Kazakhstan is a multiethnic country where the indigenous ethnic group, the Kazakhs, comprise the majority of the population. As of 2024, ethnic Kazakhs are about 71% of the population and ethnic Russians in Kazakhstan are about 14.9%. [1] These are the two dominant ethnic groups in the country with a wide array of other groups represented, including Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Germans, Tatars, Chechens, Ingush, Uyghurs, Koreans, and Meskhetian Turks. [2]
Kazakhstan's dominant ethnic group, the Kazakhs, traces its origin to the 15th century, when after disintegration of Golden Horde, number of Turkic and Turco-Mongol tribes united to establish the Kazakh Khanate. With a cohesive culture and a national identity, they constituted an absolute majority on the land until Russian colonization.
Russian advancement into the territory of Kazakhstan began in the late 18th century, when the Kazakhs nominally accepted Russian rule in exchange for protection against repeated attacks by the western Mongolian Kalmyks. In the 1890s, Russian peasants began to settle the fertile lands of northern Kazakhstan, causing many Kazakhs to move eastwards into Chinese territory in search of new grazing grounds.
A big factor that greatly shaped the ethnic composition of Kazakhstan were major famines of the 1920s and of the 1930s. According to different estimates, in the 1930s up to 40% of Kazakhs either died of starvation or fled the territory. [3] Official government census data report the contraction of Kazakh population from 3.6 million in 1926, to 2.3 million in 1939. [4]
By the mid 20th century, Kazakhstan was home to virtually all ethnic groups that had ever come under the Russian sphere of influence. This diverse demography stemmed from the country's central location and its historical use by Russia as a place to send colonists, dissidents, and minority groups from its other frontiers. From the 1930s until the 1950s, both Russian opposition (and Russians who were "accused" of being part of the opposition) and certain minorities (especially Volga Germans, Greeks, Poles, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars and Kalmyks) had been interned in labor camps, often merely due to their heritage or beliefs, mostly on collective orders by Joseph Stalin.[ citation needed ] This makes Kazakhstan one of the few places on Earth where normally-disparate Germanic, Greeks, Indo-Iranian, Koreans, Chechen, and Turkic groups live together in a rural setting and not as a result of modern immigration. [ citation needed ]
After the fall of the Soviet Union, the German population of Kazakhstan (Kasachstandeutsche) proceeded to emigrate en masse during the 1990s, [5] as Germany was willing to repatriate these so-called Spätaussiedler, and many Russians went back to Russia. [5] Also, many of the Greek took the chance to repatriate to Greece. [6] Some groups have fewer good options for emigration, but because of the economic situation are also leaving at rates comparable to the rest of the former East bloc.[ citation needed ]
