Etheirophoraceae

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Etheirophoraceae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Subclass:
Hypocreomycetidae
Order:
Torpedosporales

E.B.G. Jones, Abdel-Wahab & K.L. Pang, Fungal Divers. 73(1): 42 (2015) [1]
Family:
Etheirophoraceae

Rungjindamati, Somrothipol, & Suetrong, Cryptogamie, Mycologie 35(2): 134 (2014)
Type genus
Etheirophora
Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. [2] [3]

Etheirophoraceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. [4] They are saprobic on intertidal wood and bark within marine habitats. [1] [5]

Contents

Genera

It contains the following genera (with amount of species); [5]

Note former species; [11]

History

In 1987, Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer established the genus Swampomyces to accommodate Swampomyces armeniacus that is characterized by clypeate ascomata, apricot centrum, cylindrical asci and one-septate ascospores that are hyaline to yellowish, appearing light apricot-colored in mass. [9] Another species, Swampomyces triseptatusK.D. Hyde & Nakagiri, was described from mangroves in Australia (Hyde & Nakagiri 1992). [10] Then in 2001, Abdel-Wahab et al. described two new species of Swampomyces from Red Sea mangroves in Egypt, S. aegyptiacus and S. clavatisporus. [12] [13]

In 2007, Schoch et al. suggested that S. aegyptiacus and S. clavatisporus possibly belonged to a different genus Fulvocentrum . [14] Schoch also agreed that Swampomyces and Etheirophora were in the same clade. [15] This was agreed in further studies. [4] Genus Etheirophora had been placed in family Lophiostomataceae, [16] before family Etheirophoraceae was published in 2014. [4]

The family (in 2023) includes the genera Etheirophora (E. bijubata, E. blepharospora, E. unijubata) and Swampomyces (S. armeniacus and S. triseptatus) (Jones et al. 2014). [17] However, the genera Etheirophora and Swampomyces are not congeneric (belonging to the same genus) and they form a sister clade with Falcocladium species ( Falcocladiaceae family, Falcocladiales order) in an unsupported clade in Hypocreomycetidae, [17] order incertae sedis (Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). [18] Subsequently, Jones et al. in 2015, introduced order Torpedosporales to accommodate the families Etheirophoraceae, Juncigenaceae and Torpedosporaceae. The order evolved with a stem age of 171–241 MYA (Hongsanan et al. 2017, [19] Hyde et al. 2017a). [20]

They are ecological and economic significant as shown as the host-specificity of Keissleriella blephorospora = Etheirophora blepharospora, [3] occurring on Rhizophora species (of Mangrove trees) in Hawaii has been reported and the species is involved in nutrient cycling (Osorio et al. 2016). [5] [21]

Description

Fungal members of Etheirophoraceae have a sexual morph that has an ascomata (fruiting body) that is subglobose to globose or pyriform (pear-like), in shape and light brown to dark brown or black in colour. It is immersed (underwater), oblique or vertical to the host surface, clypeate (covered with a shield-like growth), coriaceous (leather-like, stiff but flexible), ostiolate (having an ostiole, a small hole or opening), periphysate (having short, thread-like filaments that line the opening) and papillate (covered with papillae, small growths). The peridium is composed of several layers of brown to dark brown cell layers of 'textura angularis' (a parenchyma-like tissue of very densely packed cells that appear angular in cross section). The paraphyses (supporting structures) are numerous, mostly unbranched and attached to the apex of the ascomatal cavity. They are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. They have an asci that is 8- spored, unitunicate ('single-walled'), cylindrical to oblong in shape, pedicellate (having a small stalk used to support other structures), J− and persistent. The ascospores are 1–2-seriate (arranged in rows), hyaline (transparent,glass-like) and ellipsoidal in shape. They have 1 to many septate (partitions), constricted at the septa, with a filamentous appendage at one or both ends. The appendages are bristle-like, origin undetermined. The asexual morph is yet undetermined (adapted from Jones et al. 2014). [1]

