Eatoniella mortoni

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Eatoniella mortoni
Eatoniella (Dardanula) mortoni (Ponder, 1965) (AM MA71262).jpg
Holotype of Eatoniella mortoni from Auckland War Memorial Museum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Family: Eatoniellidae
Genus: Eatoniella
Species:
E. mortoni
Binomial name
Eatoniella mortoni
Ponder, 1965
Synonyms [1]
  • Eatoniella (Dardanula) mortoniPonder 1965

Eatoniella mortoni is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. [1] First described by Winston Ponder in 1965, it is endemic to the waters of New Zealand. The species has been used to study the effects of ocean acidification, as it is known to thrive in carbon dioxide-rich environments.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was described as Eatoniella (Dardanula) mortoni in 1965 by Winston Ponder, who named it after New Zealand biologist John Morton. Morton had assisted Ponder during his early investigations into the species. [2] Ponder synonymised several previously-named genera, including Iredale's 1915 genus Dardanula, which was retained as a subgenus of Eatoniella. [2]

Description

Eatoniella mortoni has a solid, conical, smooth shell. The shells are widely variable in colour, from purple-tinted dark grey to pale yellow-grey. [2] The species measures 1.85 millimetres by 1.13 millimetres. [3]

Distribution

The species is often found living on kelp such as Ecklonia radiata Common Kelp Ecklonia radiata at Cape Rodney-Okakari Point Marine Reserve (2).jpg
The species is often found living on kelp such as Ecklonia radiata

The species is endemic to New Zealand. [1] The holotype was collected by Ponder himself on 11 December 1961, at Days Bay in Wellington. [4] The species is known to occur on both coasts of the North Island and South Island. [5] [2] [6] [7] In addition, the species can be found on the Chatham Islands [2] and the volcanic island Whakaari / White Island. [8]

Typically the species can be found on algae at low tide, [2] and underneath intertidal rocks, [5] and often lives on kelp species such as Ecklonia radiata . [9]

Ocean acidification studies

Different angle views of an Eatoniella mortoni specimen found in Abel Tasman National Park Eatoniella mortoni 01.jpg
Different angle views of an Eatoniella mortoni specimen found in Abel Tasman National Park

Eatoniella mortoni has been used as a species to study ocean acidification, as the species benefits from living in carbon dioxide-rich environments and remains localised, [9] [10] [11] [12] especially specimens sourced from the volcanic island Whakaari / White Island, due to their lifetime exposure to carbon dioxide vents. [13] Eatoniella mortoni can produce more crystalline, durable and less porous shells at natural carbon dioxide vents. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean acidification</span> Climate change-induced decline of pH levels in the ocean

Ocean acidification is the decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020). CO2 from the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans. This produces carbonic acid (H2CO3) which dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO−3) and a hydrogen ion (H+). The presence of free hydrogen ions (H+) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing acidity (this does not mean that seawater is acidic yet; it is still alkaline, with a pH higher than 8). Marine calcifying organisms, such as mollusks and corals, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.

Estuarine acidification happens when the pH balance of water in coastal marine ecosystems, specifically those of estuaries, decreases. Water, generally considered neutral on the pH scale, normally perfectly balanced between alkalinity and acidity. While ocean acidification occurs due to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, pH change in estuaries is more complicated than in the open ocean due to direct impacts from land run-off, human impact, and coastal current dynamics. In the ocean, wave and wind movement allows carbon dioxide (CO2) to mixes with water (H2O) forming carbonic acid (H2CO3). Through wave motion this chemical bond is mixed up, allowing for the further break of the bond, eventually becoming carbonate (CO3) which is basic and helps form shells for ocean creatures, and two hydron molecules. This creates the potential for acidic threat since hydron ions readily bond with any Lewis Structure to form an acidic bond. This is referred to as an oxidation-reduction reaction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef</span> Threat to the reef which reduces the viability and strength of reef-building corals

Ocean acidification threatens the Great Barrier Reef by reducing the viability and strength of coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef, considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world and a biodiversity hotspot, is located in Australia. Similar to other coral reefs, it is experiencing degradation due to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification results from a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is taken up by the ocean. This process can increase sea surface temperature, decrease aragonite, and lower the pH of the ocean. The more humanity consumes fossil fuels, the more the ocean absorbs released CO₂, furthering ocean acidification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marine biogenic calcification</span> Shell formation mechanism

Marine biogenic calcification is the process by which marine organisms such as oysters and clams form calcium carbonate. Seawater is full of dissolved compounds, ions and nutrients that organisms can use for energy and, in the case of calcification, to build shells and outer structures. Calcifying organisms in the ocean include molluscs, foraminifera, coccolithophores, crustaceans, echinoderms such as sea urchins, and corals. The shells and skeletons produced from calcification have important functions for the physiology and ecology of the organisms that create them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justin B. Ries</span> American marine scientist (born 1976)

Justin Baker Ries is an American marine scientist, best known for his contributions to ocean acidification, carbon sequestration, and biomineralization research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean</span>

The Arctic ocean covers an area of 14,056,000 square kilometers, and supports a diverse and important socioeconomic food web of organisms, despite its average water temperature being 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Over the last three decades, the Arctic Ocean has experienced drastic changes due to climate change. One of the changes is in the acidity levels of the ocean, which have been consistently increasing at twice the rate of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Arctic Ocean acidification is a result of feedback from climate system mechanisms, and is having negative impacts on Arctic Ocean ecosystems and the organisms that live within them.