Ethnicity | Year | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1897 census | 1926 census | 1939 census | 1959 census | 1970 census | ||||||
Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | |
Kazakhs | 3,392,751 | 82.89% | 3,627,612 | 58.52 % | 2,327,625 | 37.84 % | 2,794,966 | 30.02 % | 4,161,164 | 32.39 % |
Russians | 454,402 | 11.1% | 1,275,055 | 20.57 % | 2,458,687 | 39.97 % | 3,974,229 | 42.69 % | 5,449,826 | 42.42 % |
Uzbeks | 29,564 | 0.72% | 129,399 | 2.09 % | 120,655 | 1.96 % | 136,570 | 1.47 % | 207,514 | 1.62 % |
Uyghurs | 55,815 | 1.36% | 62,313 | 1.01 % | 35,409 | 0.58 % | 59,840 | 0.64 % | 120,784 | 0.94 % |
Ukrainians | 79,573 | 1.94% | 860,201 | 13.88 % | 658,319 | 10.70 % | 762,131 | 8.19 % | 930,158 | 7.24 % |
Tatars | 55,984 | 1.37% | 79,758 | 1.29 % | 108,127 | 1.76 % | 191,925 | 2.06 % | 281,849 | 2.19 % |
Germans | 2,613 | 0.06% | 51,094 | 0.82 % | 92,571 | 1.50 % | 659,751 | 7.09 % | 839,649 | 6.53 % |
Turks | 68 | 0.00 % | 523 | 0.01 % | 9,916 | 0.11 % | 18,397 | 0.14 % | ||
Azerbaijanis | 12,996 | 0.21 % | 38,362 | 0.41 % | 56,166 | 0.44 % | ||||
Koreans | 42 | 0.00 % | 96,457 | 1.57 % | 74,019 | 0.80 % | 78,078 | 0.61 % | ||
Dungans | 4,888 | 0.12% | 8,455 | 0.14 % | 7,415 | 0.12 % | 9,980 | 0.11 % | 17,283 | 0.13 % |
Belarusians | 25,584 | 0.41 % | 31,614 | 0.51 % | 107,463 | 1.15 % | 197,592 | 1.54 % | ||
Tajiks | 7,666 | 0.12 % | 11,229 | 0.18 % | 80,75 | 0.09 % | 7,166 | 0.06 % | ||
Kurds | 2,387 | 0.04 % | 6,109 | 0.07 % | 12,299 | 0.10 % | ||||
Chechens | 3 | 0.00 % | 2,639 | 0.04 % | 130,232 | 1.40 % | 34,492 | 0.27 % | ||
Poles | 1,254 | 0.03% | 3,762 | 0.06 % | 54,809 | 0.89 % | 53,102 | 0.57 % | 61,335 | 0.48 % |
Kyrgyzs | 10,200 | 0.16 % | 5,033 | 0.08 % | 6,810 | 0.07 % | 9,612 | 0.07 % | ||
Bashkirs | 2,528 | 0.06% | 841 | 0.01 % | 3,450 | 0.06 % | 8,742 | 0.09 % | 21,134 | 0.16 % |
Ingushs | 3 | 0.00 % | 322 | 0.01 % | 47,867 | 0.51 % | 18,356 | 0.14 % | ||
Moldovans | 2,855 | 0.05 % | 2,992 | 0.05 % | 14,844 | 0.16 % | 25,711 | 0.20 % | ||
Greeks | 157 | 0.00 % | 1,374 | 0.02 % | 55,543 | 0.60 % | 39,241 | 0.31 % | ||
Mordvins | 11,911 | 0.29% | 27,244 | 0.44 % | 25,334 | 0.41 % | 25,499 | 0.27 % | 34,129 | 0.27 % |
Chuvashs | 2,267 | 0.04 % | 6,590 | 0.11 % | 11,255 | 0.12 % | 22,690 | 0.18 % | ||
Jews | 1,651 | 0.04% | 4,499 | 0.07 % | 19,240 | 0.31 % | 28,048 | 0.30 % | 26,954 | 0.21 % |
Others | 30,591 | 0.49 % | 70,342 | 1.14 % | 10,1379 | 1.09 % | 136,606 | 1.06 % | ||
total | 4,092,934 | 100% | 6,198,469 | 100% | 6,151,102 | 100% | 9,309,847 | 100% | 12,848,573 | 100% |
Ethnicity | Year | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1979 census | 1989 census | 1999 census | 2009 census | 2021 census | 2024 estimate | |||||||
Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | |
Kazakhs | 5,289,349 | 36.02 % | 6,534,616 | 39.69 % | 7,985,039 | 53.40 % | 10,096,763 | 63.07 % | 13,497,891 | 70.35 % | 14,220,321 | 70.98 % |
