Erythranthe peregrina

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Erythranthe peregrina
Erythranthe peregrina.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Phrymaceae
Genus: Erythranthe
Species:
E. peregrina
Binomial name
Erythranthe peregrina
(Vallejo-Marin) G.L.Nesom
Synonyms [1]
  • Mimulus peregrinusVallejo-Marin

Erythranthe peregrina is a species of monkeyflower. Its Latin name means "foreign", or more loosely "the foreigner". This species is a rare example of polyploidization and speciation where sterility did not occur. [2] It was discovered in 2011, first reported in 2012, and named Mimulus peregrinus. Around the same time, the genus Mimulus was restructured and this species is now called Erythranthe peregrina and is in the section Simiolus. [3] [4] [5] [6] The species was less than 140 years old at the time of discovery in 2011; its discoverer, Mario Vallejo-Marin of the University of Stirling, compared finding it to "looking at the big bang in the first milliseconds of its occurrence". [7]

Contents

Description

Erythranthe peregrina has a high level of pollen and seed fertility. [8] Its vegetative and floral characteristics are intermediate between its two ancestral species, E. guttata and E. lutea . [9] E. peregrina is a perennial herb 5–30 centimetres (2.0–11.8 in) high. The leaves are generally variable, ovate-oblong 3–14 by 1.5–4 centimetres (1.18–5.51 by 0.59–1.57 in). Petioles are about 75% as long as the blades. Pedicels are 2.5–5 centimetres (0.98–1.97 in). Sepals are 1.5–2.5 centimetres (0.59–0.98 in) and have five triangular teeth. The flowers are yellow with red spots. Throats are slightly hairy. Stamens produce large amounts of pollen. The germination rates of self-fertilized seeds is about 80%. [8]

Origin

Polyploidization is a mechanism of  sympatric speciation  because polyploids are usually unable to interbreed with their diploid ancestors due to the difference in chromosome numbers. [10] Sequencing confirmed that this species originated from E. × robertsii, a sterile triploid hybrid (2n = 3x = 46) between E. guttata and E. lutea, both of which have been introduced and naturalized in the United Kingdom. [10]

Due to allopolyploidization, complete chromosomal inheritance, E. peregrina has double the amount of genetic material, genome size and chromosomes of E. × robertsii (2n = 6x = 92). [10] [11] Wheat, cotton and tobacco also formed in this manner. [7] Such an event has been rare in the last two centuries and is the first such instance in the order Lamiales. [10] Such genetic doubling resulting in a new species is instantaneous in evolutionary terms. [12]

Distribution

Erythranthe peregrina was photographed on the banks of the River Tees, Northern England in 2005, where it was mis-identified as Mimulus luteus by Dr. Peter Llewellyn, an amateur botanist. [13] Vallejo-Marin later collected one of its seeds on 27 August 2011 from the banks of Shortcleuch Water, near Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, in southern Scotland. [14] Making this species even more unusual, two separate populations of E. peregrina arose independently; one on the Scottish mainland and the Orkney Islands off the coast of northern Scotland, via genome duplication from local populations of E. × robertsii, [15] a hybrid of Erythranthe guttata from western North America and Erythranthe lutea from the Andes of South America; both of those species had been imported into Britain. [11] Scientists had known about E. × robertsii for some time, but until 2011 had always found it to be sterile. [16]

New species generally form in one locale and then spread to other areas. However, in this very unusual case, E. peregrina formed independently in the same way in two different areas. This proves that under the right conditions multiple independent evolution of the same species is repeatable. The two colonies are confirmed as having the same parentage but slight genetic differences show they arose independently. While the Orkney colony was discovered about 2 years after the Leadhills colony, there is no way to tell which colony developed first. [17] Senecio cambrensis is another case of multiple independent evolution; having arisen in Wales and Scotland. [16] [18] [19] About one-third of the wild hybrids in the British Isles have at least one non-native parent. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phrymaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America. Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains.

<i>Mimulus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Mimulus, also known as monkeyflowers, is a plant genus in the family Phrymaceae, which was traditionally placed in family Scrophulariaceae. The genus now contains only seven species, two native to eastern North America and the other five native to Asia, Australia, Africa, or Madagascar. In the past, about 150 species were placed in this genus, most of which have since been assigned to other genera, the majority to genus Erythranthe.

<i>Erythranthe guttata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Erythranthe guttata, with the common names seep monkeyflower and common yellow monkeyflower, is a yellow bee-pollinated annual or perennial plant. It was formerly known as Mimulus guttatus.

<i>Erythranthe cardinalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe cardinalis, the scarlet monkeyflower, is a flowering perennial in the family Phrymaceae. Together with other species in Mimulus section Erythranthe, it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive isolation. It was formerly known as Mimulus cardinalis.

<i>Erythranthe nudata</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe nudata, the bare monkeyflower, is a species of monkeyflower endemic to the serpentine soils of Colusa, Lake and Napa Counties in California. It is an annual flower with bright yellow tube-shaped blooms and small narrow leaves.

<i>Erythranthe breviflora</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe breviflora is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name shortflower monkeyflower. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Wyoming to the Modoc Plateau and northern Sierra Nevada in California. It grows in moist areas in several types of habitat. It was formerly known as Mimulus breviflorus.

<i>Erythranthe filicaulis</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe filicaulis, known by the common name slender-stemmed monkeyflower, is a species of monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus filicaulis.

<i>Erythranthe floribunda</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe floribunda is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name many-flowered monkeyflower. It is native to western North America from western Canada to California and northern Mexico, to the Rocky Mountains. It grows in many types of habitat, especially moist areas. It was formerly known as Mimulus floribundus.

