Enlargement of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

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The Enlargement of the Association [1] of Southeast Asian Nations is the process of expanding the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) through the accession of new member states. This process began with ASEAN's five original members, who founded the association through the signing of Bangkok Declaration in 1967. Since then, the ASEAN's membership has grown to ten with the accession of Cambodia in 1999.

Contents

Currently, two states are seeking accession to ASEAN: Papua New Guinea [2] [3] and East Timor. [4]

Criteria

One of the criteria for membership is that a prospective member must agree to subscribe or accede to all the treaties, declarations and agreements in ASEAN, starting with those outlined in the Bangkok Declaration of 8 August 1967 and those elaborated and developed in various subsequent treaties, declarations and agreements of ASEAN. One common concern that must be addressed through negotiations is the ability of a prospective member to participate in ASEAN Free Trade Area and all other economic co-operation arrangements. One important means of orientation for a prospective member is its attendance at ASEAN meetings and participation in co-operation projects. [5]

The Bangkok Declaration lays down no conditions for membership other than location in Southeast Asia and the usual principles of inter-state relations. ASEAN has no membership criteria related to the character of government, ideological system and orientation, economic policy, or level of development. If there were such criteria for membership, a regional association would not be possible in Southeast Asia, given its diversity. [6] To be admitted as an ASEAN member state, a state must maintain embassies in all current member countries of the bloc. [7]

Criteria for observers

ASEAN senior officials agreed in 1983 that observer status "should be granted only to potential members of ASEAN who satisfy the criteria set for ASEAN membership". One of the criteria states, "only states in the Southeast Asia may join ASEAN." [6]

Criteria for ASEAN Regional Forum

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the multilateral dialogue among Asia Pacific countries is aimed for fostering dialogue and consultation, also promoting confidence-building and preventive diplomacy throughout the region. [8] The membership criteria for ARF, as well as other Dialogue Partners, were outlined during the second ARF in 1996, in Jakarta, Indonesia. ARF ministers adopted the criteria that ARF participants must be sovereign states, which, at China's behest, was evidently meant to exclude Taiwan. They must "abide by and respect fully the decisions and statements already made by the ARF". The criteria stress that ASEAN members "automatically" take part in the ARF. [6]

Historical enlargements

Founding members

ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand – met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers: Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand are considered as the organisation's Founding Fathers. [9]

The accession of members from 1967 to 1999 ASEAN Enlargement 1967-1999.svg
The accession of members from 1967 to 1999

Continued expansion

The flags of current ten ASEAN members ASEAN Nations Flags in Jakarta 3.jpg
The flags of current ten ASEAN members

In 1976, the Melanesian state of Papua New Guinea was accorded observer status. [10] The bloc then grew when Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member after it joined on 8 January 1984, barely a week after the country became independent on 1 January. [11]

Vietnam became an ASEAN observer state in 1993 [12] and the seventh full member on 28 July 1995. [1]

Laos, Burma, and Cambodia

The latest three members of ASEAN began their application in joining the bloc in the 1990s.

Laos became an ASEAN observer at the 25th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM) in Manila, Philippines, in July 1992. At the 28th AMM in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, the Lao foreign minister announced that he wished to see Laos join ASEAN in 1997, stated in a letter of application for membership dated 15 March 1996. [5]

Cambodia was accorded observer status at the 28th AMM in July 1995. The Cambodian foreign minister applied for membership in a letter dated 23 March 1996. Like Laos, Cambodia also wished to join ASEAN in 1997. [5]

The foreign minister of Myanmar attended the 27th and 28th AMM as a guest of the host governments. During the 28th meeting, Myanmar acceded to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia and applied for observer status.

The heads of government of Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia met with those of ASEAN during the Fifth ASEAN Summit in Bangkok on 15 December 1995. The representative of Myanmar expressed hope that his country would be accorded observer status at the 29th AMM in 1996. [5]

The ASEAN Security Committee (ASC) established a working group, chaired by ASEAN Deputy Secretary-General Mr. Mahadi Haji Wasli, to look into all issues on the potential membership of Cambodia and Laos. On 17 July 1996, the working group held consultations with the director-general of the ASEAN Department of Laos in Jakarta. [5]

At the 29th AMM, Myanmar was accorded observer status, and participated in the ARF for the first time. On 12 August 1996, Myanmar submitted application for membership in ASEAN, with hopes for joining by 1997 along with Cambodia and Laos. [5] The ASC then extended the mandate of the Working Group on the Membership of Cambodia and Laos to also include the membership of Myanmar. [5]

Laos and Myanmar became members of ASEAN on 23 July 1997. [13] Cambodia's membership was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle; following the stabilisation of its government, Cambodia joined on 30 April 1999. [13] [14]

In addition to the growth in membership, the bloc experienced a drive for further integration in the 1990s. In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus [15] composing the then-members of ASEAN and the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the growing influence of the United States in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and in the Asian region as a whole. [16] [17] This proposal failed, however, due to heavy opposition from the United States and Japan. [16] [18] Despite this failure, member states continued to work for further integration and ASEAN Plus Three was created in 1997.