Russians | 5,991,205 | 40.80 % | 6,227,549 | 37.82 % | 4,479,620 | 29.96 % | 3,793,764 | 23.70 % | 2,981,946 | 15.54 % | 2,983,317 | 14.89 % |
Uzbeks | 263,295 | 1.79 % | 332,017 | 2.02 % | 370,663 | 2.48 % | 456,997 | 2.85 % | 614,047 | 3.20 % | 660,564 | 3.29 % |
Ukrainians | 897,964 | 6.12 % | 896,240 | 5.44 % | 547,052 | 3.66 % | 333,031 | 2.08 % | 387,327 | 2.02 % | 375,914 | 1.87 % |
Uyghurs | 147,943 | 1.01 % | 185,301 | 1.13 % | 210,365 | 1.41 % | 224,713 | 1.40 % | 290,337 | 1.51 % | 301,584 | 1.50 % |
Germans | 900,207 | 6.13 % | 957,518 | 5.82 % | 353,441 | 2.36 % | 178,409 | 1.11 % | 226,092 | 1.18 % | 224,343 | 1.12 % |
Tatars | 312,626 | 2.13 % | 327,982 | 1.99 % | 248,954 | 1.66 % | 204,229 | 1.28 % | 218,653 | 1.14 % | 219,201 | 1.09 % |
Azerbaijanis | 73,345 | 0.50 % | 90,083 | 0.55 % | 78,295 | 0.52 % | 85,292 | 0.53 % | 145,615 | 0.76 % | 152,847 | 0.76 % |
Koreans | 91,984 | 0.63 % | 103,315 | 0.63 % | 99,665 | 0.67 % | 100,385 | 0.63 % | 118,450 | 0.62 % | 120,262 | 0.60 % |
Turks | 25,820 | 0.18 % | 49,567 | 0.30 % | 75,900 | 0.51 % | 97,015 | 0.61 % | 85,478 | 0.45 % | 90,015 | 0.44 % |
Dungans | 22,491 | 0.15 % | 30,165 | 0.18 % | 36,945 | 0.25 % | 51,944 | 0.32 % | 78,817 | 0.42 % | 83,948 | 0.41 % |
Belarusians | 181,491 | 1.24 % | 182,601 | 1.11 % | 111,927 | 0.75 % | 66,476 | 0.42 % | 76,484 | 0.40 % | 75,048 | 0.37 % |
Tajiks | 19,293 | 0.13 % | 25,514 | 0.15 % | 25,657 | 0.17 % | 36,277 | 0.23 % | 49,827 | 0.26 % | 55,873 | 0.27 % |
Kurds | 17,692 | 0.12 % | 25,425 | 0.15 % | 32,764 | 0.22 % | 38,325 | 0.24 % | 47,880 | 0.25 % | 50,264 | 0.25 % |
Kyrgyzs | 9,352 | 0.06 % | 13,718 | 0.08 % | 10,925 | 0.07 % | 23,274 | 0.15 % | 34,184 | 0.18 % | 38,596 | 0.19 % |
Chechens | 38,256 | 0.26 % | 49,507 | 0.30 % | 31,799 | 0.21 % | 31,431 | 0.20 % | 33,557 | 0.17 % | 34,698 | 0.17 % |
Poles | 61,136 | 0.42 % | 59,956 | 0.36 % | 47,297 | 0.32 % | 34,057 | 0.21 % | 35,319 | 0.18 % | 34,569 | 0.17 % |
Bashkirs | 32,499 | 0.22 % | 41,847 | 0.25 % | 23,224 | 0.16 % | 17,263 | 0.11 % | 19,834 | 0.10 % | 20,063 | 0.10 % |
Ingushs | 18,337 | 0.12 % | 19,914 | 0.12 % | 16,893 | 0.11 % | 15,120 | 0.09 % | 17,509 | 0.09 % | 17,904 | 0.08 % |
Moldovans | 30,256 | 0.21 % | 33,098 | 0.20 % | 19,458 | 0.13 % | 14,245 | 0.09 % | 16,989 | 0.09 % | 17,061 | 0.08 % |
Greeks | 49,930 | 0.34 % | 46,746 | 0.28 % | 12,703 | 0.08 % | 8,846 | 0.06 % | 11,890 | 0.06 % | 11,947 | 0.06 % |
Mordvins | 31,424 | 0.21 % | 30,036 | 0.18 % | 16,147 | 0.11 % | 8,013 | 0.05 % | 9,954 | 0.05 % | 9,633 | 0.04 % |
Chuvashs | 22,310 | 0.15 % | 22,305 | 0.14 % | 11,851 | 0.08 % | 7,301 | 0.05 % | 8,329 | 0.04 % | 8,186 | 0.04 % |
Jews | 22,762 | 0.16 % | 18,492 | 0.11 % | 6,743 | 0.05 % | 3,485 | 0.02 % | 4,064 | 0.02 % | 4,042 | 0.02 % |
Others | 142,668 | 0.97 % | 174,670 | 1.06 % | 99,799 | 0.67 % | 82,942 | 0.52 % | 175,542 | 0.91 % | 223,642 | 1.12 % |
