Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan

Last updated

The share of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan by districts at the beginning of 2022 Kazakhi v Kazakhstane.png
The share of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan by districts at the beginning of 2022
Most common ethnic groups by districts of Kazakhstan in 2020 except Kazakhs and Russians Most common ethnic groups by districts of Kazakhstan in 2020 exept kazakhs and russians.png
Most common ethnic groups by districts of Kazakhstan in 2020 except Kazakhs and Russians

Kazakhstan is a multi-ethnic country where the indigenous ethnic group, Kazakhs, comprise the majority of the population. As of 2025, ethnic Kazakhs are about 71.3% of the population and ethnic Russians are in the second place with 14.6%. These are the two dominant ethnic groups in the country with a wide array of other groups represented, including Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Uyghurs, Germans, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, Koreans, Turks, Dungans, Belarusians, Tajiks, and Kurds. Turkic peoples make up to 79% of the population while European and Caucasian peoples make up to 19%. [1]

Contents

History

Ethnic composition by age, according to 2021 census KZ Age Ethnics.jpg
Ethnic composition by age, according to 2021 census

Kazakhstan's dominant ethnic group, the Kazakhs, traces its origin to the 15th century, when after disintegration of Golden Horde, number of Turkic and Turco-Mongol tribes united to establish the Kazakh Khanate. With a cohesive culture and a national identity, they constituted an absolute majority on the land until Russian colonization.
Russian advancement into the territory of Kazakhstan began in the late 18th century, when the Kazakhs nominally accepted Russian rule in exchange for protection against repeated attacks by the western Mongolian Kalmyks. In the 1890s, Russian peasants began to settle the fertile lands of northern Kazakhstan, causing many Kazakhs to move eastwards into Chinese territory in search of new grazing grounds.

1897-1970 Major ethnic groups. Famines marked in grey. Kazakhstan demographics 1897-1970 en.png
1897-1970 Major ethnic groups. Famines marked in grey.

Drastic changes during the 20th century

Major factor that greatly shaped the ethnic composition of Kazakhstan was major famines of the 1920s and of the 1930s. According to different estimates, in the 1930s up to 40% of Kazakhs either died of starvation or fled the territory. [2] Official government census data report the contraction of Kazakh population from 3.6 million in 1926, to 2.3 million in 1939. [3]

By the mid 20th century, Kazakhstan was home to virtually all ethnic groups that had ever come under the Russian sphere of influence. This diverse demography stemmed from the country's central location and its historical use by Russia as a place to send colonists, dissidents, and minority groups from its other frontiers. From the 1930s until the 1950s, both Russian opposition (and Russians who were "accused" of being part of the opposition) and certain minorities (especially Volga Germans, Greeks, Poles, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars and Kalmyks) had been interned in labor camps, often merely due to their heritage or beliefs, mostly on collective orders by Joseph Stalin.[ citation needed ] This makes Kazakhstan one of the few places on Earth where normally-disparate Germanic, Greeks, Indo-Iranian, Koreans, Chechen, and Turkic groups live together in a rural setting and not as a result of modern immigration. [ citation needed ]

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the German population of Kazakhstan (Kasachstandeutsche) proceeded to emigrate en masse during the 1990s, [4] as Germany was willing to repatriate these so-called Spätaussiedler, and many Russians went back to Russia. [4] Also, many of the Greek took the chance to repatriate to Greece. [5] Some groups have fewer good options for emigration, but because of the economic situation are also leaving at rates comparable to the rest of the former East bloc.[ citation needed ]

Table of historic ethnic composition of Kazakhstan

Table: [3] [6] [7] [8] [9]