Distribution

It has a scattered marine distribution, within the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Red Sea, [12] Indian Ocean and the Baltic Sea. [22] They have also been found near Australia, [10] [13] near Belize. [9] in the Gulf of Mexico, [16] near South Africa, [21] near India, [23] and in the South China Sea, near Hong Kong. [24]

For example, Etheirophora bijubata was found on intertidal wood in the Pacific Ocean (near Kauai, Hawaii). [25] Etheirophora blepharospora, Etheirophora bijubata and Etheirophora unijubata have all been found near the Hawaiian Islands (of Hawaii, Kauai, Maui and Oahu). [3] [26] Also Etheirophora bijubata and Etheirophora blepharospora have been found in intertidal mangrove forests within Thailand. [27] [28] Also Etheirophora blepharospora has been found with other fungi such as Capillataspora corticola , Caryosporella rhizophorae, Hydrophloeda rhizospora and Rhizophila marina on Rhizophora (Mangroves) in Hong Kong and the South China Sea. [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sordariomycetes</span> Class of fungi

Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota). It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide distribution that mostly accommodates terrestrial based taxa, although several can also be found in aquatic habitats. Some are phytopathogens that can cause leaf, stem, and root diseases in a wide variety of hosts, while other genera can cause diseases in arthropods and mammals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocreales</span> Order of fungi

The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, including an additional family, the Stachybotryaceae. Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more families and genera to the order. According to the Catalog of Life, As of April 2021 the Hypocreales contains 6 families, 137 genera, and 1411 species. Hyde et al. (2020a) listed 14 families under Hypocreales, while, Wijayawardene et al. (2022) accepted 15 families in the order, where Cylindriaceae was additionally added. Earlier, Hyde et al. (2020a) had placed Cylindriaceae in class Xylariomycetidae. Samarakoon et al. (2022) agreed. Hence, Cylindriaceae should have been excluded from Hypocreales and placed in Xylariomycetidae. Xiao et al. (2022) recently introduced a new family Polycephalomycetaceae to Hypocreales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypocreomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

Hypocreomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi.

The Halosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the Sordariomycetes class, subclass Hypocreomycetidae. Halosphaeriaceae is the family with the largest number of marine fungi with a few species are from freshwater and terrestrial habitats.

Corollospora is a genus of fungi in the Halosphaeriaceae family. The genus contained 19 species in 2008, it increased to 29 species by 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bionectriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Bionectriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate places 35 genera and 281 species in the family. Species in the family tend to grow on plant material, including woody debris, while some species associate with algae, bryophytes, or other fungi.

Kallichroma is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes which consisted of two species in 2008. In 2023, it contained 4 species.

The Trichosphaeriales are an order of sac fungi. It is monotypic, and consists of the single family, the Trichosphaeriaceae. In 2017, the family of Trichosphaeriaceae was placed in Diaporthomycetidae families incertae sedis, which was accepted by Wijayawardene et al. (2018), and Wijayawardene et al. 2020. The order of Trichosphaeriales was also unplaced. They are generally saprobic and pathogenic on plants, commonly isolated from herbivore dung.

The Papulosaceae are a family of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes and in the subclass Diaporthomycetidae. The family has not been assigned to any order. A monotypic taxon, the Papulosaceae contained the single genus Papulosa, which in turn contains the single species Papulosa amerospora. This species, found in the eastern USA, grows in Juncus stems.

The Lulworthiaceae are a family of marine fungi in the Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes. Species in the family have a widespread distribution in both temperate and tropical oceans, and are typically found growing on submerged wood or on seaweed. In 2000, Molecular analysis of several species of Lulworthia and Lindra led to the reassignment of their parent genera to the new order Lulworthiales in addition to the new family Lulworthiaceae. In 2020, a large fungi study added more genera to the family.

Gliomastix is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Bionectriaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diaporthomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

Diaporthomycetidae is a subclass of sac fungi under the class Sordariomycetes.

Lulworthiomycetidae is a subclass of Sordariomycetes.