total | 14,684,283 | 100% | 16,464,464 | 100% | 14,953,126 | 100% | 16,009,597 | 100% | 19,186,015 | 100% | 20,033,842 | 100% |
Table: Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan (detailed census data) [11]
Ethnic groups | 1999 | 1989 | % change, 1989 to 1999 | % Of 1999 Pop | % Of 1989 Pop |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population | 14,953,126 | 16,464,464 | -9.18 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Kazakhs | 7,985,039 | 6,534,616 | 22.20 | 53.40 | 39.69 |
Russians | 4,479,618 | 6,227,549 | -28.07 | 29.95 | 37.82 |
Ukrainians | 547,052 | 896,240 | -38.96 | 3.65 | 5.44 |
Uzbeks | 370,663 | 332,017 | 11.64 | 2.47 | 2.02 |
Germans | 353,441 | 957,518 | -63.09 | 2.36 | 5.82 |
Tatars | 248,952 | 327,982 | -24.10 | 1.66 | 1.99 |
Uyghurs | 210,339 | 185,301 | 13.51 | 1.40 | 1.13 |
Belarusians | 111,926 | 182,601 | -38.70 | 0.74 | 1.11 |
Koreans | 99,657 | 103,315 | -3.54 | 0.66 | 0.63 |
Turks | 75,950 | 49,567 | 23.55 | 0.50 | 0.30 |
Azerbaijanis | 78,295 | 90,083 | -13.09 | 0.52 | 0.55 |
Poles | 47,297 | 59,956 | -21.11 | 0.31 | 0.36 |
Dungans | 36,945 | 30,165 | 22.48 | 0.24 | 0.18 |
Kurds | 32,764 | 25,425 | 28.87 | 0.21 | 0.15 |
Chechens | 31,799 | 49,507 | -35.77 | 0.21 | 0.30 |
Tajiks | 25,657 | 25,514 | 0.56 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
Bashkirs | 23,224 | 41,847 | -44.50 | 0.15 | 0.25 |
Moldovans | 19,458 | 33,098 | -41.21 | 0.13 | 0.20 |
Ingush | 16,893 | 19,914 | -15.17 | 0.11 | 0.12 |
Mordvins | 16,147 | 30,036 | -46.24 | 0.10 | 0.18 |
Armenians | 14,758 | 19,119 | -22.81 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
Greeks | 12,703 | 46,746 | -72.83 | 0.08 | 0.28 |
Kyrgyz | 10,896 | 14,112 | -22.79 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
Bulgarians | 6,915 | 10,426 | -33.68 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
Lezgins | 4,616 | 13,905 | -66.80 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
Turkmens | 1,729 | 3,846 | -55.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Other | 166,342 | 203,626 | -18.31 | 1.11 | 1.24 |
No response | 1 | 119 | -99.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Total Slavic/European population 27.0% in 2009 (compared with 60.3% in 1959, 57.3% in 1970, 54.5% in 1979, 49.8% in 1989 and 39.0% in 1999). [12]
This section needs to be updated.(August 2023) |
As explained above, the Slavic groups have been declining ever since the 1960s, due to low birth rates and high death rates. Germans are characterized by very high birth rates, but it is mostly due to the high proportion of rural population and the presence of conservative religious factions like Mennonites and Evangelical Lutherans among them.[ citation needed ]
Table: Demographic characteristics of various ethnic groups of Kazakhstan [13]
Ethnic Group | Births | Deaths | Natural Growth | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Natural Growth | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | |
