Euschemon

Last updated

Regent skipper
Euschemon rafflesia (ento-csiro-au).jpg
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Hesperiidae
Subfamily: Euschemoninae
Kirby, 1897
Genus: Euschemon
Doubleday, 1846
Species:
E. rafflesia
Binomial name
Euschemon rafflesia
(Macleay, [1827])
Synonyms

Several, see text

Euschemon rafflesia, the regent skipper, is a butterfly in the skipper family, Hesperiidae. It is found in Australia and is the only member of its genus, Euschemon, and subfamily, Euschemoninae. [1]

Contents

Taxonomy

It was formerly often included in the tribe Tagiadini of the subfamily of spread-winged skippers, Pyrginae. However, it seems to be the single most distinct living skipper butterfly. Consequently, it is treated as a monotypic subfamily Euschemoninae, as was first proposed by William Forsell Kirby as early as 1897. [1]

Synonyms

The regent skipper, in addition to the systematic uncertainties that have surrounded it for long, is a rather variable species. Consequently, it has been treated under a variety of names, which are nowadays considered junior synonyms. For example:

William Sharp Macleay named the butterfly after Sir Stamford Raffles "to whose scientific ardour and indefatigable exertions in Java and Sumatra, every naturalist must feel himself indebted." [2]

Description

Typical resting position Euschemoninae.jpg
Typical resting position

The regent skipper is quite small relative to most butterflies, however, it is large relative to most species in the family Hesperiidae. Its common name refers to the gaudy coloration; mostly black with conspicuous yellow and red dots and bands.

A notable trait of this butterfly are the males' frenulum and retinaculum which couple the fore- and hindwing together in flight. This structure is presumably plesiomorphic for most or all Macrolepidoptera, but is absent in all known Rhopalocera (butterflies) except the regent skipper and the Hedylidae (moth-butterflies). [1]

Related Research Articles

Skipper (butterfly) Family of butterflies commonly called skippers

Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea; however, the most recent taxonomy places the family in the superfamily Papilionoidea, the superfamily of Butterflies, which taxonomically proves their reference to as Butterflies. They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly have an absence of wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.

Grass skippers Subfamily of butterflies

Grass skippers or banded skippers are butterflies of the subfamily Hesperiinae, part of the skipper family, Hesperiidae. The subfamily was established by Pierre André Latreille in 1809.

Spread-winged skipper Subfamily of butterflies

Pyrginae, commonly known as spread-winged skippers, are a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by Hermann Burmeister in 1878. Their delimitation and internal systematics has changed considerably in recent years, but as of 2009 the uncertainties surrounding the evolutionary relationships of many genera in this subfamily are widely resolved.

<i>Bibasis sena</i> Species of butterfly

Bibasis sena, commonly known as the orange-tailed awlet, is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae, the skippers. It is also sometimes called the pale green awlet though that name can also refer to Bibasis gomata.

Coeliadinae Subfamily of butterflies

Coeliadinae is a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). With about 150 described species, this is one of several smallish skipper butterfly subfamilies. It was first proposed by William Frederick Evans in 1937.

Firetips

Firetips or firetail skippers are the tribe Pyrrhopygini of the skipper butterflies. The roughly 150 species are found only in the Neotropics, with the exception of one species which just reaches into the United States. Their common names refer to the red tuft at the end of the abdomen of many Pyrrhopygini.

Ancistroidini Tribe of butterflies

The Ancistroidini are a tribe in the Hesperiinae subfamily of skipper butterflies. They are often blackish in base color; several of the genera contain the species commonly called "demon butterflies" or "demon skippers". As most Hesperiinae have not yet been assigned to tribes, more genera are likely to be placed into this presently rather small group eventually.

Eudaminae Subfamily of butterflies

The Eudaminae are a subfamily of skipper butterflies. Their original type genus Eudamus is today a junior synonym of Urbanus. They are largely found in the Neotropics, with some extending into temperate North America and the puzzling Lobocla occurring in East Asia.

Pyrgini Tribe of butterflies

The Pyrgini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Formerly, when only four tribes of Pyrginae were recognized, the Pyrgini contained the largest number of genera among these. But this overly wide delimitation has since turned out to be paraphyletic.

Celaenorrhini Tribe of butterflies

The Celaenorrhini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. When the Eudaminae were still included in the Pyrginae as a tribe, their delimitation versus the Celaenorrhini was disputed, and there were even suggestions that the latter might belong in the former. But in reality, these two lineages of moderately advanced skippers are quite distinct. Some Celaenorrhini genera were also placed in the fairly closely related tribe Tagiadini on occasion; Capila however has turned out to be properly placed there.

<i>Exometoeca</i>

Exometoeca is a genus of skipper butterflies. It belongs to the tribe Tagiadini of subfamily Pyrginae.

The giant skippers are butterflies in the disputed subfamily Megathyminae, which is part of the skipper family. Some authorities treat this as a distinct and separate subfamily, but more modern classifications tend to place them within the subfamily Hesperiinae. However, some works, such as the Integrated Taxonomic Information System, still treat is as a valid subfamily. The giant skippers include two tribes, Aegialini and Megathymini. There are three genera and about eighteen species in this subfamily. These butterflies typically live in the southwest United States and Mexico in desert areas.

Pamphilites is an extinct genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. It contains only one fossil species, Pamphilites abdita, recovered from the Tertiary of Aix-en-Provence, France.

Achlyodidini Tribe of butterflies

The Achlyodidini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Many species of them are notable for their gaudy colors and the unusually-shaped wings, which look as if the forewing tips have been squarely cut off. They are only found in the Americas, with few occurring out of tropical areas.

Carcharodini Tribe of butterflies

The Carcharodini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. They are a very diverse but quite plesiomorphic and inconspicuous group distributed throughout the tropics.

Erynnini Tribe of butterflies

The Erynnini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. They are a moderately diverse but quite plesiomorphic and inconspicuous group, and except for the Holarctic species of the type genus Erynnis occur only in the Neotropics.

Notamblyscirtes is a genus of grass skippers in the butterfly family Hesperiidae. There is one described species in Notamblyscirtes, N. simius.

<i>Burnsius</i> Genus of butterflies

Burnsius is a genus of New World checkered-skippers in the butterfly family Hesperiidae. The genus was erected by Nick V. Grishin in 2019. There are about 12 described species in Burnsius.

Chirgus is a genus of checkered-skippers, white-skippers, and allies in the butterfly family Hesperiidae, found in the New World. The genus was erected by Nick V. Grishin in 2019. There are about six described species in Chirgus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Brower & Warren (2009)
  2. Humphrey, Margaret (June 2006). "SUS Museums Newsletter: The Raffles Collection" (PDF). Sydney Museums. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2013.