In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was signed as a schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal to increase the "region's competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market". This law acted as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, a revival of the Malaysian proposal was established in Chiang Mai, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative, which calls for better integration between the economies of ASEAN and the ASEAN Plus Three countries. [19]

Future enlargement

.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Member states Candidates: Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste Potential candidates for observer status: Bangladesh and Fiji ASEAN Enlargement.svg
  Member states
  Candidates: Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste
  Potential candidates for observer status: Bangladesh and Fiji

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been an observer of the regional bloc since 1976, earlier than any other non-original member of ASEAN. Its leaders have been pushing for full membership since at least the 1980s. [20] During the 29th AMM in 1996, PNG Foreign Minister Kilroy Genia proposed that Papua New Guinea be accorded permanent associate membership with ASEAN. [21] PNG Prime Minister Michael Somare stated during his visit to the Philippines in 2009 that his country was considering applying for full membership. [2] In March 2012, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono expressed his support for PNG membership in ASEAN. [22] In June 2013 PNG Foreign Minister Rimbink Pato reiterated that the country was "very interested" in joining ASEAN. [23]

An obstacle to PNG's admission to ASEAN has been its geographical location. Although located no farther away from ASEAN's Jakarta headquarters than northern Myanmar, PNG is usually considered to be outside Southeast Asia and thus ineligible for membership. When the country was granted the observer status in 1976, it was acknowledged that PNG shares the same political and economic region with ASEAN's member, and connected geographically, because the country forms half of the island of New Guinea, with the other half occupied by Indonesia's provinces of Papua and West Papua. A subsequent decision in 1983 limited membership to Southeast Asian countries.

In 2015, PNG appointed a special envoy to deal with matters related to ASEAN, reflecting its determination to expedite becoming a full member of the ASEAN bloc. PNG was also taking the necessary steps to prepare itself for integration. [24]

Timor-Leste

Jose Ramos-Horta hoped East Timor could join ASEAN before 2012. Jose Ramos-Horta, USAID 2009.jpg
José Ramos-Horta hoped East Timor could join ASEAN before 2012.

In March 2011 Timor-Leste (a.k.a. East Timor) submitted a membership application to ASEAN, [25] a move which was supported by Indonesia, its former colonialist turned partner-ally, and the Philippines, its only Catholic ally in Asia. [26]

Timor-Leste gained its independence in 2002, and from the following year took part in the Southeast Asian Games, a multi-sport event associated with ASEAN. In 2005, the country became the 25th to join the ARF. The biggest struggle toward joining ASEAN had been for the young and war-torn country to maintain embassies in all ten ASEAN member countries. [27] Timorese President José Ramos-Horta hoped to gain membership before 2012. [28]

Lack of consensus has prevented ASEAN from arriving at decisions on observer status for Timor-Leste and its accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. The treaty makes clear distinctions between the rights of regional and non-regional signatories, but whether Timor-Leste a part of the region is debatable. [6]

Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong objected in late 2011 to Timor-Leste's membership, due to his desire to achieve economic integration by 2015, which the relatively less-developed Timor-Leste would make difficult. [29] Some member states are concerned that, having experienced the entry of four relatively underdeveloped members, ASEAN would be admitting an even poorer one. [6] Although ASEAN has no membership criteria regarding political ideology, some ASEAN countries have difficulties with Timor-Leste's eventual membership.[ citation needed ]

In 2015, Timor-Leste's ambassador to Malaysia said the country was ready to join ASEAN, having fulfilled the two major requirements of being located in the region and having opened embassies in ASEAN member countries. [30] In 2016, Indonesia announced that Timor-Leste's membership bid could be realized in 2017, since the feasibility studies conducted by both countries on Timor-Leste's stability, security, economy, and culture would be finished by the end of 2016. The Philippines, a close ally of Timor-Leste, would be the ARF host for 2017. [31] [ needs update ]

Countries interested in joining

A number of countries had expressed an interest in becoming part of ASEAN despite being outside the geographical limits of Southeast Asia.