Savoryellaceae is a family of aquatic based fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic order Savoryellales within the class Sordariomycetes, division Ascomycota.

Savoryella is a genus of freshwater and marine based fungi in the family Savoryellaceae and the order Savoryellales.

Pararamichloridium is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pararamichloridiaceae and within the monotypic order of Pararamichloridiales and also in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae. They are saprobic on wood in terrestrial and freshwater habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Torpedosporales</span> Order of fungi

The Torpedosporales are an order of marine based fungi in the class Sordariomycetes, subclass Hypocreomycetidae. Most are found on wood substrates in the water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juncigenaceae</span> Family of fungi

Juncigenaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic to intertidal wood, within mangrove forests and other herbaceous wood and roots, bark, leaves in various marine habitats.

Torpedosporaceae is a monotypic family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. They are saprobic on intertidal mangrove wood and roots, bark leaves, and sand in various marine habitats.

Falcocladium is a genus of fungi, within the monotypic family FalcocladiaceaeSomrith., E.B.G. Jones & K.L. Pang, and within the monotypic order FalcocladialesR.H. Perera, Maharachch., Somrith., Suetrong & K.D. Hyde, within the class Dothideomycetes. They are saprobic on leaf litter, including the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in tropical and terrestrial habitats.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Jones, E.B.G.; Suetrong, S.; Sakayaroj, J.; Bahkali, A.H.; Abdel-Wahab, M.A.; Boekhout, T.; Pang, K.L. (2015). "An updated classification of marine Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota". Fungal Diversity. 73: 1–72. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0339-4.
  2. ↑ Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. Mycol. Res. 92(4): 414, 1989
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kohlmeyer, Jan; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, Brigitte (June 1989). "Hawaiian marine fungi, including two new genera of Ascomycotina". Mycological Research. 92 (4): 410–421. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80185-6.
  4. 1 2 3 Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  5. 1 2 3 Hyde, Kevin D.; Norphanphoun, C.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Bhat, D.J.; Jones, E.B.G.; Bundhun, D.; Chen, Y.J.; Bao, D.F.; Boonmee, S.; Calabon, M.S.; Chaiwan, N.; Chethana, K.W.T.; Dai, D.Q.; Dayarathne, M.C.; Devadatha, B.; Dissanayake, A.J.; Dissanayake, L.S.; Doilom, M.; Dong, W.; Fan, X.L.; Goonasekara, I.D.; Hongsanan, S.; Huang, S.K.; Jayawardena, R.S.; Jeewon, R.; Karunarathna, A.; Konta, S.; Kumar, V.; Lin, C.G.; Liu, J.K.; Liu, N.G.; Luangsa-ard, J.; Lumyong, S.; Luo, Z.L.; Marasinghe, D.S.; McKenzie, E.H.C.; Niego, A.G.T.; Niranjan, M.; Perera, R.H.; Phukhamsakda, C.; Rathnayaka, A.R.; Samarakoon, M.C.; Samarakoon, S.M.B.C.; Sarma, V.V.; Senanayake, I.C.; Shang, Q.J.; Stadler, M.; Tibpromma, S.; Wanasinghe, D.N.; Wei, D.P.; Wijayawardene, N.N.; Xiao, Y.P.; Yang, J.; Zeng, X.Y.; Zhang, S.N.; Xiang, M.M. (2020). "Refined families of Sordariomycetes". Mycosphere. 11: 305–1059. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7. hdl: 10033/622756 .
  6. ↑ Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92(4): 414 (1989)
  7. 1 2 Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [160]. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . hdl: 10481/76378 . S2CID   249054641.
  8. ↑ "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Etheirophora". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. (1987). "Marine fungi from Belize with a description of two new genera of ascomycetes". Bot. Mar. 30: 195–204.
  10. 1 2 3 Hyde, Kevin D.; Nakagiri, A. (1992). "Intertidal fungi from Australia. The genus Swampomyces including S. triseptatus sp. nov". Sydowia. 44: 122–130.