<i>Eatoniella albocolumella</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella albocolumella is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. It was first described by Winston Ponder in 1965. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella atervisceralis</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella atervisceralis is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. It was first described by Winston F. Ponder in 1965. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella bathamae</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella bathamae is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. It was first described by Winston F. Ponder in 1965. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella fossa</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella fossa is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. It was first described by Winston F. Ponder in 1965. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella globosa</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella globosa is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. It was first described by Winston F. Ponder in 1965. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella fuscosubucula</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella fuscosubucula is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. It was first described by Winston F. Ponder in 1965. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella latebricola</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella latebricola is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. It was first described by Winston F. Ponder in 1965. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella notalabia</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella notalabia is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. It was first described by Winston F. Ponder in 1965. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella perforata</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella perforata is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. First described by Winston Ponder in 1965, it is endemic to the waters of New Zealand. Compared to most other Eatoniella species of New Zealand, E. perforata is found in relatively deep water.

<i>Eatoniella pullmitra</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella pullmitra is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. First described by Winston Ponder in 1965, it is endemic to the waters of New Zealand. The species has a preference for living on algae found in the sublittoral zone.

<i>Eatoniella rakiura</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella rakiura is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. First described by Winston Ponder in 1965, it is endemic to the waters of New Zealand. The first specimens of the species were exclusively found around Stewart Island.

<i>Eatoniella smithae</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella smithae is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. First described by Winston Ponder in 1965, it is endemic to the waters of New Zealand, and is one of the most common marine species found around Stewart Island.

<i>Eatoniella stewartiana</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella stewartiana is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. First described by Winston Ponder in 1965, it is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

<i>Eatoniella varicolor</i> Species of gastropod

Eatoniella varicolor is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eatoniellidae. First described by Winston Ponder in 1965, it is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2022). "Eatoniella mortoni Ponder, 1965". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ponder, W. F. (1965). "The Family Eatoniellidae in New Zealand". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 6: 85. ISSN   0067-0464. JSTOR   42906115. Wikidata   Q58676802.
  3. ↑ "Eatoniella mortoni". New Zealand Mollusca. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  4. ↑ Blom, Wilma (2022). "Fossil and Recent molluscan types in the Auckland War Memorial Museum. Part 4: Gastropoda (Caenogastropoda – Neocyclotidae to Epitoniidae). [Cyclophoroidea, Cerithioidea, Littorinimorpha]". Records of the Auckland Museum . 56 (55): 39–62. doi:10.32912/ram.2020.55.7. ISSN   2422-8567. S2CID   229670783 . Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  5. 1 2 Hayward, Bruce; Morley, Margaret (2004). "Intertidal Life Around the Coast of the Waitakere Ranges, Auckland" (PDF). Auckland Regional Council . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  6. ↑ "Eatoniella mortoni". Auckland War Memorial Museum . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  7. ↑ "marine snail, Eatoniella mortoni Ponder, 1965". Te Papa . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  8. ↑ "marine snail, Eatoniella mortoni Ponder, 1965". Te Papa . Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  9. 1 2 Leung, Jonathan Y. S.; Doubleday, Zoë A.; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Chen, Yujie; Xie, Zonghan; Connell, Sean D. (10 July 2019). "How calorie-rich food could help marine calcifiers in a CO2-rich future". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1906): 20190757. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0757. PMC   6650713 . PMID   31288703.
  10. ↑ Doubleday, Zoë A.; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Coutts, Madeleine D.; Goldenberg, Silvan U.; Connell, Sean D. (2019). "A triple trophic boost: How carbon emissions indirectly change a marine food chain". Global Change Biology. 25 (3): 978–984. doi:10.1111/gcb.14536. ISSN   1365-2486. PMID   30500999. S2CID   54568811 . Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  11. ↑ Connell, Sean D.; Doubleday, Zoë A.; Hamlyn, Sarah B.; Foster, Nicole R.; Harley, Christopher D. G.; Helmuth, Brian; Kelaher, Brendan P.; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Sarà, Gianluca; Russell, Bayden D. (6 February 2017). "How ocean acidification can benefit calcifiers". Current Biology. 27 (3): –95–R96. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.004 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   28171763. S2CID   46800745.
  12. ↑ Doubleday, Zoë A.; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Connell, Sean D. (23 October 2017). "Ocean life breaking rules by building shells in acidic extremes". Current Biology. 27 (20): –1104–R1106. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.057 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   29065288. S2CID   37459063.
  13. ↑ Leung, Jonathan Y. S.; Chen, Yujie; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Zhang, Sam; Xie, Zonghan; Connell, Sean D. (2020). "Calcifiers can Adjust Shell Building at the Nanoscale to Resist Ocean Acidification". Small. 16 (37): 2003186. doi:10.1002/smll.202003186. ISSN   1613-6829. PMID   32776486. S2CID   221098469 . Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  14. ↑ Leung, Jonathan Y. S.; Zhang, Sam; Connell, Sean D. (2022). "Is Ocean Acidification Really a Threat to Marine Calcifiers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 980+ Studies Spanning Two Decades". Small. 18 (35): 2107407. doi:10.1002/smll.202107407. hdl: 2440/136116 . ISSN   1613-6829. PMID   35934837. S2CID   251400079 . Retrieved 16 November 2022.
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