Censuses and official estimate of Kazakhstan (1897—2025)
Ethnicity Year
1897 census 1926 census 1939 census 1959 census 1970 census
Population%Population %Population%Population%Population%
Kazakhs 3,392,75182.89%3,627,61258.52 %2,327,62537.84 %2,794,96630.02 %4,161,16432.39 %
Russians 454,40211.1%1,275,05520.57 %2,458,68739.97 %3,974,22942.69 %5,449,82642.42 %
Uzbeks 29,5640.72%129,3992.09 %120,6551.96 %136,5701.47 %207,5141.62 %
Uyghurs 55,8151.36%62,3131.01 %35,4090.58 %59,8400.64 %120,7840.94 %
Ukrainians 79,5731.94%860,20113.88 %658,31910.70 %762,1318.19 %930,1587.24 %
Tatars 55,9841.37%79,7581.29 %108,1271.76 %191,9252.06 %281,8492.19 %
Germans 2,6130.06%51,0940.82 %92,5711.50 %659,7517.09 %839,6496.53 %
Turks 680.00 %5230.01 %9,9160.11 %18,3970.14 %
Azerbaijanis 12,9960.21 %38,3620.41 %56,1660.44 %
Koreans 420.00 %96,4571.57 %74,0190.80 %78,0780.61 %
Dungans 4,8880.12%8,4550.14 %7,4150.12 %9,9800.11 %17,2830.13 %
Belarusians 25,5840.41 %31,6140.51 %107,4631.15 %197,5921.54 %
Tajiks 7,6660.12 %11,2290.18 %8,0750.09 %7,1660.06 %
Kurds 2,3870.04 %6,1090.07 %12,2990.10 %
Chechens 30.00 %2,6390.04 %130,2321.40 %34,4920.27 %
Poles 1,2540.03%3,7620.06 %54,8090.89 %53,1020.57 %61,3350.48 %
Kyrgyzs 10,2000.16 %5,0330.08 %6,8100.07 %9,6120.07 %
Bashkirs 2,5280.06%8410.01 %3,4500.06 %8,7420.09 %21,1340.16 %
Ingushs 30.00 %3220.01 %47,8670.51 %18,3560.14 %
Moldovans 2,8550.05 %2,9920.05 %14,8440.16 %25,7110.20 %
Greeks 1570.00 %1,3740.02 %55,5430.60 %39,2410.31 %
Mordvins 11,9110.29%27,2440.44 %25,3340.41 %25,4990.27 %34,1290.27 %
Chuvashs 2,2670.04 %6,5900.11 %11,2550.12 %22,6900.18 %
Jews 1,6510.04%4,4990.07 %19,2400.31 %28,0480.30 %26,9540.21 %
Others30,5910.49 %70,3421.14 %101,3791.09 %136,6061.06 %
total4,092,934100%6,198,469100%6,151,102100%9,309,847100%12,848,573100%
Ethnicity Year
1979 census 1989 census 1999 census2009 census2021 census2025 estimate
Population%Population%Population %Population %Population%Population%
Kazakhs 5,289,34936.02 %6,534,61639.69 %7,985,03953.40 %10,096,76363.07 %13,497,89170.35 %14,456,70971.27 %
Russians 5,991,20540.80 %6,227,54937.82 %4,479,62029.96 %3,793,76423.70 %2,981,94615.54 %2,963,93814.61 %
Uzbeks 263,2951.79 %332,0172.02 %370,6632.48 %456,9972.85 %614,0473.20 %678,4873.34 %
Ukrainians 897,9646.12 %896,2405.44 %547,0523.66 %333,0312.08 %387,3272.02 %371,8071.83 %
Uyghurs 147,9431.01 %185,3011.13 %210,3651.41 %224,7131.40 %290,3371.51 %305,6481.50 %
Germans 900,2076.13 %957,5185.82 %353,4412.36 %178,4091.11 %226,0921.18 %223,2721.10 %
Tatars 312,6262.13 %327,9821.99 %248,9541.66 %204,2291.28 %218,6531.14 %218,9261.07 %
Azerbaijanis 73,3450.50 %90,0830.55 %78,2950.52 %85,2920.53 %145,6150.76 %155,3640.76 %
Koreans 91,9840.63 %103,3150.63 %99,6650.67 %100,3850.63 %118,4500.62 %120,6860.59 %
Turks 25,8200.18 %49,5670.30 %75,9000.51 %97,0150.61 %85,4780.45 %91,7320.45 %
Dungans 22,4910.15 %30,1650.18 %36,9450.25 %51,9440.32 %78,8170.42 %86,0670.42 %
Belarusians 181,4911.24 %182,6011.11 %111,9270.75 %66,4760.42 %76,4840.40 %74,3890.36 %
Tajiks 19,2930.13 %25,5140.15 %25,6570.17 %36,2770.23 %49,8270.26 %58,7120.28 %
Kurds 17,6920.12 %25,4250.15 %32,7640.22 %38,3250.24 %47,8800.25 %51,1710.25 %
Kyrgyzs 9,3520.06 %13,7180.08 %10,9250.07 %23,2740.15 %34,1840.18 %40,2000.19 %
Chechens 38,2560.26 %49,5070.30 %31,7990.21 %31,4310.20 %33,5570.17 %35,0840.17 %
Poles 61,1360.42 %59,9560.36 %47,2970.32 %34,0570.21 %35,3190.18 %34,1730.16 %
Bashkirs 32,4990.22 %41,8470.25 %23,2240.16 %17,2630.11 %19,8340.10 %20,1590.09 %
Ingushs 18,3370.12 %19,9140.12 %16,8930.11 %15,1200.09 %17,5090.09 %18,0160.08 %
Moldovans 30,2560.21 %33,0980.20 %19,4580.13 %14,2450.09 %16,9890.09 %17,0910.08 %
Greeks 49,9300.34 %46,7460.28 %12,7030.08 %8,8460.06 %11,8900.06 %12,0010.05 %
Mordvins 31,4240.21 %30,0360.18 %16,1470.11 %8,0130.05 %9,9540.05 %9,5260.04 %
Chuvashs 22,3100.15 %22,3050.14 %11,8510.08 %7,3010.05 %8,3290.04 %8,1210.04 %
Jews 22,7620.16 %18,4920.11 %6,7430.05 %3,4850.02 %4,0640.02 %4,0720.02 %
Others142,6680.97 %174,6701.06 %99,7990.67 %82,9420.52 %175,5420.91 %228,0481.12 %
total14,684,283100%16,464,464100%14,953,126100%16,009,597100%19,186,015100%20,283,399100%
The share Russians by districts and cities of regional and republican subordination Kazakhstan in 2021 Russians in Kazakhstan Rus.png
The share Russians by districts and cities of regional and republican subordination Kazakhstan in 2021