  11. 1 2 "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Swampomyces". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  12. 1 2 Abdel-Wahab, M.A.; El-Sharouny, H.M.; Jones, E.B.G. (2001). "Two new intertidal lignicolous Swampomyces species from Red Sea mangroves in Egypt". Fungal Divers. 8: 35–40.
  13. 1 2 Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A.; Gareth Jones, E. B.; Bahkali, Ali H. A.; El-Gorban, Abdallah M. (January 2018). "Marine fungi from Red Sea mangroves in Saudi Arabia with Fulvocentrum rubrum sp. nov. (Torpedosporales, Ascomycota)". Nova Hedwigia. 108 (3). doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2018/0511.
  14. ↑ Schoch, C.L.; Sung, G.H.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B.; Kohlmeyer, J.; Spatafora, J.W. (2007). "Marine fungal lineages in the Hypocreomycetidae". Mycological Research. 111: 154–162. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.10.005.
  15. ↑ E. B. Gareth Jones and Ka-Lai Pang (Editors) Marine Fungi: and Fungal-like Organisms (2012) , p. 42, at Google Books
  16. 1 2 Darryl L. Felder and David K. Camp (Editors) Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity, Volume 1 (2009) , p. 84, at Google Books
  17. 1 2 Jones, E.B.G.; Suetrong, S.; Cheng, W.H.; Rungjindamai, N.; Sakayaroj, J.; Boonyuen, N.; Somrothipol, S.; Abdel-Wahab, M.A.; Pang, K.L. (2014). "An additional fungal lineage in the Hypocreomycetidae (Falcocladium species) and the taxonomic re-evaluation of Chaetosphaeriachaetosa and Swampomyces species, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 35: 119–138. doi:10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.119.
  18. ↑ Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Norphanphoun, Chada; Senanayake, Indunil C. (2016-06-03). "Families of Sordariomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 79 (1): 1–317. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6. ISSN   1560-2745. S2CID   256070646.
  19. ↑ Hongsanan, S.; Maharachchikumbura, S. S.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Samarakoon, M. C.; Jeewon, R.; Zhao, Q. (2017). "An updated phylogeny of sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence". Fungal Divers. 84: 25–41. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2.
  20. ↑ Hyde, Kevin D.; Maharachchikumbura, S. S.; Hongsanan, S.; Samarakoon, M. C.; Lücking, R.; Pem, D. (2017). "The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday". Fungal Divers. 84: 1–23. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3.
  21. 1 2 Osorio, J. Alexander; De Beer, Z. Wilhelm; Wingfield, Michael J.; Roux, Jolanda (2016). "Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with mangroves in South Africa, including Ophiostoma palustre sp. nov". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 109: 1555–1571.
  22. ↑ "Etheirophoraceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  23. ↑ K. R. Sridhar Frontiers in Fungal Ecology, Diversity and Metabolites (2009) , p. 32, at Google Books
  24. 1 2 Brian Morton The Marine Biology of the South China Sea: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Marine Biology of Hong Kong and the South China Sea, Hong Kong, 28 October-3 November 1990, Volume 2 , p. 650, at Google Books
  25. ↑ "bijubata :: Marine Fungi". marinefungi.org. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  26. ↑ Enviro Media, 2000 Ecology, Environment & Conservation, Volumes 6-7 , p. 226, at Google Books
  27. ↑ Suetrong, Satinee; Preedanon, Sita; Klaysuban, Anupong; Gundool, Wunna; Unagul, Panida; Sakayaroj, Jariya; Promchu, Waratthaya; Sangtiean, Tanuwong (July 2017). "Distribution and occurrence of manglicolous marine fungi from eastern and southern Thailand". Botanica Marina. 60 (4). doi:10.1515/bot-2016-0107.
  28. ↑ Jayanta Kumar Patra, Rashmi Ranjan Mishra and Hrudayanath Thatoi (Editors) Biotechnological Utilization of Mangrove Resources (2020) , p. 177, at Google Books
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