Bangladesh

Laos supports Bangladesh gaining observer status in ASEAN. [32]

Fiji

Fiji has expressed an interest in be granted observer status at ASEAN. In 2011, the President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, reportedly advised the President of Fiji, Commodore Voreqe Bainimaram, that he would advocate for consideration of this request during Indonesia's chairmanship of ASEAN. [33]

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka was initially invited to join ASEAN as a founding member on 8 August 1967, however the country did not proceed as ASEAN was pro-Western and Sri Lanka was then pursuing a policy of non-alignment. [34] [35] There was also objection from Singapore over concerns of domestic instability from tensions between the two main ethnic groups of Sri Lanka. [36] Interest from within the country later became evident and it attempted to join ASEAN by 1981. [37] [38] [39] In 2007, Sri Lanka was among the 27 participants in the ARF. [40]

Other countries

Australia

In February 2018, independent think tank Australian Strategic Policy Institute recommended that Australia seek ASEAN membership by 2024. [41] During a 2018 interview with Fairfax Media, Indonesian President Joko Widodo stated that Australia should join the organization. [42] In 2016, former Australian prime minister Paul Keating suggested that Australia join ASEAN. [43]

Mongolia

In May 2017, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte said that Mongolia had expressed a desire to join ASEAN. He then stated that he would push for the other member states to include them. [44]

New Zealand

In February 2018, independent think tank Australian Strategic Policy Institute recommended that Australia and New Zealand should join ASEAN by 2024. [41]

Palau

In June 2019, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University recommended that Palau has the potential to meaningfully participate in ASEAN. He then argued that the United States should try to persuade Thailand to push for observer status for Palau during its chairmanship of ASEAN. [45]

Turkey

In May 2017, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte said that Turkey had expressed a desire to join ASEAN. He then stated that he would push for the other member states to include them. [44]

Related Research Articles

Foreign relations of Indonesia

Since independence, Indonesian foreign relations have adhered to a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among major powers. Indonesian foreign policy under the "New Order" government of President Suharto moved away from the stridently anti-Western, anti-American posturing that characterised the latter part of the Sukarno era. Following Suharto's ouster in 1998, Indonesia's government has preserved the broad outlines of Suharto's independent, moderate foreign policy. Preoccupation with domestic problems has not prevented successive presidents from travelling abroad.

Southeast Asia Subregion of Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is the southeastern subregion of Asia, consisting of the regions that are geographically south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent and north-west of Australia. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. The region is the only part of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere, although the majority of it is in the Northern Hemisphere. In contemporary definition, Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

  1. Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula and historically as Indochina, comprising Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
  2. Maritime Southeast Asia, also known as the Malay Archipelago and historically as Nusantara, comprising the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India), Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia), Brunei, East Malaysia, East Timor, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore.

The foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand.

ASEAN International organisation of South East Asian countries

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia. ASEAN primarily objective was to accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development. A Secondary objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principle of United Nations charter. Whether some of the fastest growing economy is in the world asean broadened its objective beyond the economic and social spheres. In 2003, ASEAN moved along the path of EU by agreeing to establish an Asean community comprising three pillars namely the ASEAN security community the ASEAN economic community and the ASEAN socio -cultural community. In the asean logo the ten stalks (rice) represent the ten southeast Asian countries bound together in friendship and solidarity, the circle symbolises the unity of ASEAN

Foreign relations of East Timor Overview of relations

After the referendum on independence on 30 August 1999, East Timor became an independent nation on 20 May 2002 and began initiating foreign relations with the rest of the global community.

Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea's foreign policy reflects close ties with Australia and other traditional allies and cooperative relations with neighboring countries. Its views on international political and economic issues are generally moderate. Papua New Guinea has diplomatic relations with 56 countries.

Timor-Leste national football team

The Timor-Leste national football team is the national team of East Timor and is controlled by the Federação de Futebol de Timor-Leste. They joined FIFA on 12 September 2005.

ASEAN Para Games

The ASEAN Para Games is a biannual multi-sport event held after every Southeast Asian Games involving disabled athletes from the current 11 Southeast Asia countries. Participating athletes have a variety of disabilities ranging from spastic, cerebral palsy, mobility disabilities, visual disabilities, amputated to intellectual disabilities. The ASEAN Para Games is under the regulation of the ASEAN Para Sports Federation (APSF) with supervision by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the Asian Paralympic Committee and is traditionally hosted by the country where the Southeast Asian Games took place.