Demographic data

Vital statistics

As explained above, the Slavic groups have been declining ever since the 1960s, due to low birth rates and high death rates. Germans are characterized by very high birth rates, but it is mostly due to the high proportion of rural population and the presence of conservative religious factions like Mennonites and Evangelical Lutherans among them.[ citation needed ]

Table: Demographic characteristics of various ethnic groups of Kazakhstan [10]

Ethnic GroupBirthsDeathsNatural GrowthBirth RateDeath RateNatural Growth
199920072008199920072008199920072008199920072008199920072008199920072008
Total217,578321,963356,575147,416158,297152,70670,162163,666203,86914.5720.7922.759.8710.229.740.47%1.06%1.30%
Kazakh142,363227,002254,40252,33761,63961,39790,026165,363193,00517.7724.7327.066.626.826.631.12%1.79%2.04%
Russian39,21546,66749,13462,13062,15158,586-22,915-15,484-9,4528.8411.9412.6814.2816.3015.35-0.54%-0.44%-0.27%
Uzbek9,53413,39815,0472,2242,5602,8287,31010,83812,21925.5430.2233.026.045.916.301.95%2.43%2.67%
Ukrainian5,1564,9365,26711,42611,13910,506-6,270-6,203-5,2399.5611.3712.3721.5526.3325.06-1.20%-1.50%-1.27%
Uyghur3,5295,4246,0541,1871,4331,4952,3423,9914,55916.7223.1925.345.706.126.351.10%1.71%1.90%
Tatar2,3983,1433,3753,3633,6683,398-965-525-239.7013.8714.9013.8816.6215.231.70%-0.28%-0.03%
German4,7654,2674,8103,5242,6062,5851,2411,6612,22513.9719.2821.8110.4912.0611.900.35%0.72%0.99%
Others10,41115,88917,4248,6519,2839,1681,7606,6068,25613.7920.4522.2311.6612.1911.870.21%0.83%1.04%
Unknown2071,2371,0622,5743,8182,743-2,367-2,581-1,681NANANANANANANANANA

Inter-ethnic marriages

Most of the inter-ethnic marriages in Kazakhstan has been between various Slavic or Germanic groups (Russian – Ukrainian, German – Ukrainian, Russian – Polish or German – Russian). Inter-marriages between Turkic and European ethnic groups are increasing; however, as of 2008, they are still quite rare.