Total | 217,578 | 321,963 | 356,575 | 147,416 | 158,297 | 152,706 | 70,162 | 163,666 | 203,869 | 14.57 | 20.79 | 22.75 | 9.87 | 10.22 | 9.74 | 0.47% | 1.06% | 1.30% |
Kazakh | 142,363 | 227,002 | 254,402 | 52,337 | 61,639 | 61,397 | 90,026 | 165,363 | 193,005 | 17.77 | 24.73 | 27.06 | 6.62 | 6.82 | 6.63 | 1.12% | 1.79% | 2.04% |
Russian | 39,215 | 46,667 | 49,134 | 62,130 | 62,151 | 58,586 | -22,915 | -15,484 | -9,452 | 8.84 | 11.94 | 12.68 | 14.28 | 16.30 | 15.35 | -0.54% | -0.44% | -0.27% |
Uzbek | 9,534 | 13,398 | 15,047 | 2,224 | 2,560 | 2,828 | 7,310 | 10,838 | 12,219 | 25.54 | 30.22 | 33.02 | 6.04 | 5.91 | 6.30 | 1.95% | 2.43% | 2.67% |
Ukrainian | 5,156 | 4,936 | 5,267 | 11,426 | 11,139 | 10,506 | -6,270 | -6,203 | -5,239 | 9.56 | 11.37 | 12.37 | 21.55 | 26.33 | 25.06 | -1.20% | -1.50% | -1.27% |
Uyghur | 3,529 | 5,424 | 6,054 | 1,187 | 1,433 | 1,495 | 2,342 | 3,991 | 4,559 | 16.72 | 23.19 | 25.34 | 5.70 | 6.12 | 6.35 | 1.10% | 1.71% | 1.90% |
Tatar | 2,398 | 3,143 | 3,375 | 3,363 | 3,668 | 3,398 | -965 | -525 | -23 | 9.70 | 13.87 | 14.90 | 13.88 | 16.62 | 15.23 | 1.70% | -0.28% | -0.03% |
German | 4,765 | 4,267 | 4,810 | 3,524 | 2,606 | 2,585 | 1,241 | 1,661 | 2,225 | 13.97 | 19.28 | 21.81 | 10.49 | 12.06 | 11.90 | 0.35% | 0.72% | 0.99% |
Others | 10,411 | 15,889 | 17,424 | 8,651 | 9,283 | 9,168 | 1,760 | 6,606 | 8,256 | 13.79 | 20.45 | 22.23 | 11.66 | 12.19 | 11.87 | 0.21% | 0.83% | 1.04% |
Unknown | 207 | 1,237 | 1,062 | 2,574 | 3,818 | 2,743 | -2,367 | -2,581 | -1,681 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Most of the inter-ethnic marriages in Kazakhstan has been between various Slavic or Germanic groups (Russian – Ukrainian, German – Ukrainian, Russian – Polish or German – Russian). Inter-marriages between Turkic and European ethnic groups are increasing; however, as of 2008, they are still quite rare.
Table: Number of individuals married outside their ethnic group [13]
Ethnic Group | Males | Females | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | |
Total | 18,402 | 26,632 | 24,243 | 18,402 | 26,632 | 24,243 |
Kazakh | 2,199 | 4,981 | 4,785 | 1,542 | 4,062 | 3,874 |
Russian | 5,957 | 7,795 | 6,991 | 7,431 | 9,714 | 8,544 |
Uzbek | 240 | 714 | 657 | 200 | 600 | 537 |
Ukrainian | 2,717 | 3,070 | 2,555 | 2,541 | 2,858 | 2,466 |
Uighur | 269 | 658 | 655 | 224 | 530 | 525 |
Tatar | 948 | 1,682 | 1,425 | 938 | 1,651 | 1,413 |
German | 2,844 | 2,365 | 2,048 | 3,137 | 2,566 | 2,270 |
Other | 3,180 | 5,351 | 4,426 | 2,313 | 4,610 | 4,010 |
Unknown | 48 | 16 | 701 | 76 | 41 | 604 |
Slavic and Germanic groups have been emigrating en masse since the 1960s, and the movement accelerated during the 1990s after the breakup of the Soviet Union. This has resulted in the reduction of the proportion of European ethnic groups in the population by more than half. More than 50% of the European Soviet ethnic groups have left Kazakhstan since 1989, and just 15% of the pre-1989 ethnic German population remains now in the country.
