; Karsten, Ulf (2020). "Dictyosphaerium-like morphotype in terrestrial algae: What is Xerochlorella (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 56 (3): 671–686. Bibcode:2020JPcgy..56..671M. doi:10.1111/jpy.12974. PMC   7317402 . PMID   31994728.
  10. ↑ Krienitz, Lothar; Bock, Christina; Kotut, Kiplagat; Pröschold, Thomas (2012). "Genotypic diversity of Dictyosphaerium-morphospecies (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae) in African inland waters, including the description of four new genera". Fottea. 12 (2): 231–253. doi: 10.5507/fot.2012.017 .
  11. ↑ Song, Huiyin; Wang, Qinghua; Liu, Xudong; Hu, Yuxin; Long, Jijian; Liu, Guoxiang; Hu, Zhengyu (2018). "Phylogenic Diversity and Taxonomic Problems of the Dictyosphaerium Morphotype within the Parachlorella Clade (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae)". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 65 (3): 382–391. doi:10.1111/jeu.12482. PMID   29080384. S2CID   19043002.
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