ASEAN Summit

The ASEAN Summit is a biannual meeting held by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in relation to economic, political, security, and socio-cultural development of Southeast Asian countries. In addition, it serves as a prominent regional (Asia) and international (worldwide) conference, with world leaders attending its related summits and meetings to discuss various problems and global issues, strengthening co-operation, and making decisions. The summit has been praised by world leaders for its success and ability to produce results on a global level.

East Asia Summit

The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a regional forum held annually by leaders of, initially, 16 countries in the East Asian, Southeast Asian, South Asian and Oceanian regions, based on the ASEAN Plus Six mechanism. Membership expanded to 18 countries including Russia and the United States at the Sixth EAS in 2011. Since its establishment, ASEAN has held the central role and leadership in the forum. EAS meetings are held after the annual ASEAN leaders' meetings, and plays an important role in the regional architecture of Asia-Pacific. The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 14 December 2005.

The ASEAN Common Time (ACT) is a proposal to adopt a standard time for all Association of Southeast Asian Nations member states. It was proposed in 1995 by Singapore, and in 2004 and 2015 by Malaysia to make business across countries easier. The proposal failed because of opposition in Thailand and Cambodia.

Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

As of 2010, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has 10 member states, one candidate member state, and one observer state.

Mekong–Ganga Cooperation

The Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC) was established on November 10, 2000, at Vientiane, Laos at the First MGC Ministerial Meeting. It comprises six member countries, namely India, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. The four areas of cooperation are tourism, culture, education, and transportation. The organization takes its name from the Ganga and the Mekong, two large rivers in the region.

Accession of East Timor to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

The accession of East Timor to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a process that started following the independence of the country in 2002 when its leaders stated that it had made a "strategic decision" to become a member state of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the future. Closer ties with ASEAN are supported by all political parties in East Timor. East Timor would have by far the smallest GDP in the ASEAN, less than 15% of the smallest current ASEAN member state Laos.

Southern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists

The Southern Asia-Pacific Division (SSD) of Seventh-day Adventists is a sub-entity of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, which coordinates the Church's activities in the nations of Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, East Timor, and Vietnam. Its headquarters is in Silang, Cavite, Philippines. The Division has 1,523,695 members as of June 30, 2018

This article details the fixtures and results of the Timor-Leste national football team.

Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy

The Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy for ASEAN Youth Football Championship, is the football tournament for youth players in Southeast Asia. It was opened to football players from ASEAN member states under the age of 21 years to participate in this.

Accession of Papua New Guinea to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

The possibility of accession of Papua New Guinea to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations is currently a matter of discussion.

The Timor-Leste–Indonesia–Australia Growth Triangle (TIA-GT) is a combined initiative of the regions of Eastern Indonesia, Northern Australia, and the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. This initiative aims to promote and foster economic growth through integrated economic development in the region that these nations reside in. The growth triangle was created in 2012, after a meeting was held by former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono with former Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard and former Timor-Leste Prime Minister Xanana Gusmao. The initiative aims to support economic, social, and cultural development primarily by attracting investment, developing manufacturing industries, enhancing human capital, and overall building a stronger cooperative relationship between the three countries involved. The initiative also aimed to accelerate the accession of Timor-Leste into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and to fulfill goals set by Timor-Leste's Strategic Development Plan, such as increasing the nation's economic prosperity and stability. The growth triangle is often misinterpreted as a free-trade zone; however, while there are elements of free trade agreements between Indonesia and Australia specifically, the terms of the growth triangle initiative are not directly linked to these free trade agreements, and the goals of the growth triangle do not specifically encompass free trade between the three nations.