Table: Number of individuals married outside their ethnic group [10]

Ethnic GroupMalesFemales
199920072008199920072008
Total18,40226,63224,24318,40226,63224,243
Kazakh2,1994,9814,7851,5424,0623,874
Russian5,9577,7956,9917,4319,7148,544
Uzbek240714657200600537
Ukrainian2,7173,0702,5552,5412,8582,466
Uighur269658655224530525
Tatar9481,6821,4259381,6511,413
German2,8442,3652,0483,1372,5662,270
Other3,1805,3514,4262,3134,6104,010
Unknown48167017641604

Mechanical population movement

Slavic and Germanic groups have been emigrating en masse since the 1960s, and the movement accelerated during the 1990s after the breakup of the Soviet Union. This has resulted in the reduction of the proportion of European ethnic groups in the population by more than half. More than 50% of the European Soviet ethnic groups have left Kazakhstan since 1989, and just 15% of the pre-1989 ethnic German population remains now in the country.

Most of the immigration has been directed towards Russia, but small numbers have been immigrating to Ukraine, Belarus and Armenia also. Before the German authorities stopped the repatriation of ethnic Germans and their non-German relatives, Germany was one of the most favored destination for all the ethnic groups. It is estimated that close to half of the 4.5 million Soviet Germans and their Slavic kin who now live in Germany are originally from Kazakhstan. Currently on average close to 2,000 ethnic Germans emigrate from Kazakhstan to ethnic German dominated areas in Russia such as Azovsky Nemetsky National District (Deutsche Nationalkreis Asowo) in Omsk Oblast and Nemetsky National District (Nationalkreis Halbstadt) in Altai Krai. Also, out of the 1.2 million Russian speaking Jews and Slavs who live in Israel, a significant portion is from Kazakhstan.

On the other hand, ethnic Kazakhs and Uzbeks have been immigrating in large numbers to Kazakhstan ever since the collapse of the USSR. These immigrants come not only from the southern Central Asian states such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but also from the Kazakh dominated areas in Xinjiang and Mongolia. The Kazakh government is actively encouraging the settlement of these compatriots (known as Oralman ) in Slavic dominated North and East Kazakhstan as well as the German dominated Karaganda Region, in order to dilute the minority populations there. There is also a low intensity immigration of ethnic Slavs from the less tolerant neighboring nations like Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan into Kazakhstan. An estimated 400,000 Uzbeks have migrated to Kazakhstan in recent years. [11]

Table: Data on immigration in Kazakhstan [10]

Ethnic GroupKazakhstan
ImmigrantsEmigrantsNet Immigration
199920072008199920072008199920072008
Total41,32053,39746,404164,94742,43545,287-123,62710,9621,117
Kazakh10,90941,76335,0818,2582,2692,2812,65139,49432,800
Russian20,0766,6586,26891,48929,49231,631-71,413-22,834-25,363
Uzbek1,02844643996210113766345302
Ukrainian2,52660164315,3153,4333,676-12,789-2,832-3,033
Uighur9584111994036-44475
Tatar1,1294764333,9719951,034-2,842-519-601
German1,41751752532,9212,9913,146-31,504-2,474-2,621
Other4,1402,8522,90411,9323,1143,346-7,792-262-442
CIS Nations
ImmigrantsEmigrantsNet Immigration
199920072008199920072008199920072008
Total39,46142,61331,425120,24039,76742,908-80,7792,846-11,483
Kazakh19,79632,11021,2227,6892,0822,1202,43230,02819,102
Russian19,7966,3086,03381,02028,65730,775-61,224-22,349-24,742
Uzbek1,0204414359219512699346309
Ukrainian2,48855660013,1823,2893,532-10,694-2,733-2,932
Uighur947399782931164468
Tatar1,1244654273,7149811,002-2,590-516-575
German1,1192592534,1641,8742,250-3,045-1,615-1,997
Other3,6992,4012,3569,4722,7603,072-5,773-359-716
Non-CIS Nations
ImmigrantsEmigrantsNet Immigration
199920072008199920072008199920072008
Total1,85910,78414,97944,7072,6682,379-42,8488,11612,600
Kazakh7889,65313,8595691871612199,46613,698
Russian28035023510,469835856-10,189-485-621
Uzbek85441611-33-1-7
Ukrainian3845432,133144144-2,095-99-101
Uyghur1111221115-2007
Tatar51162571432-252-3-26
German29825827228,7571,117896-28,459-859-624
Other4414515482,460354274-2,01997274