Most of the immigration has been directed towards Russia, but small numbers have been immigrating to Ukraine, Belarus and Armenia also. Before the German authorities stopped the repatriation of ethnic Germans and their non-German relatives, Germany was one of the most favored destination for all the ethnic groups. It is estimated that close to half of the 4.5 million Soviet Germans and their Slavic kin who now live in Germany are originally from Kazakhstan. Currently on average close to 2,000 ethnic Germans emigrate from Kazakhstan to ethnic German dominated areas in Russia such as Azovsky Nemetsky National District (Deutsche Nationalkreis Asowo) in Omsk Oblast and Nemetsky National District (Nationalkreis Halbstadt) in Altai Krai. Also, out of the 1.2 million Russian speaking Jews and Slavs who live in Israel, a significant portion is from Kazakhstan.
On the other hand, ethnic Kazakhs and Uzbeks have been immigrating in large numbers to Kazakhstan ever since the collapse of the USSR. These immigrants come not only from the southern Central Asian states such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but also from the Kazakh dominated areas in Xinjiang and Mongolia. The Kazakh government is actively encouraging the settlement of these compatriots (known as Oralman ) in Slavic dominated North and East Kazakhstan as well as the German dominated Karaganda Region, in order to dilute the minority populations there. There is also a low intensity immigration of ethnic Slavs from the less tolerant neighboring nations like Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan into Kazakhstan. An estimated 400,000 Uzbeks have migrated to Kazakhstan in recent years. [14]
Table: Data on immigration in Kazakhstan [13]
Ethnic Group | Kazakhstan | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immigrants | Emigrants | Net Immigration | ||||||||
1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | ||
Total | 41,320 | 53,397 | 46,404 | 164,947 | 42,435 | 45,287 | -123,627 | 10,962 | 1,117 | |
Kazakh | 10,909 | 41,763 | 35,081 | 8,258 | 2,269 | 2,281 | 2,651 | 39,494 | 32,800 | |
Russian | 20,076 | 6,658 | 6,268 | 91,489 | 29,492 | 31,631 | -71,413 | -22,834 | -25,363 | |
Uzbek | 1,028 | 446 | 439 | 962 | 101 | 137 | 66 | 345 | 302 | |
Ukrainian | 2,526 | 601 | 643 | 15,315 | 3,433 | 3,676 | -12,789 | -2,832 | -3,033 | |
Uighur | 95 | 84 | 111 | 99 | 40 | 36 | -4 | 44 | 75 | |
Tatar | 1,129 | 476 | 433 | 3,971 | 995 | 1,034 | -2,842 | -519 | -601 | |
German | 1,417 | 517 | 525 | 32,921 | 2,991 | 3,146 | -31,504 | -2,474 | -2,621 | |
Other | 4,140 | 2,852 | 2,904 | 11,932 | 3,114 | 3,346 | -7,792 | -262 | -442 | |
CIS Nations | ||||||||||
Immigrants | Emigrants | Net Immigration | ||||||||
1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | ||
Total | 39,461 | 42,613 | 31,425 | 120,240 | 39,767 | 42,908 | -80,779 | 2,846 | -11,483 | |
Kazakh | 19,796 | 32,110 | 21,222 | 7,689 | 2,082 | 2,120 | 2,432 | 30,028 | 19,102 | |
Russian | 19,796 | 6,308 | 6,033 | 81,020 | 28,657 | 30,775 | -61,224 | -22,349 | -24,742 | |
Uzbek | 1,020 | 441 | 435 | 921 | 95 | 126 | 99 | 346 | 309 | |
Ukrainian | 2,488 | 556 | 600 | 13,182 | 3,289 | 3,532 | -10,694 | -2,733 | -2,932 | |
Uighur | 94 | 73 | 99 | 78 | 29 | 31 | 16 | 44 | 68 | |
Tatar | 1,124 | 465 | 427 | 3,714 | 981 | 1,002 | -2,590 | -516 | -575 | |
German | 1,119 | 259 | 253 | 4,164 | 1,874 | 2,250 | -3,045 | -1,615 | -1,997 | |
Other | 3,699 | 2,401 | 2,356 | 9,472 | 2,760 | 3,072 | -5,773 | -359 | -716 | |
Non-CIS Nations | ||||||||||
Immigrants | Emigrants | Net Immigration | ||||||||
1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | 1999 | 2007 | 2008 | ||
Total | 1,859 | 10,784 | 14,979 | 44,707 | 2,668 | 2,379 | -42,848 | 8,116 | 12,600 | |
Kazakh | 788 | 9,653 | 13,859 | 569 | 187 | 161 | 219 | 9,466 | 13,698 | |
Russian | 280 | 350 | 235 | 10,469 | 835 | 856 | -10,189 | -485 | -621 | |