Erythranthe glaucescens is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name shieldbract monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus glaucescens.

Erythranthe gracilipes is an uncommon species of monkeyflower known by the common name slenderstalk monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus gracilipes.

<i>Diplacus nanus</i> Species of flowering plant

Diplacus nanus is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name dwarf purple monkeyflower. It is native to California and the Northwestern United States to Montana. It grows in moist habitat, often in bare or disturbed soils. It was formerly known as Mimulus nanus.

Erythranthe parishii is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Parish's monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus parishii.

Erythranthe purpurea is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name little purple monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus purpureus.

<i>Erythranthe tilingii</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe tilingii is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Tiling's monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus tilingii.

<i>Erythranthe gemmipara</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe gemmipara is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Phrymaceae, known by the common name Rocky Mountain monkeyflower. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States, where there are eight known occurrences. It was formerly known as Mimulus gemmiparus.

<i>Erythranthe lutea</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe lutea is a species of monkeyflower also known as yellow monkeyflower, monkey musk, blotched monkey flowers, and blood-drop-emlets. It was formerly known as Mimulus luteus.

<i>Erythranthe</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Phrymaceae

Erythranthe, the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members in the family Phrymaceae. Erythranthe was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section within the genus Mimulus, and recently returned to generic rank. Mimulus sect. Diplacus was segregated from Mimulus as a separate genus at the same time. Mimulus remains as a small genus of eastern North America and the Southern Hemisphere. Molecular data show Erythranthe and Diplacus to be distinct evolutionary lines that are distinct from Mimulus as strictly defined, although this nomenclature is controversial.

<i>Diplacus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Diplacus is a plant genus in the family Phrymaceae, which was traditionally placed in family Scrophulariaceae. In the 2012 restructuring of Mimulus by Barker, et al., based largely upon DNA evidence, seven species were left in Mimulus, 111 placed into Erythranthe, 46 placed into Diplacus, two placed in Uvedalia, and one each placed in Elacholoma, Mimetanthe, and Thyridia. Diplacus used to be a separate genus from Mimulus, but it was merged into Mimulus no later than 1905, until the 2012 restructuring. Dry and rocky areas are preferred.

<i>Erythranthe cuprea</i> Species of flowering plant

Erythranthe cuprea is a species of monkeyflower also known by the common name flor de cobre. It was formerly known as Mimulus cupreus. Its characteristics in nectar and petal shape are markedly different from other species in this genus found in Chile.

Erythranthe nasuta is a species of monkeyflower. It was formerly known as Mimulus nasutus.

References

  1. ↑ "Erythranthe peregrina". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  2. ↑ "Rare glimpse into the origin of species". EurekAlert. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  3. ↑ Barker, W.R.; Nesom, G.L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Fraga, N.S. (2012). "A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2012–39: 1–60.
  4. ↑ Beardsley, P. M.; Yen, Alan; Olmstead, R. G. (2003). "AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination". Evolution. 57 (6): 1397–1410. doi:10.1554/02-086. JSTOR   3448862. PMID   12894947. S2CID   198154155.
  5. ↑ Beardsley, P. M.; Olmstead, R. G. (2002). "Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma". American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1093–1102. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093. JSTOR   4122195. PMID   21665709.
  6. ↑ Beardsley, P. M.; Schoenig, Steve E.; Whittall, Justen B.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004). "Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 474–4890. doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.3.474 . JSTOR   4123743. PMID   21653403.
  7. 1 2 Amos, Ilona (6 May 2015). "Biologist hails 'big bang' Scots flower discovery". Scotsman. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  8. 1 2 Vallejo-Marin, Mario (2012). "Mimulus peregrinus (Phrymaceae): A new British allopolyploid species". PhytoKeys (14): 1–14. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.14.3305 . PMC   3492922 . PMID   23170069.
  9. ↑ Nesom, Guy L. (2013). "The Taxonomic Status of Mimulus sookensis (Phrymaceae) and Comments on Related Aspects of Biology in Species of Erythranthe" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 69: 1–18. ISSN   2153-733X.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Vallejo-Marín, Mario; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Cooley, Arielle M.; Puzey, Joshua R. (2015). "Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species Mimulus peregrinus". Evolution. 69 (6): 1487–1500. doi:10.1111/evo.12678. PMC   5033005 . PMID   25929999.
  11. 1 2 Fessenden, Marissa. "Make Room for a New Bloom: New Flower Discovered". Scientific American. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  12. 1 2 "Hybrid species are on the march – with the help of humans". The Conversation. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  13. ↑ "Mimulus x robertsii Hybrid Monkeyflower DD I" . Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  14. ↑ "Mimulus peregrinus". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  15. ↑ Vallejo-Marín, Mario; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Cooley, Arielle M.; Puzey, Joshua R. (2015). "Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species Mimulus peregrinus". Evolution. 69 (6): 1487–1500. doi:10.1111/evo.12678. PMC   5033005 . PMID   25929999. S2CID   7903306.
  16. 1 2 DeWeerdt, Sarah (19 May 2015). "The Monkey-flower Has Two Faces". Conservation Magazine. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  17. ↑ "Flower find provides real-time insight into evolution". University of Sterling. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  18. ↑ Coleman, Max (5 June 2015). "New to Science 2015 – Mimulus peregrinus". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  19. ↑ Abbott, R.J.; Forbes, D.G. (2002). "Extinction of the Edinburgh lineage of the allopolyploid neospecies, Senecio cambrensis". Heredity. 88 (4): 267–269. doi: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800038 . PMID   11920133.
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