Religion

Religion by ethnicity as of 2021 census: [12]

Ethnic GroupIslamChristianityJudaismBuddhismOtherNo ReligionNot Stated
Kazakhs
89.21%
0.34%
0.02%
0.01%
0.09%
1.08%
9.25%
Russians
1.96%
85.52%
0.05%
0.03%
0.23%
4.73%
7.48%
Uzbeks
77.76%
0.15%
0.01%
0.00%
0.03%
1.65%
20.40%
Ukrainians
2.44%
78.34%
0.09%
0.02%
0.20%
6.00%
12.93%
Uyghurs
71.87%
0.21%
0.02%
0.01%
0.06%
4.46%
23.37%
Germans
2.82%
77.30%
0.04%
0.02%
0.39%
6.20%
13.24%
Tatars
53.03%
24.09%
0.04%
0.03%
0.34%
6.38%
16.09%
Azerbaijanis
67.00%
0.73%
0.01%
0.01%
0.07%
4.85%
27.33%
Koreans
18.72%
35.75%
0.14%
10.72%
0.52%
16.44%
17.71%
Turks
69.90%
0.13%
0.01%
0.00%
0.02%
4.54%
25.39%
Dungans
71.32%
0.07%
0.01%
0.01%
0.03%
4.29%
24.27%
Belarusians
2.87%
76.93%
0.05%
0.02%
0.18%
5.08%
14.87%
Tajiks
72.91%
0.32%
0.00%
0.00%
0.02%
4.14%
22.62%
Kurds
68.05%
0.18%
0.00%
0.01%
0.04%
5.05%
26.67%
Kyrgyz
71.86%
0.20%
0.00%
0.01%
0.05%
4.94%
22.94%
Chechens
67.88%
1.26%
0.04%
0.01%
0.04%
5.41%
25.37%
Poles
2.14%
78.03%
0.07%
0.03%
0.24%
3.44%
16.05%
Others
9.26%
14.59%
0.97%
0.25%
0.23%
9.05%
65.65%
Total
69.31%
17.19%
0.04%
0.08%
0.12%
2.25%
11.01%

See also

References

  1. "Ethnic Demography of Kazakhstan 2025".
  2. РЫСКОЖА, Болат (25 January 2012). "Во время голода в Казахстане погибло 40 процентов населения". Радио Азаттык. Retrieved 15 April 2023 via rus.azattyq.org.
  3. 1 2 Russian Empire Census: Central Asia by uezd
  4. 1 2 Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kazachstan. §2.1 Samenstelling". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
  5. "The Pontian Greeks of Kazakhstan – the Athenian".
  6. Alexandrov, Mikhail. Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992-1997. Greenwood Press, 1999, ISBN   978-0-313-30965-6
  7. Demographic situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2006, Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Internet Archive v. 11 October 2007) (in Russian)
  8. "Итоги переписи населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года". Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  9. The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups at the beginning of 2025 Archived 2022-07-27 at the Wayback Machine , Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (in Russian)
  10. 1 2 3 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. Central Asian Immigration: Steppe Change The Economist. 22 March 2007
  12. "National census 2021 - Agency for Strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National statistics". stat.gov.kz. Retrieved 2025-05-02.