Uzbek | 8 | 5 | 4 | 41 | 6 | 11 | -33 | -1 | -7 | |
Ukrainian | 38 | 45 | 43 | 2,133 | 144 | 144 | -2,095 | -99 | -101 | |
Uyghur | 1 | 11 | 12 | 21 | 11 | 5 | -20 | 0 | 7 | |
Tatar | 5 | 11 | 6 | 257 | 14 | 32 | -252 | -3 | -26 | |
German | 298 | 258 | 272 | 28,757 | 1,117 | 896 | -28,459 | -859 | -624 | |
Other | 441 | 451 | 548 | 2,460 | 354 | 274 | -2,019 | 97 | 274 | |
According to the 2009 Census data, most of the Central Asian Turkics are Muslims and Slavs are Orthodox (although more than 1% of Russians are Muslim), while Koreans are mixed between various different faiths including Christianity, Buddhism, Atheism, and Islam : [15]
Ethnic Group | Islam | Christian | Jewish | Buddhist | Other | Atheist | NA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | |||||||
Kazakhs | |||||||
Russians | |||||||
Uzbeks | |||||||
Ukrainians | |||||||
Uyghurs | |||||||
Tatars | |||||||
Germans | |||||||
Koreans | |||||||
Turks | |||||||
Azerbaijanis | |||||||
Belarusians | |||||||
Dungans | |||||||
Kurds | |||||||
Tajiks | |||||||
Poles | |||||||
Chechens | |||||||
Kyrgyz | |||||||
Others | |||||||
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and European Russia in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Siberia in the north. It includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan" in both respective native languages and most other languages. Central Asia borders Eastern Europe to the west, West Asia to the southwest, South Asia to the southeast, North Asia to the north, and East Asia to the east.
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is Almaty. Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre. Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country with a sizeable Christian community.
Kazakhstan, the largest country fully within the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical crossroads and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history. Throughout history, peoples on the territory of modern Kazakhstan had nomadic lifestyle, which developed and influenced Kazakh culture.
The demographics of Kazakhstan enumerate the demographic features of the population of Kazakhstan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. Some use the word Kazakh to refer to the Kazakh ethnic group and language and Kazakhstani to refer to Kazakhstan and its citizens regardless of ethnicity, but it is common to use Kazakh in both senses. It is expected that by 2050, the population will range from 23.5 to 27.7 million people.
The Demographics of Kyrgyzstan is about the demographic features of the population of Kyrgyzstan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. The name Kyrgyz, both for the people and the country, means "forty tribes", a reference to the epic hero Manas who unified forty tribes against the Oirats, as symbolized by the 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan.
The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout the northern parts of Eurasia; they predominantly inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeastern Europe and Northern Asia, though there is a large Slavic minority scattered across the Baltic states and Central Asia, and a substantial Slavic diaspora in the Americas, Western Europe, and Northern Europe.
Omsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia, located in southwestern Siberia. The oblast has an area of 139,700 square kilometers (53,900 sq mi). Its population is 1,977,665 with the majority, 1.12 million, living in Omsk, the administrative center.
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Kazakhstan, the Kazakh SSR, or simply Kazakhstan, was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. Located in northern Central Asia, it was created on 5 December 1936 from the Kazakh ASSR, an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR.