References

  1. 1 2 "Vietnam in ASEAN : Toward Cooperation for Mutual Benefits". ASEAN Secretariat. 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  2. 1 2 "Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid". GMA News and Public Affairs. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  3. ↑ Somare seeks PGMA's support for PNG's ASEAN membership bid Archived 6 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 8 July 2009
  4. ↑ East Timor ASEAN Bid Retrieved 28 July 2006
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Preparations for the Membership of ASEAN Retrieved 14 May 2011
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Severino, Rodolfo (2006) Southeast Asia in search of an ASEAN community: insights from the former ASEAN secretary-general, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  7. ↑ Aquino to back East Timor's bid for ASEAN membership Archived 27 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 14 May 2011
  8. ↑ About Us Archived 25 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine , ASEAN Regional Forum official website. Retrieved 12 June 2006.
  9. ↑ Bernard Eccleston; Michael Dawson; Deborah J. McNamara (1998). The Asia-Pacific Profile. Routledge (UK). ISBN   0-415-17279-9.
  10. ↑ "ASEAN secretariat". ASEAN. 23 July 1999. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  11. ↑ "Background Note:Brunei Darussalam/Profile:/Foreign Relations". United States State Department. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  12. ↑ "Vietnam's Membership of ASEAN: Issues and Implications" (PDF). Department of the Parliamentary Library.
  13. 1 2 Carolyn L. Gates; Mya Than (2001). ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN   981-230-081-3.
  14. ↑ "Statement by the Secretary-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Cambodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN : 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat". ASEAN Secretariat. 2008. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  15. ↑ East Asia Economic Caucus Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  16. 1 2 Asiaviews.org Archived 11 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine , Whither East Asia? Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  17. ↑ UNT.edu, Asia's Reaction to NAFTA, Nancy J. Hamilton. CRS - Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  18. ↑ IHT.com, Japan Straddles Fence on Issue of East Asia Caucus. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  19. ↑ "Regional Financial Cooperation among ASEAN+3". Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  20. ↑ Jacobs, Sean (6 December 2012). "Is PNG Ready to Join Asean? Not Quite Yet". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  21. ↑ OPENING STATEMENT BY H.E. AMBASSADOR LEONARD LOUMA SPECIAL ENVOY OF THE PAPUA NEW GUINEA GOVERNMENT
  22. ↑ Chongkittavorn, Kavi (20 September 2010). "Is an Asean 12 possible - with Timor-Leste?" . Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  23. ↑ "PNG keen on full ASEAN membership". The Brunei Times. 30 June 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  24. ↑ "PNG to appoint special envoy for ASEAN". Bernama . Radio New Zealand. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  25. ↑ McGeown, Kate (4 March 2011). "East Timor applies to join Asean". BBC News . Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  26. ↑ Dua, Nusa (27 March 2012). "I have my own view, SBY tells PM Lee Hsien Loong". Jakarta Post . Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  27. ↑ "Aquino to back Timor-Leste's bid for ASEAN membership". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  28. ↑ "Timor's key concern: preparing for ASEAN membership". Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  29. ↑ "I have my own view, SBY tells PM Lee Hsien Loong". Jakarta Post. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  30. ↑ "Timor Leste is ready to join Asean grouping". Bernama. Daily Express. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  31. ↑ Hunt, Luke (27 May 2016). "East Timor Hopes for ASEAN Membership by 2017". The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  32. ↑ "Lao to back Bangladesh for getting observer status of ASEAN". The News Today. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  33. ↑ "Indoensia Backs Fiji's ASEAN Bid". Fiji Sun. 7 April 2011.
  34. ↑ David M. Malone; C. Raja Mohan; Srinath Raghavan, eds. (23 July 2015). The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press. p. 455. ISBN   9780191061189.
  35. ↑ V. Suryanarayan (27 December 2011). "Sri Lanka: Fresh Insights On Attempts To Join ASEAN – Analysis". Eurasia Review.
  36. ↑ "Singapore's Rajaratnam prevented Sri Lanka joining ASEAN – The Nation". Asian Tribune. 7 August 2007.
  37. ↑ Mervyn De Silva (31 May 1981). "Sri Lanka: Operation ASEAN". India Today.
  38. ↑ Charan D. Wadhva; Mukul G. Asher, eds. (1985). ASEAN-South Asia Economic Relations. p. 341. ISBN   9789971902988.
  39. ↑ "Let Us Join ASEAN". Daily News. 1 December 2016.
  40. ↑ "Sri Lanka becomes the 27th participant to join ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sri Lanka.
  41. 1 2 Dobell, Graeme. "Australia as an ASEAN Community partner". Australian Strategic Policy Institute . Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  42. ↑ Grigg, Angus (15 March 2018). "Indonesian President Jokowi wants Australia in ASEAN, said free trade deal is close". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  43. ↑ Karp, Paul (10 November 2016). "Paul Keating calls for more independent Australian foreign policy after US election". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  44. 1 2 "Turkey, Mongolia could join ASEAN: Duterte". Gulf Times. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  45. ↑ Walsh, Michael (18 June 2019). "Rethinking Palau's Place in the Free and Open Indo-Pacific". The Diplomat Magazine. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
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