The Kazakhs are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe, mainly Kazakhstan but also parts of northern Uzbekistan, the border regions with Russia, northwestern China and western Mongolia. The Kazakhs arose from the merging of the medieval tribes of Turkic and Mongolic origin in the 15th century.
From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups. These actions may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population, deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill ethnically cleansed territories. Dekulakization marked the first time that an entire class was deported, whereas the deportation of Soviet Koreans in 1937 marked the precedent of a specific ethnic deportation of an entire nationality.
Anti-Slavic sentiment, also called Slavophobia, refers to prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination directed at the various Slavic peoples. Accompanying racism and xenophobia, the most common manifestation of anti-Slavic sentiment throughout history has been the assertion that Slavs are inferior to other peoples. This sentiment peaked during World War II, when Nazi Germany classified Slavs— especially the Poles, Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians—as "subhumans" and planned to exterminate a large number of them through the Generalplan Ost and Hunger Plan. Slavophobia also emerged twice in the United States: the first time was during the Progressive Era, when immigrants from Eastern Europe were met with opposition from the dominant class of Western European–origin American citizens; and again during the Cold War, when the United States became locked in an intensive global rivalry with the Soviet Union.
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group and nation indigenous to Crimea. The formation and ethnogenesis of Crimean Tatars occurred during the 13th–17th centuries, uniting Cumans, who appeared in Crimea in the 10th century, with other peoples who had inhabited Crimea since ancient times and gradually underwent Tatarization, including Ukrainian Greeks, Italians, Ottoman Turks, Goths, Sarmatians and many others.
There has been a substantial population of Russians in Kazakhstan since the 19th century. Although their numbers have been reduced since the breakup of the Soviet Union, they remain prominent in Kazakh society today. Russians formed a plurality of the Kazakh SSR's population for several decades.
Soviet Central Asia was the part of Central Asia administered by the Russian SFSR and then the Soviet Union between 1918 and 1991, when the Central Asian republics declared independence. It is nearly synonymous with Russian Turkestan in the Russian Empire. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.
The Urums are several groups of Turkic-speaking Greek Orthodox people native to Crimea. The emergence and development of the Urum identity took place from 13th to the 17th centuries. Bringing together the Crimean Greeks along with Greek-speaking Crimean Goths, with other indigenous groups that had long inhabited the region, resulting in a gradual transformation of their collective identity.
Russia, as the largest standing colonial empire in the world, has great ethnic diversity, is a multinational state, and is home to over 190 ethnic groups nationwide. According to the population census at the end of 2021, more than 147.1 million people lived in Russia, which is 4.3 million more than in the 2010 census, or 3.03%. At the same time, only 130.587 million census participants indicated their nationality. The top ten largest nations besides Russians included in descending order: Tatars, Chechens, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Avars, Armenians, Ukrainians, Dargins and Kazakhs. Population censuses in Russia allow citizens to report their nationality according not only to their ancestry, but also to self-identification. The 83 federal subjects which together constitute the Russian Federation include:
Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe. Groups may be defined by common ancestry, common language, common faith, etc.
The Nogais are a Kipchak people who speak a Turkic language and live in the North Caucasus region. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia and Astrakhan Oblast; some also live in Chechnya, Dobruja, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and a small Nogai diaspora is found in Jordan. They speak the Nogai language and are descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes who formed the Nogai Horde. There are eight main groups of Nogais: the Ak Nogai, the Karagash, the Kuban-Nogai, the Kundraw-Nogai, the Qara-Nogai, the Utars, Bug-Nogai and the Yurt-Nogai.
Armenians in Central Asian states: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, were mainly settled there during the Soviet era for various reasons.
The spread of the Latin script has a long history, from its archaic beginnings in Latium to its rise as the dominant writing system in modernity. The ancestors of Latin letters are found in the Phoenician, Greek, and Etruscan alphabets. As the Roman Empire expanded in classical antiquity, the Latin script and language spread along with its conquests, and remained in use in Italy, Iberia, and Western Europe after the Western Roman Empire's disappearance. During the early and high Middle Ages, the script was spread by Christian missionaries and rulers, replacing the indigenous writing systems of Central Europe, Northern Europe, and the British Isles.
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